...an increasing threat to political stability in the region and have been a major source of disruption in post-colonial times. The region has both the highest incidence of ethnic conflict and the highest number of independent ethno-political groups, with most internal conflicts based around communal, religious or ethnic issues (Reilly 2002, 8). This essay will argue that separatism is a result of a collective sense of grievance from social, economic, ethnic or political marginalisation. It will present the case studies of West Papua and the GAM (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka) movement in Aceh, Indonesia to demonstrate this marginalisation and its relation to national coherency in the terms of perceptions of identity and inclusion within national discourse. Firstly, this essay will discuss the modernisation and democratisation of the region and the role it plays in marginalisation. It will then explore the marginalisation in West Papua and Aceh and compare the effect on both separatist movements. The region of Southeast Asia is in the midst of significant economic, social and political change. From authoritarian rule to democracy and from tradition to modernity, these transitions can often lead to conflict (Reilly 2002). The rapid democratisation of multi-ethnic states is likely to lead to ethnic-based quests for self-determination and therefore the creation of separatist movements, as evident in Southeast Asia (Reilly 2002, 12). As a result, the democratisation of countries like...
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...Assignment “ Interviewing Counseling and Negotiation “ The Free Aceh Movement ( Gerakan Aceh Merdeka ) was a separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region in Northern Sumatera from Indonesia. The group was in a steady armed conflict with the Indonesian government for 29 years from 1976 until 2005. In total more then 15.000 people have been killed during the conflict. Due to the mediation lead by an NGO called the Crisis Management Initiative the conflict was resolved in 2005 leading to a surrender of the GAM. During the colonization of the Dutch in 1800 Banda Aceh was the center of resistance against the suppression of the Dutch colonizer. After the end of the colonization the Dutch handed the region over to Indonesia. According to the Aceh authorities they have not been consulted in this regard. The subsequent armed rebellion in Aceh lead to the granting of a special status by the ruling president Sukarno. Aceh consequently was sovereign in all policies regarding religion, custom law and education. The GAM has been founded by Hasan di Tiro, an Acehnese citizen. In 1976 after the discovery of large gas resources in Lhokseumawe di Tiro applied for a pipeline contract. After he was outbid by an American company he blamed the Indonesian government for his loss. Furthermore his brother died at the same time due to what di Tiro considered as negligent behaviour of a Javanese doctor. After di Tiro found the GAM in 1977 he organized the first minor actions, involving...
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...other affected countries, the UN says Indonesia is the only affected country where the aid response is still in the initial emergency and recovery phase. Some areas within the province and outlying islands are yet to be accessed due to the sheer build up of debris across access roads and aircraft landing areas. Damage includes: 1.3 million homes and buildings; 8 ports and 4 fuel depots; 85% of the water and 92% of the sanitation system; and 120 km of roads and 18 bridges. Aceh is closed to tourism and permits are needed for anyone entering the area. The World Food Program estimated that it fed 500,000 displaced or affected people in Indonesia in February - up from the January figure of 330,000. Health risks are high, though plentiful measures are in place via local and international medical teams on the ground.The Acehnese are reportedly quite wary of foreigners taking advantage of their plight. Over 50,000 Indonesian troops, plus 4,478 foreign troops from 11 countries are currently on the ground in Aceh, plus thousands more in ships off the coast. As for aid workers, 3,645 were recently registered at the UN compound, but the list is believed to be far from complete. There have been several reports of tensions regarding control and distribution of aid.It is...
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...Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Table 1 The territorial wars in Southeast Asia and South Pacific, 1960–2005 Territory Insurgents Start date 5 August 1950 1 January 1965 Episode start 5 August 1950 31 December 1965 1 January 1967 1 January 1976 7 December 1975 7 December 1975 1 January 1992 1 January 1997 1 May 1989 1 January 1963 1 January 1948 8 September 1990 8 January 1999 1 January 1963 31 December 1948 27 January 1995 1 January 1997 12 April 2005 1 January 1948 1 January 1948 29 December 1991 1 January 1994 1 January 1958 31 December 1948 27 March 1990 23 December 1996 1 January 1949 1 January 1957 Episode end 249 South Moluccas Republic of South Moluccas West Papua West Papua West Papua East Timor East Timor East Timor Aceh Aceh North Borneo Karen Karen Karen Karen Arakan Arakan Arakan Mon Mon Mon Kachin Kachin Karenni Karenni Karenni Karenni Shan OPM OPM OPM Fretilin Fretilin Fretilin GAM GAM CCO God’s army, KNU God’s army, KNU God’s army, KNU God’s army, KNU Arakan Insurgents, ARIF, RSO Arakan Insurgents, ARIF, RSO Arakan Insurgents, ARIF, RSO Various Insurgents, NMSP, BMA Various Insurgents, NMSP, BMA Various Insurgents, NMSP, BMA PNDF, KIO PNDF, KIO KNPP KNPP KNPP KNPP SSA, SSIA, PSLO, SSNPLO, SSRA,...
