... Vida Love Griffin Dr. Grace Onodipe ECO 550 Assignment 1: Market Models Patterns of Change. The Tobacco Industry Describe the industry. Unit 1: History & Economics of Tobacco: History of Tobacco states that, “Tobacco has a long history in the Americas. The Mayan Indians of Mexico carved drawing in stone showing tobacco use. These drawings date back to somewhere between 600 to 900 A.D. Tobacco was grown by American Indians before the Europeans came from England, Spain, France, and Italy to North America. Native American smoke tobacco though a pipe for special religious and medical purposes. They did not smoke every day. Tobacco was the first crop grown for money in North America. In 1612 the sellers of the first American colony in Jamestown, Virginia grew tobacco as a cash crop. By the 1800s, many people have begun use in small amounts of tobacco. Some chewed it. Others smoked it occasionally and a pipe or they hand rolled cigarette or cigar. On the average, people smoked about 40 cigarettes a year. The first commercial cigarettes were made in 1865 by Washington Duke on his 300-acre farm in Raleigh, North Carolina...
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...The American Revolution in the eyes of most Americans has to do with “taxation without representation”. This period is known as the “Short Term Imperial Crisis” and lasted from 1762-1775. There were a series of events that led up to the start of the American Revolution starting with the end of the 7 Years War between Britain and France. The British Empire was in severe debt following the victory over France and they wanted to begin taxing the colonists. By taxing the colonists, the British government set in motion a series of events that would ultimately begin the American Revolution. From 1763 to 1767 there were a series of taxes placed upon the colonists in order to increase British revenue. The first of these taxes was the Revenue Act in 1763. The Revenue Act simply stated that the British throne now had the power to tax the colonies. This led to the Sugar Act in 1764. The Sugar Act placed taxes on goods such as sugar, molasses, and rum. It also gave customs officials Writs of Assistance that allowed them to board merchant ships at will and search for any of these goods if they were untaxed. If the officials found anything, the merchant was taken to court in Britain, not America. This was the beginning of the British impeding colonial rights. The Stamp Act of 1765 was a tax on anything with paper that required a stamp. Although this act did not destroy the American economy, the colonists were upset that this act was a clear demonstration of the throne acting on its own interests...
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...currently uses a progressive tax system, which is dependent on two important factors: income, which is a key component of the progressive taxation, depending on income of an individual. The tax rate increases for higher income earners and decreases for lower income earners. The other major factor in the progressive taxation system is expenditures. Expenditures are various sales takes that impose or collect revenue. The concept of expenditures is the more you spend, the more taxes you will pay thus increasing revenue within the progressive taxation system. The United States did not start with a progressive tax system but before the 16th Amendment was ratified in 1913, the United States had a flat tax. The United States tax code evolved through time, as far back as the 13 original colonies. The colonies back then were heavily taxed by Great Britain, so much so, that they rebelled against Great Britain in an act of the Boston Tea Party to effectively protest a tax which they had no input in and no representation by the government of Great Britain, this led to the Revolutionary War and the fight for independence. Through the early years that America collected taxes, America was virtually tax free due to the heavy handed taxation of Great Britain. “The new American government was understandably cautious when it came to taxation – direct taxation was prevented by the Constitution for all practical purpose.” (Beattie, 2013) Most of the taxes back then collected by the government were...
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...Joshua Meadows Nathaniel Widener HIS 131.05E 22 September 2014 How did the Paleo-Indians populate the Americas? The earliest Americans, called Paleo-Indians by archeologists, were the first people to settle America (Boyer 3). It is the popular belief among most archeologists that the Paleo-Indians had spread to most of North America by 13,000 B.C.E. From there, different groups of them migrated south into Mesoamerica and South America (Boyer 1). While the immigration of the Paleo-Indians happened at various times and for various reasons, the populating of the Americas happened because people arrived from northeastern Asia, then interrelated with other bands and tribes, and migrated toward certain desired environments or climates. The first...
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...What were the main causes which brought about the 1789 French revolution. There were two main types of causes which caused the revolution, namely the fundamental causes (long term) which were caused long time before the revolution and the immediate (short term) which came at short notice The fundamental causes were The political causes: the governance system in France before 1789 was known as the Ancien Regime: during this time the king had an absolute power which meant that he could do what he wanted without consulting his decisions. An example of this is the letre de cachet which was a letter sent from the king saying that you are being imprisoned without giving you the chance to defend yourself. The estate’s general had last met in 1614. All the ministers in France were not chosen democratically but by the type of noble background they had. There was no freedom or press nor of press so the normal people could not have a say in their country`s government and so could not show their grievances. Socio-economic: the nobles and the higher clergy which were only 3% of the French population were the most privileged classes, they who were the most rich were exempted from paying taxes. On the other hand the peasant who could hardly afford to feed his family had to pay high taxes which made up nearly half of his income to both the monarchy and the church. The taxes which he had to pay to the monarchy were, the taille,vingtieme and gabelle. To the church he paid the tithe and...
