...The NYPD’s stop-and-frisk practices raise serious concerns over racial profiling, illegal stops, and privacy rights.The Department’s own reports on its stop-and-frisk activity confirm what many people in communities of color across the city have long known: The police are stopping hundreds of thousands of laws abiding New Yorkers every year, and the vast majority are black and Latino. Discriminatory and abusive policing in New York City remains a serious problem after decades of out-of-control policies and practices that are unaccountable to residents of the city. In 1994, Mayor Rudy Giuliani and NYPD Commissioner Bill Bratton adopted policing strategies based on the unproven and controversial broken windows theory, an ideologically-driven...
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...while cops hesitate to take police action after the rise of complaints against their tool, however; shooting and homicides are increasing in New York City due to this dilemma. Moreover, the authors talk about that cops are afraid to stop people since they have to make “good” stops which means that the person stopped and frisked must have a weapon. For that reason, the number of stops has declined in the last years and bad guys have taken advantage of that situation to carry guns freely. On the other hand, the authors expose residents’ divided opinions; such as, Oliver David who said “If they have nothing to hide, you shouldn’t be worried about being searched”. And others as Tauren Murphy, who said “the NYPD uses stop-and-frisk to cover its real intent to harass young men of color”. 8. Bratton, William J. “Crime and Enforcement Activity in New York City”, by New York Police Department. 2014. Web. 3 November....
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...The stop and frisk policy was adopted from English law in a number of American courts. In accordance with English common law, without statutory provisions, a police officer has the power to stop, question, and frisk suspects given reasonable circumstances. Based on a standard which holds less than probable cause, this power is granted upon the standard of reasonable suspicion. It is a question of circumstances of each individual case that determines whether reasonable detention and investigation is validated.[7] Legislation pertaining to constitutional requirements of stop and frisk practices were made into an area of concern by the Supreme Court when they encountered the case of Terry v. Ohio. While frisks were arguably illegal, before this point a police officer could only search someone either after arresting them or obtaining a search warrant. In the cases of Terry v. Ohio, Sibron v. New York, and Peters v. New York, the Supreme Court granted limited approval in 1968 to frisks conducted by officers lacking probable cause for an arrest in order to search for weapons if the officer believes the subject to be dangerous. The Court's decision made suspicion of danger to an officer grounds for a "reasonable search".[8] Stop-and-frisk is not necessarily a new invention. In the early 1980s if a police officer had reasonable suspicion of a possible crime, he had the authority to stop someone and ask questions. If, based on the subject’s answers, the suspicion level did not escalate...
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...their lives daily. Tensions between armed forces and black youths have risen significantly due to the excessive force police officers inflict on people of color. Prevailing racism and police brutality has been brought to light through the events happening in Ferguson. New officers should be thoroughly trained and inspected to ensure our country continues to advance forward socially, and stops the oppression of one group. Eric Garner was a father, a husband, a son, and a black man at the wrong place at the wrong time. While standing outside a convenience store, a NYPD officer believed Garner was selling untaxed cigarettes, and put Garner into an illegal chokehold. Garner repeatedly told the police officer that he “can’t breathe”, but the officer refused to let Garner go. After Garner fell unconscious, the group of NYPD officers took several minutes to call for medical help, and did not perform CPR. It is later reported that Eric Garner’s death was in fact a homicide, an unlawful killing of one person by another. Although there is an abundance of evidence, including a viral video of the incident, proving the officer used malice intent when handling Eric Garner, the court ruled he is not guilty. The bystander who happened to catch Garner’s death on tape was sentenced to time in prison. All logical explanations point to the NYPD officer for being responsible for Garner’s death for using an illegal method no longer practiced by the armed forces, yet no justice was served. Tamir...
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...Racial Profiling Angelique Rosales Senior Capstone in Criminal Justice (CRJS499 -1502B -01) Unit 1 Individual Project American InterContinental University 6/16/2015 Abstract The topics covered for research Racial Profiling, explain what it is, why it occurs, how data can be collected. Resources that are provided cover many different questions that can be asked about racial profiling as well as my ethical standards towards providing what I have prepared to share. Thesis What is Racial Profiling? Racial profiling occurs when law enforcement targets someone for investigation on the basis of that person’s race, national origin, or ethnicity. It has been a very heated issue for the past few years now. Race and location are very dominant characteristics that authorities look at when engaging in this type of profiling. There is so much news of how certain races are being abused or how authorities are stepping out of boundaries with their actions towards certain races. Why does racial profiling occur? There are statistics that demonstrate that minorities are disproportionately targeted by police are plentiful. Some of which have even complied by police departments themselves. So even though there are many who are aware it is happening, and happening all over the country, there is very little effort to curb the practice. Racial profiling occurs mostly because people are close minded and judgmental on someone’s ethical background or race. Since one does not come from...
