...Running head: Differing definitions of critical thought Differing Definitions of Critical Thought Victor M. Fraser Capitol College Abstract This paper attempts to compare and contrast the differing definitions of critical thinking as defined by various writers on different publications. It appears that no matter how critical thinking is defined, the same components are standard, and the conclusions are somewhat similar and hold true. A true definition of critical thinking is by no feat an easy task. It is a complex and controversial notion difficult to define and also to study. Many definitions have been proposed by several experts. One high profile definition states, “We understand critical thinking to be purposeful, self regulatory judgment which results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference, as well as explanation of the evidential, conceptual, methodological, criteriological, or contextual considerations upon which that judgment is based ….. The ideal critical thinker is habitually inquisitive, well informed, trustful of reason, open minded, flexible, fair minded in evaluation, honest in facing personal biases, prudent in making judgments, willing to reconsider and persistent in seeking results which are as precise as the subject and the circumstances of inquiry permit.” (Facione, 1990a, p.3). As can be seen from the all encompassing definition a lot goes into determining the...
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...about how to improve the way they function. Rosa is involved in diagnosis. A technological innovation is generally a(n) __________ innovation. Product A(n) __________ innovation is a change in the way a product or service is conceived, manufactured, or disseminated. Process The creation of products, services, or technologies that replace those that already exist is called __________ innovation. Radical Your Friendly Insurance Company has decided that its claims adjusters must be available to meet with claimants in the evenings and on weekends, a practice that some other insurance carriers have recently adopted. This is an example of a(n) ____________ change. Innovative Radically innovative change involves ________ change in complexity, cost, and uncertainty. Extreme Lewin's Change Model consists of three stages: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing During Lewin's "refreezing" stage, managers should reinforce the desired change in the employees. An extroverted person is one who is trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted. False A manager may be able to boost an employee's self-esteem by providing positive feedback whenever possible. True Values are a learned...
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...Four perspectives of personalities are the, psychoanalytic perspective, the humanistic perspective, the social cognitive perspective, and the trait perspective. The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes the most importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience. It is theory of personality that stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality. The term unconscious is used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness. The humanistic perspective emphasizes free will, self-awareness, and psychological growth. A view of personality that emphasizes human potential and such a uniquely human charactistics as self-awareness and free will (Cain, 2002). Humanistic psychologists also differed from psychologists theorists by their focus on the healthy personality rather than on psychologically troubled people. The humanistic psychologists believe that people are motivated by the need to grow psychologically, they contended that he most important factor in personality is the individual’s conscious, subjective perception of his or her self ( Purkey and Stanley, 2002). Three areas of personality development can be the psychosexual stages, the social cognitive perspective, and the trait perspective theory. The psychosexual stages are age-related developmental periods and...
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... 4 Reasons for evaluating training 5 - Formative Evaluation 6 - Summative Evaluation 6 Overview of the Evaluation Process 8 Outcomes Used in the Evaluation of Training Program 9 -Reaction Outcomes 9 -Learning or Cognitive Outcomes 9 -Behavior and Skill-Based Outcomes 9 -Affective Outcomes 10 -Results 10 -Return on Investment 10 Determining Whether Outcomes are Appropriate 11 -Relevance 11 -Reliability 13 -Discrimination 13 -Practicality 14 Evaluation Practices 15 - Which Training Outcomes Should be Collected 16 - Evaluation Designs 18 - Threats to Validity 18 - Types of Evaluation designs 21 Consideration in choosing an Evaluation design 24 Determining return on investment 25 - Determining Costs 25 - Determining Benefits 26 Other Methods for Cost-benefit Analysis 27 Practical Considerations in Determining ROI 28 Success Cases and Return on Expectations 28 Measuring Human Capital and Training Activity 28 Sources 29 Training Evaluation Training evaluation is a continual and systematic process of assessing the value or potential value of a training program, course, activity or event. Results of the evaluation are used to guide decision-making...
