...Lexical borrowing = slovní výpůjčky - adoption from another lg with the same meaning English is tolerant to other lgs, nenasytný vypůjčovatel (70% non-anglosaxon origin), welcomes foreign words, not homogenous lg like French (majority of expressions was taken from F.) reasons: lg feels a need for a new word; to pre-denote a special concept (Sputnik, gradually disappeared from lg; certain lg has a kind of prestigious position (matter of fashion, but overuse of English words; matter of political force); distinction of functional style (matter of development) – three synonymical expressions of diff. origin (anglo-saxon origin: home, French words (additional meanings): resindence, Latin words: domicile, Greek origin, etc.) layers of three origins : hunt/chase/pursue rise/mount/ascend ask/question (certain amount of intensity)/interrogate high tolerance in English; in French and in German – used to avoid it; in Czech – had to defend its position to German, Linguists tried to set certain rules for using words=re-establishion of Czech lg English changes pronunciation of borrowed words (E. is simply a germanic lg, but more Romans lg in vocabulary) the basic vocabulary=core vocabulary (be, have, do) is Anglo-Saxon, surrounding periphery of v. maybe borrowed (count a word each time that occurs) wave of new adoptions: swift adotion - in some periods in lg more words than usual are adopted, in the 13. century after the Norman conquest, natural mechanism!! self-regulated – if there...
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...И. В. АРНОЛЬД Лексикология современного английского языка Издание третье, переработанное и дополненное Допущено Министерством высшего и среднего специального образования СССР в качестве учебника для студентов институтов и факультетов иностранных языков Сканирование, распознавание, проверка: Аркадий Куракин (ark # mksat. net), сен-2004. Орфография унифицирована к британской. Пропущены страницы: 50-53, 134-139, 152-161, 164-171, 201-202, 240-243 Москва «Высшая школа» 1986 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.franklang.ru ББК 81.2 Англ-923 А 84 Рецензент: кафедра английской филологии Оренбургского государственного педагогического института им. В. П. Чкалова (зав. кафедрой д-р филол. наук Н. А. Шехтман) Арнольд И. В. А 84 Лексикология современного английского языка: Учеб. для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. — 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Высш. шк., 1986. — 295 с., ил. — На англ. яз. Учебник посвящен слову как основной единице языка, его семантической и морфологической структуре, особенностям английского словообразования и фразеологии. Английская лексика рассматривается как непрерывно развивающаяся система. В 3-м издании (2-е—1973 г.) обновлен теоретический и иллюстративный материал, расширены главы, посвященные теории слова и семасиологии. А 4602010000—443 001(01)—86 215-86 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 4И (Англ) © Издательство «Высшая школа», 1973 © Издательство «Высшая школа», 1986, с изменениями Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.franklang.ru CONTENTS ...
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...|1. Lexicology as a branch of |3. Etymological survey of the |4. Types of word meaning. Word |5. Change of meaning in English. |№ 6 Polysemy in English. |№ 7 Homonymy in English. Polysemy vs| |linguistics. Lexical units. |English lexicon. |meaning and motivation. |Word-meaning is liable to change in |1. The semantic structure of the |homonymy | |Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and|The term “etymology” comes from |Types of word meaning |the course of the historical |word does not present an indivisible|Homonyms are words that sound alike | |logos ‘learning’) is the part of |Greek and it means the study of the |(classifications): |development of language. Causes of |unity, nor does it necessarily stand|but have different semantic | |linguistics dealing with the |earlist forms of the word. Now |According to the aspect relation of |Semantic Change |for one concept. It is generally |structure. The problem of homonymy | |vocabulary of the language and the |etymology studies both: the form and|a word to the components of the |extra-linguistic — various changes |known that most words possess a |is mainly the problem of | |properties of words as the main |the meaning of borrowed and native |situation where it is used: |in the life of the speech community,|number...