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...Disparity and Discrimination Paper Freddy Towe CJS/221 May 9, 2016 Dr. Sheila Toppin This paper will examine the definition of disparity and discrimination as it pertains to criminal justice. I will also give examples of each to illustrate what each means. I will say that in gathering data for this report I have found was quite surprising to me. Disparity is defined as a large difference between two things. In criminal justice it can mean things like the difference between arrest rates between races. In 2010 there were seven million sixty-six thousand one hundred and fifty-four caucasian subjects arrested which equated to sixty-nine percent of all persons arrested. The same year two million eight hundred forty-six thousand eight hundred sixty-two african americans equating to twenty-eight percent. (FBI, 2011) This is a disparity in itself when you look at these numbers it shows forty-one more caucasians were arrested in 2010. However, when you look at the census records and the number of caucasians and african americans you see another disparity. The numbers flip when you look at the population ratios. What you find is seven percent of the total population of african americans compared to three percent of caucasians. Not exactly what I thought I would see. As this shows the same numbers shows a disparity in two different ways depending on what fact you are wanting to say. There are more caucasians arrested each year however there is a larger number of the african...
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...to this day. Body: I. To begin with, the origins of Pride Month date back to almost fifty years ago, more specifically 1969. A. Stop-Homophobia states that Pride Month was created to honor the Stonewall riots of New York City after the patrons of the Inn faced constant harassment and bigotry from the NYPD and finally decided to fight back. 1. According to Stop-Homophobia some of the many cruelties that an average LGBT person would face on a daily basis are as followed: "Your name (along with all of your friends and family members) would be put on a list by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, because as a homosexual you were prone to blackmail and "overt acts of perversion", The American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as a sociopath personality disturbance and you were considered mentally infirm (this did not change until 1973), and "You could be arrested for holding hands in public with your partner." 2. History.com also provides information that the Stonewall Inn was raiding in a surprise attack on June 28, 1969. But this time things ended in a different way. Instead of spreading out into the city, the patrons and employees gathered together and attacked the NYPD which led to a riot that lasted till 4:00 A.M. and continued for five more days. Signpost: Furthermore, the events of the Stonewall riots made a permanent impact on the way American citizens view the LGBT+ community and with these many changes, led to the many rights that LGBT+ citizens have gained...
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...“Affording to the grievance, the so-called plaintiffs in this who comprise David Floyd, Lalit Clarkson, and Deon Dennis, signify plenty of New Yorkers who have been stopped by police officers without any cause while on the way to work, in front of their homes, or just walking down the street, because they are people of color (Graham, 2010).” Founded on an investigation of stops going back to 1998, which the court ordered the NYPD to provide, CCR charges that officers routinely engage in suspicion-less and racially motivated stops (Walters, 2010). “On April 15, 2008, CCR filed an amended complaint adding new plaintiffs and seeking to certify the case as a class action lawsuit. The case is currently in discovery and is expected to proceed to the next stage in mid-2010 (Ridgeway,...
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...prosecuted, a fear of police officers, and contributes to societal prejudice. Countlessly, blameless civilians are pulled over, stopped on street corners, or bombarded with questions by people in the line of duty only because of their skin color. Although law enforcement may claim that they do not see color, they just see a possible suspect, society knows that this is indeed a lie. In a routine traffic stop, blacks are two times more likely to be arrested than whites and mexicans are more likely to receive a ticket than a whites; whites are more likely to receive a written or verbal warning than any other race (The Leadership Conference, The Reality of Racial Profiling). Furthermore, stop and frisk laws give officers the opportunity to impede on a community member’s personal space because of a “gut feeling”. With these government laws in place, 66% of New York City’s black and latino population were stopped and frisked because of a “gut feeling”; while only 33% of the white population was stopped (Mathias, Christopher. “NYPD Stop And Frisks: 15 Shocking Facts About A Controversial Program). Racial profiling places a whole racial community under one poor suspicion and law enforcement needs to put an end to this. Furthermore, because of the color of one’s skin depends on how much one should fear the police. Law enforcement is supposed to protect our communities and not supposed to be one to fear, but after recent events of racial profiling and police brutality, some races fear for...
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...RUNNING HEADER: American Prisons 1 The American Prisons and Judicial Systems Megan Pierce English Composition 122 Professor Angela Temple September 23, 2013 American Prisons 2 There’s no question about the about the racial disparity in America’s prison system. More than 60 percent of people in prison are now racial and ethnic minorities. For black males in their thirties, one in every ten is in prison or jail on any given day. These trends have been intensified by the disproportionate impact of the “war on drugs,” in which two thirds of all persons in prison for drug offenses are people of color. Guerin, P., Harrison, (2011) Washington, D.C: Bureau of Justice statistics. American prisons have a disparity of minority inmate population. Is this trend due to a higher rate of minority crimes, or the manner in which the judicial system operates? Some people have negative views about the people in the inner cities where disproportionate numbers of impoverished and African Americans live. Robert Right, an evolutionary psychologist believed the high rate of young African American men in prison is due to their adaptation to poverty. Conservatives think poverty is due to African American sub culture that is pathologic. Harvard professor James Wilson claimed, “The reason why it is called an underclass is that its members have a bad character: they mug, do drugs, and desert children.” (Miller,1996). There is a recurring idea that the inner...