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...Week One Psychology Theories Comparison and Contrast SSCI206-1205B-32: Aspects of Psychology Brittany Shalice Herrig Abstract The purpose of this paper is to define, compare and contrast three perspectives of psychology. In detail this paper will define and examine the theories of; behaviorism, psychodynamic, and cognitive. This paper will include a description of each perspective and provide an example for each. Included in this paper will be a comparison of the three perspectives. This paper will conclude with an example of how each perspective influences psychology today. Psychology Theories Psychology is the word that is used to define the science of mind and behavior. The word psychology is derived from the Greek word psyche, which means “breathe, spirit, soul” and the Greek word logia, which means the study of something (Nordqvist, 2009). By derivative definition psychology is the study of every aspect of human function and behavior. The human being is extremely complex, evolutionary individual, and new discoveries regarding human development are discovered often. Because of constant stream of new discoveries regarding human psyche, there are many different perspectives that when combined in an eclectic manner provide a unique insight into what makes us, as human beings, so special. The behaviorist perspective is an approach in psychology that proposes that learning comes from either rewards or punishment in association with specific behaviors (Editorial...
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...Debate Summary Analysis Depressed individuals in contrast to those who have not been diagnosed perform less adequately in the tasks of every day living. Ruminative thinking patterns impair judgment. The self-concept that an individual performance is inadequate to another clouds executive control resource allocation. A firm building block for analyzing depression would be to approach the issue from a cognitive behavioral perspective because this angle of methodology outlines the basis for how the spiraling effects of change alter the minds subconscious and argumentatively the actions of persons influence by the disorder. Supporting Argument 1: Ruminative thinking impairs judgment. "The majority of research on cognitive functioning in depression to date has focused on loss of motivation and rumination (r.g., Fossati, Ergis, & Allilaire, 2002; Hertel, 2000; Scheurich et el., 2008), on cognitive impairments in effortful tasks (Wenzlaff & Eisenberg, 2001; Wenzlaff & Luxton, 2003), and on valence specific deficits in working memory" (Joormann & Gotlib, 2008; Levens & Gotlib, 2009). "Findings complement research reported by Hertel (1998) and the dual-process model of cognitive vulnerability in depression (Beevers, 2005), which posits that rumination weakens cognitive performance by capturing attention and cognitive resources, thereby preventing allocation to effortful tasks. "Rumination or negative schemata (Beck, 1976) may underlie the impairment in executive procession...
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...In 1936, F. Scott Fitzgerald claimed that it is “… the test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function.” On analysis, one can see that this quote is rather flawed and that there is in fact a lot of evidence to support the opposition. One must first consider the man behind the quote, and its application, relevance and impact on his life. It should also be noted that this way of thinking can be counterproductive –and therefore not conducive with first-rate intelligence. This notion, along with others, is an anti-example which contradict Fitzgerald’s theory. Furthermore, first-rate intelligence is an attribute that can be acquired, rather than something one is born with. In order to understand this quote, one must first be aware of the autobiographical context in which Fitzgerald was using it. The quote first appeared in an article in Esquire magazine, called The Crack-Up where Fitzgerald discusses his “…physical, emotional, and spiritual breakdown…” (eNotes, 2012). He continued to say, “One should, for example, be able to see that things are hopeless and yet be determined to make them otherwise.” (Fitzgerald 1936, p. 3). When considering the miserable outcome of Fitzgerald’s life, one can see the irony of this statement. It also becomes evident that the entire foundation of this theory was a disillusion, or at very least, a very inaccurate prediction. Fitzgerald was a dysfunctional...