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...The second example is GAM or Gerakan Aceh Merdeka. This insurgent group also motivated by politics, they want to be independent and use Islam as their ideology. Not only that, Aceh wanted to be independent because they think there is a gap between the central authority and the local authority. The examples about the terror and insurgency case show that both terrorism and insurgency are considered political violence. They use violence to have a change in politics. The similarity between terrorists and criminals is their target. They do not think about which one is combatant or which one is civilians. They do their action to anyone; they attack both combatant and civilians. The example about terrorist is the Bali bombing in 2002. According to...
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...plant and animal and has its own characters in adaptation, breeding, and reproduction. The diversity of plant and animal in Indonesia is used to support the economic society and it can show Indonesia as a country that is rich with biodiversity. Not only that, the existence of plant and animal in nature will balance the natural ecosystem. Aceh is one of the areas that supply the biodiversity for Indonesia, especially in Seulawah Mountain and Leuser ecosystem. Many environmental problems like human activity occur in those of areas such as deforestation, opening the forest land...
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...ari-Aceh “Kita sepakat ekspor kelapa 1 juta butir setiap bulannya melalui Pelabuhan Krueng Geukueh dan Langsa,” kata Safwan. NEGARA Malaysia siap menampung satu juta butir kelapa tiap bulannya dari Provinsi Aceh. Kesepakatan ini tercapai dari kunjungan Menteri Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani Malaysia, Dato’ Sri Ismail Sabri bin Yakoob, Minggu 2 Maret 2014. Hal ini diungkapkan oleh Kepala Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan (Kadisperindag) Aceh, Safwan SE MSi. “Kita sepakat ekspor kelapa 1 juta butir setiap bulannya melalui Pelabuhan Krueng Geukueh dan Langsa,” kata Safwan. Sebenarnya, kata dia, ekspor kelapa dari Aceh ke Malaysia ini sudah berlangsung lama. “Banyak pengusaha yang mengambil kelapa dari Aceh, tetapi ekspor dari Batam.Ada yang melalui Krueng Geukueh, tapi hanya sedikit,” kata Safwan lagi. Namun kata Safwan, di bawah Pemerintahan Aceh saat ini, segala bentuk ekspor komoditas dari Aceh, juga akan difokuskan pada pelabuhan yang ada di Aceh. Salah satunya seperti Krueng Geukueh. Sebelumnya diberitakan, Dato’ Sri Ismail Sabri bin Yakoob, mengaku terkejut ketika mengetahui kalau kelapa yang mereka impor (Malaysia-red) selama ini ternyata berasal dari Provinsi Aceh. Padahal, kata dia, Malaysia menerima impor kelapa dari Indonesia melalui Pelabuhan Batam. “Saya heran, kelapa Aceh diimpor dari Batam,” ujarnya dalam sambutan pada acara jamuan makan malam di Pendopo Gubernur Aceh, Sabtu malam, 1 Maret 2014.Acara ini juga turut dihadiri Wali Nanggroe Aceh, Malik...
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...INDONESIA President: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004) Land area: 699,548 sq mi (1,811,831 sq km); total area: 741,096 sq mi (1,919,440 sq km) Population (2010 est.): 242,968,342 (growth rate: 1.1%); birth rate: 18.4/1000; infant mortality rate: 28.9/1000; life expectancy: 71.0; density per sq km: 130 Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Jakarta, 13,194,000 (metro. area), 8,389,443 (city proper) Other large cities: Surabaya, 3,038,800; Bandung, 2,733,500; Medan, 2,204,300; Semarang, 1,267,100 Monetary unit: Rupiah Geography Indonesia is an archipelago in Southeast Asia consisting of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited) and straddling the equator. The largest islands are Sumatra, Java (the most populous), Bali, Kalimantan (Indonesia's part of Borneo), Sulawesi (Celebes), the Nusa Tenggara islands, the Moluccas Islands, and Irian Jaya (also called West Papua), the western part of New Guinea. Its neighbor to the north is Malaysia and to the east is Papua New Guinea. Indonesia, part of the “ring of fire,” has the largest number of active volcanoes in the world. Earthquakes are frequent. Wallace's line, a zoological demarcation between Asian and Australian flora and fauna, divides Indonesia. Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official), English, Dutch, Javanese, and more than 580 other languages and dialects Ethnicity/race: Javanese 45%...