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...The Truth about the Economy of Cigarettes Christopher Tucker Central Penn College “The Truth about the Economy of Cigarettes” The topic of the production, manufacturing, taxation, advertising, and laws of the tobacco industry in the United States has always been, and will always remain, one of the most controversial industries in the United States of America. It is an industry where spokespeople from both sides have blatantly lied to the American public in order to further achieve their goals and agendas. Unlike our grandparents and great grandparents, we all know that cigarettes are extremely detrimental to one’s health. Though a Surgeon General warning is displayed on each pack of cigarettes, stating that; smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and may complicate pregnancy. There are so many chemicals in a single cigarette, that it is one of the few products on the market that does not display it’s ingredients on the packaging. After viewing the amount of chemicals in cigarettes, I don’t believe they would even be able to fit them on the box if they tried There are two sides to every agenda. There is always some bad with any good. There are always faults where there is success. Yes, cigarettes are extremely unhealthy for the American public, but it is one of the few remaining markets of production that the United States ranks as one of the top producers in the entire world. It is “Tobacco Season” in our area of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. If you were to...
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...Running head: Operation/Industry Paper Organization/Industry Paper University of Phoenix Eco 365 Introduction For many years, people across the United States has sought out ways in which to make money, and at the same time, provide for people a place where they can go and buy the necessities they need. Entrepreneurs from across the United States had ideas that seemed logical, but in actuality were not. Stores, business, and companies have been built, only to last for a short time. Not every store or business built has been successful. Many entrepreneurs in the United States had to take a huge hit before they built something successful. Such was the case for Sam Walton. His first attempt to developing a successful franchise failed. With much determination and desire to succeed, he became one of the most successful entrepreneurs of all time. Wal-Mart’s first store opened its doors in 1962. Sam Walton was the founder of the organization, which he thought of only after he had opened a chain of variety stores in the fifties that were unsuccessful. After the failure of those stores, Sam Walton went across the nation and studied everything there is to know about retail discount stores. Believing in his ability and with what he had learned from his first failed experience; Wal-Mart was born in Rogers Arkansas. Throughout the 60’s, discount retailers such as K-Mart and Target began to expand drastically, but Sam Walton had only built 15 Wal-Mart stores. That changed...
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...met in grade school, which is why I was surprised that you did not know much about the U.S. history of African Americans like me. Of all the years we have known each other; you have only recently started to ask me questions about my background and the history of my people. This is an interesting realization; considering the years of discrimination and suffering under the label of “different” that African Americans have endured in our history, the fact that I have been your friend for ten years and you never once considered me different enough from yourself, a White man, to ask questions about those differences is an amazing indicator of how times have changed for the better! The only explanation I have for these recent questions is that you must be taking an African Americans course in college that requires you to learn the history of African Americans. In any event, I would be happy to answer your questions. Your questions about the experience of African Americans throughout U.S. history have answers that could be found if researched properly, but since space in a letter is limited, I will try to keep it short. Your questions about the experience of African Americans throughout U.S. history have answers, but, since you have limited time frame I will keep the answers to your questions short in this letter. In the 17th century Europeans captured Africans, and brought them to America for cheap slave labor. The first ship arrived on the shores of the British colony of Jamestown...
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...to Franklin who “doomed [America] to Destruction.” By the example of Franklin’s letter, England was responsible for many actions and events that angered Americans. America's relationship with Europe was essential in the process of American independence. This relationship was constituted by Europe's unfair laws, oppressive control of the colonies,...
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...in Rand: Selfishness. Rand makes no secret of her selfishness. She thinks the world would be a better place if everyone was selfish. However, she also thinks that any infrastructural and economic progress shouldn’t come out of our taxes, but instead we should rely on the wealthy to make donations in the name of selflessness. That seems very contradictory to what she preaches, as well as very unlikely. Rand supports greed. The greedy won’t have any incentive to make charitable donations to help the world and therefore negate any possible way for a society to experience growth. Now just as any other living creature on the planet, it is our nature to be born stingy. However, I don’t think it’s any coincidence that every mother in history has had to condition their child into sharing. As a child one of the first things parents...
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...A SHORT HISTORY OF ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS By Gary Giroux September 1999 Preface Overview: Accounting toward the 21st century: Where are we now? How did we get here? 1. From the Ancient World to Pacioli The First Cities Trade Tokens: The First Accounting The Sumerians Complex Tokens and Clay Tablets Cuneiform Writing and Beyond Money, Banking and Credit The Dark Ages and the Rise of the Italian Merchants Luca Pacioli: The Father of Accounting 2. Britain and the Industrial Revolution Prior to 1750 Ironbridge Textiles The Steam Engine Wedgwood and the Importance of Cost Accounting Early Cost Accounting Transportation Development of the Accounting Profession 3. American Big Business and Cost Accounting Early Developments in Manufacturing and Accounting Rockefeller Morgan and Carnegie Cost Accounting in the Era of Big Business Alternative Systems in Asia and Europe Relevance Lost: The Critique of Johnson and Kaplan The American Response 4. Financial Accounting and the Structure of Accounting Regulation The Great Crash and Government Response The New Role of the Accounting Profession The Financial Accounting Standards Board Earnings Management and Economic Consequences Accounting Principles and the Conceptual Framework 5. Auditing Auditing in the U. S. The Big...