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...University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2009 Peeking Out: A Textual Analysis of Heteronormative Images in Prime-Time Television D. Renee Smith University of Tennessee - Knoxville, drsmith@utk.edu Recommended Citation Smith, D. Renee, "Peeking Out: A Textual Analysis of Heteronormative Images in Prime-Time Television. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2009. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/10 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact trace@utk.edu. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by D. Renee Smith entitled "Peeking Out: A Textual Analysis of Heteronormative Images in Prime-Time Television." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Communication and Information. Catherine A. Luther, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Michelle T. Violanti, Suzanne Kurth, Benjamin J. Bates Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice...
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...early seventies. Before the start of the play, there was a slide show of pictures of members of the Beetles Band, and of John lemon and his wife Yoko Ono. There were also pictures of fans and mourners, some crying, some carrying placards bearing tributes to this famous song writer, musician and performer. The slide show was accompanied by soft background music most sand by Lennon himself, although there were some songs from his original Band the Beatles. The stage was set up to resemble central park in New York, with benches, low brick walls, street lights and sidewalks. Just opposite the main stage was a line of bright yellow police crime scene tapes strong around police barricades with NYPD written on them. There are posters of john Lennon hanging on all over the stage, some in color, but most in black and white. The lighting on the stage kept changing from scene to scene, focusing on different characters at different times. There were a total of nine characters in this play, divided into four groups. There were the two disgruntled Vietnam veterans, frustrated by the system abandoned by their government, and neglected by society. One of whom seems to be suffering from an extreme case of post traumatic stress disorder. There is the group of rebellious pot smoking teenagers, who think their parents are nothing but old fashioned and a nuisance to them. There...
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...Eli Rojas Professor Dykes Diversity in the Criminal Justice System July 25, 2013 Black Injustice Today African Americans are still being harassed by the criminal justice system, in a way where the color of their skin may have a disadvantage of their portrayal to law enforcements. Many African Americans have not been receiving the justice they deserve, because they are still people who judged them based on the history of slavery in the nation. They are treated unfair in a country where they based their government off a constitution as the Supreme Law and Declaration of Independence which states “All men are created equal.” But in that simple quote, based on how our society has yet to overcome racism, the country is a place where “All men are created equal” really means “all white men are created equal.” The criminal justice system in the United States tries to portray a fair criminal justice system, but fail to treat everyone equally. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the term justice is define as “the maintenance or administration of what is just especially by the impartial adjustment of conflicting claims or the assignment of merited rewards or punishments”, which in a simplified term means that people get what they deserve. They are many cases where African Americans don’t receive the justice they deserve compared to the whites who have an advantage in the criminal justice because of the white supremacy that the nation still portrays. African Americans...
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...likened to that of the civil rights movement. The issues continue to grow greater with no resolve and the numbers have increased with the killings and incarceration of African-Americans and the disconnect with their lack of trust with the police and the officials that oversee, enforce, and govern public policy. The gap continues to widen with a lack of trust of public officials on the local, state, and federal level. As we set back in our easy-chairs and recline, what must be done to address these severe hemorrhaging wounds that can't or either won't be stopped. Must African Americans and America as a whole continue to set back and watch their hard earned tax dollars pay the salary of individuals that claim the lives of young men of color, and get off with a slap on the wrist with suspension and a paid leave of absence without the possibility of a fair thorough unbiased, Federal, investigation that has true moral and ethical jurisdiction without a shred of evidence being tainted or tampered with. Is there a significance in lady justice in some images that she is seen with a sword in hand and wearing a blindfold slightly with one eye covered and peeking at the wrongs of the societal acts in which she has to judge, while holding in her left hand a scale that's slanted or slightly tilted to one side. Looking at the injustices of the outcome of these heinous cowardly acts, it appears to look somewhat slanted. There has to be a solution to these ongoing injustices, Should government...
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...lost someone due to police violence. Oscar Grant (22) was shot and killed by BART officer, Johannes Mehserle in Oakland, California on New Year's day, 2009. After arriving at Fruitvale Station, officers Tony Pirone and Marysol Domenici gathered Oscar and four of his friends off of the train. Passengers started to record after noticing officer Pirone being very abrasive and using excess force towards the men. Oscar was said to be cooperating in his final moments, begging the officers not to shoot. Despite many cell phone recordings the seven BART officers in the Oscar Grant killing took no eye witnesses, sending a train full of bystanders to the next stop after shooting Grant. Eric Garner (43) was put in a chokehold until unconscious by NYPD officer Daniel Pantaleo in Staten Island, New York on July 17, 2014. Officers approached Garner for selling began arresting him. Four officers restrained Eric Garner while officer Pantaleo pushed Garner’s face to the ground. After repeating “I can’t breathe” eleven times, Eric Garner lost consciousness and was turned over on his side. 3 weeks later, Ramsey Orta, a friend of Eric’s was arrested on weapon charges for recording the incident. Sandra Bland (28) was found hanged in her jail cell after being arrested for a traffic violation by officer Brian Encinia in Waller County, Texas on July 13, 2015. Officer Brian Encinia pulled Sandra Bland over for a traffic violation, he says Sandra Bland assaulted him which was recorded by his dashcam...
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