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...Coffee production in Indonesia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) An old man is peeling coffee near megalithic stones at Bena, Ngada, Flores Coffee being roasted at Toko Aroma, Bandung, Indonesia Indonesia is the fourth largest producer of coffee in the world. Coffee in Indonesia began with its colonial history, and has played an important part in the growth of the country. Indonesia is located within an ideal geography for coffee plantations. The longitude and latitude of the country means that the island origins are all well suited micro-climates for the growth and production of coffee, resulting in widespread environmental degradation and the destruction of tropical rainforests that have the highest concentration of endemic species in the world. Indonesia produced 420,000 metric tons of coffee in 2007. Of this total, 271,000 tons were exported and 148,000 tons were consumed domestically. Of the exports, 25% are Coffea arabica and the balance is Coffea canephora.[1] In general, Indonesia’s Arabica coffees have low acidity and strong body, which makes them ideal for blending with higher acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa. Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Origins 2 Cultivation ...
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...Inclusive Education Inclusive Education is a learning environment where children with and without disabilities are taught together, as equals. This approach is different to more traditional approaches to the education of children with disabilities, such as the SPED model used in the Philippines, that involve segregating CWDs into separate classes or even separate schools. Inclusive Education is recognized by teachers, families and policy makers to be a more beneficial way of ensuring that children with and without disabilities achieve their full educational potential. The LCD Philippines Foundation Inclusive Education program was initiated in 2005 in response to a perceived need for a remodification of the current educational system for CWDs in the Philippines. Working in partnership with the Department of Education, other national NGOs and 19 Community Support Groups (made up of volunteer parents and volunteer organisations), amongst other partners, the program involves creating awareness among stakeholders; improving access to Inclusive Education in schools and communities through providing accessible features, equipment and appropriate teacher training; adopting an holistic approach to address the needs of CWDs through comprehensive health management and rehabilitation interventions (including a program developed by one of our CHIIPS Interns – ICARE) and research and data gathering. In addition the Inclusive Education in collaboration with the Economic Empowerment programme...
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...Tsunami-bølgers hastighed1 Formål: At afklare forholdet mellem havdybde og bølgehastighed (tsunami-bølge). Produktkrav: På baggrund af forsøget udarbejdes en rapport. Materiale: - Stor balje (evt. bedroller) - Øse - Lineal - Stopur (brug evt. mobiltelefon) - Spand - træplade eller murerspartel Fremgangsmåde: 1. Fyld baljen op med 3 cm vand. 2. Træpladen skal presses ned i vandet i den ene ende af baljen, så der bliver skabt en bølge, der bevæger sig til den anden ende af baljen. Træpladen skal ikke ”tabes” i vandet, men føres stille og roligt ned. Øv nogle gange til I har lært teknikken. Sørg for at vandet falder til ro og at I presser træpladen ned i vandet på samme måde hver gang. 3. Mål afstanden fra træpladen til den anden ende af balje. Indfør afstanden i tabel 1. 4. Øv jer i et par gange at måle tiden fra pladen presses ned til bølgen slår mod baljens kant. Tabel 1. Tsunami-forsøg | Vand-dybde | ”Rejselængde”forbølgen | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Gennem-snitstid(sek.) | Bølge-hastighed(cm/sek.) | 3 cm | 95 cm | 1,70 | 1,46 | 1,31 | 1,33 | 1,36 | 1,43 | 1,41 | 1,28 | 1,48 | 1,40 | 1,416 sek. | 2,11864407 | 2 cm | 95 cm | 1,65 | 1,55 | 1,85 | 1,68 | 1,85 | 1,66 | 1,55 | 1,58 | 1,78 | 1,60 | 1,675 sek. | 1,10402985 | 1 cm | 95 cm | 2,30 | 2,18 | 2,10 | 2,16 | 1,96 | 2,15 | 1,81 | 1,96 | 2,30 | 2,25 | 2,117 sek. | 0.47236655644 | 5. Udfyld tabel 1. 6. Udregn den gennemsnitlige tid på baggrund...