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...CHAPTER 3 America in the British Empire ANTICIPATION/REACTION Directions: Before you begin reading this chapter, place a check mark beside any of the following seven statements with which you now agree. Use the column entitled “Anticipation.” When you have completed your study of this chapter, come back to this section and place a check mark beside any of the statements with which you then agree. Use the column entitled “Reaction.” Note any variation in the placement of checkmarks from anticipation to reaction and explain why you changed your mind. Anticipation Reaction _____ 1. _____ 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7. The British government usually left American colonists to make their own laws pertaining to local matters. American colonial trade was severely crippled by British trade laws. The European Enlightenment had little influence on the thought of American colonists. Because they were part of the British empire, colonists were constantly involved in England’s imperial wars with France and Spain. Parliament taxed the American colonists as a way to express its authority over them, not because it needed. the money. Colonists protested the Sugar Act and Stamp Act as violations of their rights as Americans. Colonists protested the Tea Act because it threatened to raise the price of tea. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading Chapter 3 you...
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...early 1970's marijuana legalization has been an issue for debate (Rawson, 2012). Those who do not want it legalized argue that it would increase its use, but the benefits of legalization are hard to ignore. Some of the benefits legalization would bring are: legalization would stimulate the economy, the criminal court system would be free for more important cases, and users and sellers would no longer have to carry the stigma of a criminal conviction for the rest of their lives; any one of these things would help any one of us. The fact is that even if someone does not use marijuana they should reexamine their stance on the issue, and see that everyone can benefit from legalization. To examine this issue thoroughly everyone should know the history of marijuana prohibition in the United States. Although most states had local laws prohibiting marijuana use and possession, it was not until 1937 that the federal government passed the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act. The act itself did not criminalize the possession or usage of marijuana but instead levied a tax of approximately one dollar on anyone who dealt commercially in marijuana. The penalty provisions for violators of the proper procedures could result in a fine of up to $2000 and five years' imprisonment. The intended result of the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act was to effectively make it too risky for anyone to deal in the substance. (Solomon, 2005) In 1951 Congress passed the Boggs Act increasing penalties for all drug violators. The Boggs Act...
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...Rashad AbdulAzeem Research Paper ENG 101 6383 The Costs of War The history of war in America is rich and often causes more harm than seen at first glance. The effect is greater, in its reason, costs in death, and costs economically. In this paper I will examine the causes of and effects of war. I will try and expand on the question of whether it is needed in such a time man is grossly more able to avoid it. I will try and examine who profits from it and who does not, and then find a reasonable alternative to a seemingly repetitive process. A basic look at the history of war from the beginning of man brings much to light. Wars have always had a history of rewarding the soldier directly. There was war and there was the booty of war. The soldier had always directly benefited, today however is different the soldiers do not obtain wealth from war, the majority of the profits lie in the hands of a few who will more than likely never experience the journey that follows. In many ways the spending that went into the Civil War helped to spawn the modern corporation. This was something troubled President Abraham Lincoln near the end of the Civil War. In 1864 he wrote a letter to Col. William F. Elkins, “We may congratulate ourselves that this cruel war is nearing its end. It has cost a vast amount of treasure and blood. . . . It has indeed been a trying hour for the Republic; but I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves...
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...Politics of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow Janell Fogle Strayer University U.S. Government Professor Stallo 11/15/2015 Politics of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow Introduction Civil Rights Events that Influence Social Responsibility in American People Today In the American history, several Civil liberties events have played an indispensable role in shaping the approach of Americans to social responsibility. For instance, the signing of executive order 9981 by President Truman in 1948 was critical in eliminating discrimination among Americans (Carson, 2013). The executive order declared equity of treatment among all persons working in the department of defense. Indeed, this was a milestone in getting rid of the discrimination that was rampant among the armed forces personnel. Before, the signing of the order, only African American served in the American military frontlines. This act was highly criticized by people of African-American descent as it was an apparent show of discrimination based on color and race (Carson, 2013). However, the signing of the executive order brought about equity by eliminating discrimination of the armed officers depending on their color and race. To date, the signing of the executive order has been fundamental to eliminating discrimination and bringing about equity among Americans. Secondly, the second amendment of 1968 was crucial in enhancing the freedom of speech among the American people (Jackson, 2009)....
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