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...and writing system of this period?) Student : Dardan Palucaj Modern English is the form of the English language spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England, which began in the late 15th century and was completed in roughly 1550. With some differences in vocabulary, texts from the early 17th century, such as the works of William Shakespeare and the King James Bible, are considered to be in Modern English, or more specifically, are referred to as using Early Modern English or Elizabethan English. English was adopted in regions around the world, such as North America, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Australia and New Zealand through colonization by the British Empire. Modern English has a large number of dialects spoken in diverse countries throughout the world. This includes American English, Australian English, British English, Canadian English, Caribbean English, Hiberno-English, Indo-Pakistani English, Nigerian English, Philippine English, Singaporean English, and South African English. compounds formed from Greek & Latin elements: The same method may be employed in forming words elements derived from Greek and Latin. Eugenics is formed with 2 Greek roots, eu-meaning well, and yes-meaning to born. The world therefore means well born and is applied to the efforts to bring about well born offspring by the selection of healthy parents. prefixes and suffixes: The addition...
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...effective communication. Although gestures and facial expressions work well in face-to-face communication, words carry the weight of meaning when people are removed from each other in distance and time.The linguist David Wilkins summed up the importance of vocabulary in this way:”Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed”. His view is echoed from a course book (Dellar H and Hocking D, Innovations, LTP):”If you spend most of your time studying grammar, your English will not improve very much. You will see most improvement if you learn more words and expressions. You can say very little with grammar, but you can say almost anything with words!” The aim of the current term paper is to learn more about Vocabulary Teaching and to analyze all the methods used for it. Vocabulary learning is a lifelong process and acquires not only time and skills, but also hard work. In order to have a rich vocabulary one should read many books and try to use the new learned words in his/her everyday speech. In Chapter One, which is entitled...
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...Middle English Morphology • loss of inflections • loss of grammatical gender • two noun cases: possessive and non-possessive • all adjective inflections lost, loss of weak/strong distinction • verbs: personal endings reduced, mood distinctions blurred • dual/plural distinction lost • change from synthetic to analytic language; reasons: interaction of different inflectional systems in English, French, and Scandinavian; reduction of unstressed final vowels; relative rigidity of word order; increasing use of prepositions and particles • changes more visible in North of England where reduction of inflections began Nouns -es for genitive singular and all plurals noun class distinctions disappeared, generalized to the strong masculine declension of OE weak declension endings (-n) survived into early ME then merged with strong declension(some survivals: children, brethren, oxen; some ME words had plurals with -n: eye, ear, shoe, foe, hand Unmarked genitives: a few s-less genitives: e.g. formerly feminine nouns (his lady grace), kinship terms (thi brother wif, hir doghter name); nouns ending in sibilant sounds took no s in the genitive (for peace sake) Unmarked plurals: some OE strong neuter nouns had no ending in the nominative and accusative plural, continued in ME (year, thing, winter, word); unmarked plurals for animal names (derived from OE unmarked neuter plurals); measure words without -s in the plural (mile, pound, fathom, pair...
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...changes in political, economic, cultural and moral orientation of society. The Reconstruction and the collapse of Soviet Union have brought considerable changes both as in foreign policy relations so as in the lexical sphere of Russian language. This period is characterized by the democratization of the socialist governance of the country to the Western model. The reconstruction in the political structure of governance had played an important role in the appearance of words such as: president, vice-president, minister, prime-minister, mayor, instead of secretar’, pomoshnik secretarya, predsedatel’, pomoshnik predsedatelya, glava administratsii. With the import of American goods, appearing ‘McDonalds’ many English words replaced the former French and German ones (make-up is now more frequent than maquillage; sandwich and hot dog is used instead of Butterbrod, etc.) At the time of the Soviet Union, the main foreign languages being...