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...Kuis (kelompok) Adinda Putri Nursa’adah (09121003) Azhary Pramono (09121023) AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN DAERAH Definisi : Suatu proses identifikasi, pengukuran, pencatatan, dan pelaporan transaksi ekonomi (keuangan) dari suatu daerah (propinsi,kabupaten, atau kota) yang dijadikan informasi dalam rangka pengambilan keputusan ekonomi oleh pihak-pihak yang memerlukan dan menggunakan sistem pencatatan dasar akuntansi tertentu. Tujuan pelaporan keuangan pemerintah : • Akuntabilitas Mempertanggungjawabkan pengelolaan sumber daya serta pelaksanaan kebijakan yang dipercayakan kepada unit organisasi pemerintah dalam rangka pencapaian tujuan yang telah ditetapkan melalui laporan keuangan pemerintah secara periodik; • Manajerial Menyediakan informasi keuangan yang berguna untuk perencanaan dan pengelolaan keuangan pemerintah serta memudahkan pengendalian yang efektif atas seluruh aset, hutang, dan ekuitas dana. • Transparansi Menyediakan informasi keuangan yang terbuka bagi masyarakat dalam rangka mewujudkan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan yang baik. Laporan keuangan pemerintah yang selanjutnya disebut sebagai laporan pertanggungjawaban merupakan hasil proses akuntansi atas transaksitransaksi keuangan pemerintah. Laporan pertanggungjawaban untuk tujuan umum, terdiri dari laporan perhitungan anggaran, neraca, laporan arus kas dan nota perhitungan anggaran. Tidak tertutup kemungkinan laporan keuangan dapat dikembangkan untuk tujuan khusus...
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...R. de Koninck Alor Setar, the Capital of Kedah : a City to Govern Agriculture In: Archipel. Volume 36, 1988. Villes d'Insulinde (I) pp. 147-164. Citer ce document / Cite this document : de Koninck R. Alor Setar, the Capital of Kedah : a City to Govern Agriculture. In: Archipel. Volume 36, 1988. Villes d'Insulinde (I) pp. 147-164. doi : 10.3406/arch.1988.2449 http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1988_num_36_1_2449 Rodolphe de KONINCK Alor Setar, the Capital of Kedah a City to govern Agriculture It is necessary to understand not only the cha racter of present-day cities of Southeast Asia but also the relationship of the city-based elites and the rural peasantry. (McGee, 1967, p.28) 1. Kedah's search for an agricultural Capital Most authors who have dealt with the history of the old kingdom of Kedah emphasized the importance of its location on the Straits of Malacca. Thus, in referring to the period extending from the fourth century A.D. to the middle of the sixth century, G. Coedès lists some powerful States. Among those to be found in «predestined locations» («sur des sites prédest inés»), he mentions Kedah (Coedès, 1964, p. 123-124). According to Wheatley (1961, p. 280), it developed during the sixth and seventh centuries and «attained its apogee as the peninsular node of the Sri Vijayan thalassocracy... It figured prominently in Chinese records as an important midway station between China, India and the Arab countries»...
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...Japanese Tsunami Earthquake a surprise The unexpected disaster was neither the largest nor deadliest earthquake and tsunami to strike this century. That record goes to the 2004 Banda-Aceh earthquake and tsunami in Sumatra, a magnitude-9.1, which killed more than 230,000 people. But Japan's one-two punch proved especially devastating for the earthquake-savvy country, because few scientists had predicted the country would experience such a large earthquake and tsunami. The cause The 2011 Tohoku earthquake struck offshore of Japan, along a subduction zone where two of Earth's tectonic plates collide. In a subduction zone, one plate slides beneath another into the mantle, the hotter layer beneath the crust. The great plates stick and slip, causing earthquakes. East of Japan, the Pacific plate dives beneath the overriding Eurasian plate. The temblor completely released centuries of built up stress between the two tectonic plates, a recent study found. The earthquake started on a Friday at 2:46 p.m. local time (5:46 a.m. UTC). It was centered on the seafloor 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Tohoku, at a depth of 20 miles (32 km) below the surface. The shaking lasted about six minutes. Deaths More than 18,000 people were killed in the disaster. Most died by drowning Nuclear meltdown The tsunami caused a cooling system failure at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, which resulted in a level 7 nuclear meltdown and release of radioactive materials. About 300 tons of radioactive...
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...Perspectives Disaster Management in South-east Asia Udai Bhanu Singh * According to the International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences: South-east Asia is the epicentre of frequent disasters of varying intensity. The damage to life and property caused by these disasters is comparable to that caused by war. Disasters disrupt the national economy and social development. Besides, the world has shrunk and news about the hardship suffered by the people is rapidly disseminated. As such, the management of disasters has become a key concern of governments confronted with an increasingly aware civil society and a shorter reaction time. Often when disaster strikes, it impacts more than one country and sometimes the region as a whole. The intensity and the frequency of such disasters have prompted the ASEAN to evolve its own response mechanism. However, often the scale of the disaster is so huge that only an international response can meet the challenge. In such cases, the international community, acting through the United Nations and its various agencies and other inter-governmental and non-governmental bodies, has provided succour. Although disasters can be natural, technological and conflictrelated, this paper addresses only natural disasters in the region. A natural hazard is an extreme natural phenomenon that threatens human lives, activities or property, or the environment of life. Natural disasters are the destructive consequences of extreme natural hazards, and globally...
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