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...Title: Application of Cognitive Continuum theory to decision making by nurse managers Student Name: Institutional Affiliation: 10th October, 2014 Introduction Decision making may in this case be expressed as a route of selecting an alternative that is more likely to facilitate the achievement of organizational or individual goals (Bjork & Hamilton, 2011). The nursing practice has moved towards full evidence-based implementation of care which as a result enhanced the call for proper creation of decision within nursing. However, numerous nursing theories have been developed to support increased rational analysis and decision making in the nursing practice. The theory of cognitive continuum is in this case a vivid middle-range theory developed Hammond. The theory basically shows how judgment situations are linked to cognition. Additionally, six of the decision making modes which are based on the cognition and judgment, are described in the theory (Custers, 2013). The cognitive continue part of the theory shifts from suspicion to examination whereas the judgment varies from worse-planned to well-planned (Dhami & Thomson, 2012). Indeed, this study seeks to launch how the theory of cognitive continuum strategy may be useful in helping nurse managers make critical decisions. The paper includes the following sections: statement of the nurse manager decision making issue; and description of how the theory of cognitive continuum theory may be employed to determine the issue...
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...Information Analysis Assignment 1 Executive Report on SODA/Cognitive Mapping Title: Executive Report Type: In-Semester - individual assignment Task Length: 6 A4 pages in 12 point font plus bibliography Weighting: 10% Due: 3.00pm Wednesday, March 28th , 2012 Description: Executive Report on SODA/Cognitive Mapping Methodology for Strategy Formulation and Organisational Problem Solving Imagine that you are an early career junior executive in a multinational corporation. You are well thought of by the CEO who regards you as an “ideas person”. The CEO has asked you to prepare a short briefing paper or executive report on the SODA/Cognitive Mapping methodology. The CEO hopes that you can clearly describe and explain the methodology in about 6 pages – the CEO does not have time to do the reading of books and journals himself and, further, does not have the time to read a report of more than 6 pages. For academic purposes please reference the Executive Report carefully, listing the references in alphabetical order of family names in a section called “References” [The References section does not count as part of the 6 pages]. In the Executive Report you are expected to cover, among other things, the following: • The assumptions and theory behind SODA/Cognitive Mapping • The nature of cognitive mapping, oval mapping and causal mapping and any differences between them • Advantages, disadvantages, problems and issues with cognitive mapping, causal...
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...Fingerprint controversy Donald E Mabesoone Com215 April 1, 2014 University Of Phoenix Fingerprint controversy I. Introduction a. A look into fingerprint analysis b. defining science and pseudoscience c. explain purpose of paper- fingerprinting gone awry II. Mayfield a. 2004 Madrid Spain bombing b. ACE-V method of fingerprint analysis c. FBI point of comparison d. SNP point of comparison III. Bryan Strong a. a forensic examiner questioning ACE-V method via Brady v. Maryland b. exculpatory evidence IV. Jay Siegel a. percentages of bad print analysis V. PBS special- The Real CSI a. Itiel Dror, Ph.D. cognitive neuroscientist b. his theory and experiment c. results VI. Conclusion a. mention science and pseudoscience b. how to make fingerprinting a true science Did Hollywood cause more problems for the criminal justice system today with the use of forensic science in fingerprint analysis? Is fingerprint analysis a Bona Fide science or Pseudoscience? You decide, let’s take a look into what fingerprint analysis truly is and the outcome of different researches questions and answers. On the hit television series that you see like CSI and NCIS, fingerprint science is a bona fide science where investigators use computers to match a known finger with an unknown fingerprint. This is untrue, forensic science fingerprint examiners match the prints, the computer only searches out possible matches...
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...includes humans who are very complex in nature. Psychology involves more than how people act; it includes their thought process, emotions, memories, and analysis of events. When psychology was first introduced people weren’t sure if it was a science separated from biology and philosophy. The major school of thought in psychology exemplifies the major theories within psychology. Over the years there are many schools of thoughts in psychology that has developed, that are in addition to the main eight which are structuralism, functionalism, rationalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, and Cognitive Psychology. . The first school of thought, structuralism was endorsed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Bradford Titchner between 1890-1920 in Germany and the US. This school of thought analyzes the mental processes and broke in down into the most basic component. Techniques such as introspection was use to examine how the human mind processed information. Due to the concept of structuralism, John Dewey was credited as the founder of functionalism. Functionalism challenged structuralism because it was more focused on the role the process played instead of just focusing on the mental processes in reference to structuralism. John Dewey was responsible for “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology. 1896; which explained that sensory process was followed by a response. (i.e. touching a hot stove and instantly removing your hand away)....