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...Module 5: Customs Etiquette and Protocol In an era of globalization, understanding the basics of etiquette and protocol — that is, the type of behavior that others expect of you in both informal and formal settings — is an important skill. It can instill an individual with confidence to handle almost any situation in any culture and allow a businessperson to concentrate on the deal at hand rather than worrying about such peripheral distractions as which fork to use or which hand to use for passing food. Without an understanding of the basics of etiquette and protocol, you risk coming off as a boorish Neanderthal. You may even put your company's image at risk or risk potential failure in the formation of key business relationships that are vital to global success. Finally, a well-honed sense and appreciation of local customs, etiquette and protocol can make you stand out as a world-savvy individual in a competitive global market. The world may indeed be an oyster today for many businesses. The problem is that too many businesspeople are still, like Oscar Wilde, using the wrong fork. The Ancient Art of Protocol Etiquette — the codes and practices prescribed by social convention that govern correct behavior — and protocol — the form of etiquette and ceremony observed by diplomats and businesspeople during formal interaction — are really ancient arts. Ptahhotep, mayor of ancient Egypt's capital and vizier to Egyptian King Isesi around 2380–2340 B.C. (the vizier was ancient Egypt's...
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...THE NOUN I. CLASSIFICATIONS 1. Common nouns and proper nouns 2. Concrete nouns and abstract nouns 3. Countable (count) nouns and uncountable (mass) nouns Uncountable nouns may be: a) material nouns, like air, milk, cotton, bread, pork, etc. b) abstract nouns, like biology, peace, music, etc. c) names of sports, like football, skating, swimming, etc. d) names of edible plants, when reference is made to the species itself, like maize, onion, tomato, potato, etc. e) names of towns, countries, months, etc., like London, England, February, etc. Obs: There are some words which are uncountable nouns in English, but which refer to things that are considered countable in other languages, like Romanian, for instance advice, luggage/ baggage, homework, money, knowledge, information, news, furniture, progress. Partitives Although uncountable nouns are seen as denoting an undifferentiated mass, quantity and thus countability may be achieved by means of partitive nouns. They may be: general partitives, which are not restricted to specific lexical items: piece, bit, item typical partitives, which are words restricted to certain lexical items and which form expressions with specific uncountable nouns: bar, lump, fit, grain, etc. measure partitives, which denote exact measurement: inch, gramme, mile, metre, yard, pound, etc. II. THE CATEGORY OF NUMBER A. Classification of nouns: variable and invariable VARIABLE NOUNS: one singular form and one plural form 1. Regular...
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...History of English (Source: A History of English by Barbara A. Fennell) The English language is spoken by 750 million people in the world as either the official language of a nation, a second language, or in a mixture with other languages (such as pidgins and creoles.) English is the (or an) official language in England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand; however, the United States has no official language. Indo-European language and people English is classified genetically as a Low West Germanic language of the Indo-European family of languages. The early history of the Germanic languages is based on reconstruction of a Proto-Germanic language that evolved into German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, Yiddish, and the Scandinavian languages. In 1786, Sir William Jones discovered that Sanskrit contained many cognates to Greek and Latin. He conjectured a Proto-Indo-European language had existed many years before. Although there is no concrete proof to support this one language had existed, it is believed that many languages spoken in Europe and Western Asia are all derived from a common language. A few languages that are not included in the Indo-European branch of languages include Basque, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian; of which the last three belong to the Finno-Ugric language family. Speakers of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) lived in Southwest Russia around 4,000 to 5,000 BCE. They had words for animals such as bear or wolf (as evidenced in the similarity of the words for these animals...
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...University of Sydney Business School Referencing Guide This referencing guide has been prepared by the Business Programs Unit for use in Units of Study within The University of Sydney Business School. It is based on the Harvard referencing style. Contents 1. How to use this guide...........................................................................................................................2 2. Some basic referencing terms and rules ..............................................................................................2 3. Examples – when and how to reference ..............................................................................................3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 Placement of in-text references....................................................................................................................3 Summarising a source ..................................................................................................................................3 Paraphrasing a source .................................................................................................................................3 Short quotation .............................................................................................................................................4 Long quotation ........................................................................................
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...University of Sydney Business School Referencing Guide This referencing guide has been prepared by the Business Programs Unit for use in Units of Study within The University of Sydney Business School. It is based on the Harvard referencing style. Contents 1. How to use this guide...........................................................................................................................2 2. Some basic referencing terms and rules ..............................................................................................2 3. Examples – when and how to reference ..............................................................................................3 3.1 Placement of in-text references....................................................................................................................3 3.2 Summarising a source ..................................................................................................................................3 3.3 Paraphrasing a source .................................................................................................................................3 3.4 Short quotation .............................................................................................................................................4 3.5 Long quotation ...........................................................................................................................................
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...Univers (French pronunciation: [ynivɛʁ], "ünivair") is the name of a realist sans-serif typeface designed by Adrian Frutiger in 1954.[1] Originally conceived and released by Deberny & Peignot in 1957, the type library was acquired in 1972 by Haas. Haas'sche Schriftgiesserei (Haas Type Foundry) was later folded into the D. Stempel AG and Linotype collection in 1985 and 1989 respectively. Contents [hide] 1 Visual Distinctive Characteristics 2 Characteristics 2.1 Univers Cyrillic, Univers Pro Cyrillic (2010) 3 Linotype Univers 3.1 Linotype Univers Typewriter 4 Univers Next (2010) 4.1 Univers Next W1G 5 Univers Next Arabic (2011) 6 The Frutiger numbering system 7 Linotype numbering system 8 Usage 9 In popular culture 10 Comparison with Akzidenz-Grotesk, Folio, and Helvetica 11 References 12 External links [edit] Visual Distinctive Characteristics Characteristics of this typeface are: lower case: square dot over the letter i. double storey a. upper case: dropped horizontal element on A. [edit] Characteristics Univers is one of a group of neo-grotesque sans-serif typefaces, all released in 1957,[2] that includes Folio and Neue Haas Grotesk (later renamed Helvetica). These three faces are sometimes confused with each other, because each is based on the 1898 typeface Akzidenz-Grotesk. These typefaces figure prominently in the Swiss Style of graphic design. Different weights...
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...University of Sydney Business School Referencing Guide This referencing guide has been prepared by the Business Programs Unit for use in Units of Study within The University of Sydney Business School. It is based on the Harvard referencing style. Contents 1. How to use this guide...........................................................................................................................2 2. Some useful terms ...............................................................................................................................2 3. Examples – when and how to reference ..............................................................................................3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 Placement of in-text references....................................................................................................................3 Summarising a source ..................................................................................................................................3 Paraphrasing a source .................................................................................................................................3 Short quotation .............................................................................................................................................4 Long quotation .................................................................................
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...“AN INFORMATIVE STUDY ABOUT SHORTHAND” _____________________________ PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF OFFICE ADMINISTRATION _____________________________ SUBMITTED TO: Professor 2012 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN OFFICE ADMINISTRATION ACNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to dedicate this research study first to our almighty God for his Guidance and wisdom. To our family who gave us financial and moral support all throughout this research. To our professor, who thought us on the step by step process of this research and to all BSOA students that are interested to make this research as their guide for their future career. Bachelor of Science in Office Administration BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN OFFICE ADMINISTRATION TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract . . . . . . . . . . pg 1 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . pg 2 Review of Related Literature . . . . . . . pg 2-10 Design of Investigation . . . . . . . . pg 11 Measurement Technique Used . . . . . . . pg 12-13 Findings . . . . . . . . . . pg 14-24 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . pg 25 Summary . . . . . . . . . . pg 26-32 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN OFFICE ADMINISTRATION LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Pitman Shorthand . . . . . . . . . 3 Munson Shorthand . . . . . . . . 3 Thomas Natural Shorthand . . . . . . . 4 Eclectic shorthand . . . . . . . . . 4 Bezenšek Shorthand . . . . . . . . 4 Boyd's...
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