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...Integrated Marketing Communications Review Chapter 1 The communication Process * The sender= the person who initiates the message * The receiver= the person whom a message is directed * The message= the verbal/ nonverbal content that must be encoded by the sender and decoded by the receiver * Noise= anything that interferes with the accurate expression or reception of a message * Feedback= the response from a receiver indicating whether a message has been received in its intended form Effective communication has taken place when a sender’s message is fully understood by the receiver Steps of a Marketing Plan 1. Current situational analysis 2. SWOT analysis 3. Marketing objectives 4. Target market 5. Marketing strategies 6. Marketing tactics 7. Implementation 8. Evaluation of performance Explosion of Digital Media * Emergence of interactive web sites, blogs and social networks * Companies have shifted from traditional (such as billboards and newspapers) to digital media * Social media allows interaction from the company to the consumers Brand Parity * Brands are being viewed as being equivalent * Shoppers will purchase within a group of accepted brands rather than choosing one specific brand. * When present= quality is not a concern and price is more important * There is a decline in brand loyalty Customer engagement * Marketers seek to engage customers * Contact points...
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...Personality Lesson 8 Employers use personality tests in the interviewing process to try to select the best person for the job among many candidates. Companies have to determine if it is more cost effective to give personality tests before they hire a candidate or if they can afford the risk of possible employee turn-over. The techniques that are used by each company help to determine whether or not a particular candidate fits the job description and whether or not the candidate will succeed. Following the directions of the personality test, keeping the results private while not invading personal privacy makes personality tests as part of the interviewing process ethical and meaningful. There are several types of tests that an employer can use to test a candidates personality. They range from self-assessment questionnaires to more structured and measureable tests like computer adaptive tests. Each test has its own strengths and theoretical background, and employer’s need to find a test that works best for their company. Employers use personality profiles so that they can choose a candidate with the right personality traits to fill the position. Knowing that you need a self-motivated or persistent person is very important when asking questions during an interview. The more specific the questions that the employer asks the more accurate the answers will be about that candidates’ true personality. Since a person’s personality doesn’t generally change significantly...
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...Organizational Behavior W. Jack Duncan Book review Meera Iyer Chapters 1. Organizational behavior: defining the field 2. Historical perspective 3. Methodological foundations of organizational behavior 4. Personality development and attitudes 5. The cognitive basis of individual behavior 6. Motivation: Theory and selected research 7. Introduction to small group behavior 8. Leadership behavior and effectiveness 9. Intergroup analysis: Co-ordination and conflict 10. The organization and the individual 11. Environments, organizations and behavior 12. Power relations in organizations 13. Performance evaluation and organizational effectiveness 14. Planned change and organizational development This book is about organizational behavior. It is also a text on management. The objective of the book is to present a research based approach to management from an applied behavioral science perspective. I have summarized each chapter of the book, explaining the main points that the authors wish to communicate. © www.hrfolks.com All Rights Reserved Organizational behavior – Defining the field Organizations are collections of interacting and inter related human and non-human resources working toward a common goal or set of goals within the framework of structured relationships. Organizational behavior is concerned with all aspects of how organizations influence the behavior of individuals and how individuals...
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...remarkably complicated organ, but biologically that organization describes its overall structure. In order to analyze the brain further, it is important to consider it in terms of its functions. For example, different lobes take care of different conscious and subconscious processes. There are specific areas of the brain devoted to language, motor skills, reasoning, memory, and numerous other categories. However, there exists a strong disconnect between our biological knowledge of the brain and our psychological knowledge of the brain. We know its structure and some general categories of what portions of the structure correspond to what behaviors, but we lack a true understanding of how the brain actually accomplishes the numerous tasks it performs. Thus, from the biological level, there exists a gap up to the true schools of thought of psychology. While the major schools of thought do give some attention to biology, they largely conduct their research and formulate their theories based on an abstracted form of the brain as a biological entity. As we will see, the different schools of...
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