...Affordability of College Textbooks: Textbook Prices Have Risen Significantly in the Last Four Years, but Some Strategies May Help to Control These Costs for Students August 2008 Report 2007-116 CALIFORNIA S TAT E A U D I T O R The first five copies of each California State Auditor report are free. Additional copies are $3 each, payable by check or money order. You can obtain reports by contacting the Bureau of State Audits at the following address: California State Auditor Bureau of State Audits 555 Capitol Mall, Suite 300 Sacramento, California 95814 916.445.0255 or TTY 916.445.0033 OR This report is also available on the World Wide Web http://www.bsa.ca.gov The California State Auditor is pleased to announce the availability of an on-line subscription service. For information on how to subscribe, please contact the Information Technology Unit at 916.445.0255, ext. 456, or visit our Web site at www.bsa.ca.gov. Alternate format reports available upon request. Permission is granted to reproduce reports. For questions regarding the contents of this report, please contact Margarita Fernández, Chief of Public Affairs, at 916.445.0255. Elaine M. Howle State Auditor Doug Cordiner Chief Deputy 555 Capitol Mall, Suite 300 CALIFORNIA STATE AUDITOR Bureau of State Audits S a c r a m e n t o, C A 9 5 8 1 4 916.445.0255 916.327.0019 fax w w w. b s a . c a . g o v August 12, 2008 The Governor of California President pro Tempore of the Senate Speaker of the Assembly State...
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...Higher Education Affordability Brandon DeLoose Baker College Higher Education Affordability Earning a higher education yields a much larger total salary throughout life than those with a high school diploma or equivalent. However the cost of college has been increasing at a pretty ludicrous rate in the past thirty years in the United States. How are students to afford these ever skyrocketing costs to earn degrees and have the possibility of a more successful life? This problem begins in the history of higher education, therein are the causes that made the price inflate. This increase in cost makes it very difficult for people of low income to attain a degree of higher education. This in turn can have a lasting effect on the economy. Understanding all of this leads to two solutions. First, the government must take action to make this education more affordable, on way they might do this is by reducing their defense spending. Second, the people themselves can take steps to make higher education more affordable for themselves if they are in a situation where higher education is not very affordable to them. First we must first look at the history of higher education in the U.S. and the things going on around it at certain times that had some effects on it. Higher Education in the U.S. really began in the colonial era. The first colleges were set up by religious groups to train ministers. These colleges were modeled after colleges like Cambridge and Oxford in England. Harvard...
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...Flood Insurance Affordability The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is over $24 billion in debt following disasters such as Hurricanes Sandy and Katrina.1 The program was created in the 1960s because insurers were leaving the flood insurance market due to outrageous risks. Its purpose is to subsidize the policies of property owners in flood risk areas and, for some, is the only way to get affordable flood coverage. Today, about 20% of the 5.5 million flood policies in effect are subsidized by the NFIP. The other 80% pays premiums based on actual risk, which is the point of insurance to begin with.2 What began as a successful solution to unaffordable rates has become an economic disaster, leaving taxpayers to pick up the tab. The program made it affordable for anyone to live in areas that are deservedly uninsurable without government support. Climate change is no longer just a theory. According to the consulting firm AECOM, the rise in sea levels could increase flood hazard areas along the coast by 55% in the next century. Despite this problem, coastal populations have increased by 40% since 1970, the result is that 40% of the US population lives in a county with a coastline.3 Decades of low premiums have given few incentives for property owners to take preventative actions and will cost taxpayers billions more when another disaster occurs. Coastal development is still on the rise and people seem ignorant to the growing risk floods and the detriment that their subsidized...
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...The Impact of Affordability on Access to Health Care Services: a Case Study of Texas Introduction Access to healthcare arguably forms an integral aspect of human existence. However, in recent times, access to health care appears to have been militated by Health care and health insurance laws, the US policies on health insurances, earnings of an individual and a host of other factors. Although the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) appears to serve as a partial force which enables people to have access to health care if earnings are below the stipulated national minimum wage, however the extent to which this solve this situation is still a subject of controversy (Sommers, Buchmueller, Decker, Carey, & Kronick,...
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...ECONOMICS & STRATEGY THE JSK STRATEGIST June 07, 2010 Federal Budget 2011: Affordability Vs. Sustainability!! A Blurry Hype Or A Leap Of Faith?? Executive Summary At the national front, government remained excessively occupied with budgetary measures to be adopted in the finance bill, that were announced on June 5th. Capital market participants and investors, in anticipation, distanced away from large exposures as federal budget closed in, with implementation of Capital Gains Tax (CGT) on stock market transactions. Nationwide implementation Value Added Tax (VAT) regime at 15% has been deferred by three months in order to develop a productive framework for enforcement and collection mechanisms. Addressing IMF’s concerns, the removal of subsidies and a raise in power tariff by 6%, in addition to the expansion of country’s tax base remained core issues in recent budget announcements. Economic Recovery: Exceeds Expectations! Federal government revised GDP growth levels to 4.5% from a low of 4.1% sighting better than expected economic recovery for FY2010. Expansion in large scale manufacturing and growth in services sector would be the key factors contributing to economic growth with 5.6% share of manufacturing, 4.6% for services and 3.8% for agriculture sector. Also, the crippling power sector with the introduction of costly rental power plants is expected to provide significant relief to the industrial sector. Additionally, government is making all out efforts to curtail...
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...Title : Factors Affecting Affordability in Housing Ownership Objective : To determine factors affecting affordability in housing ownership by middle income household between two sampled capital cities demographic; Kota Bharu Kelantan and Shah Alam, Selangor : To investigate what is the affordability in housing ownership with respect to occupational background and demographic area Problem Statement According to Maslow Theory of Needs, owning a decent house comes under psychological needs for human for their shelter. Housing has two important dimensions; as shelter and as real estate, and its social importance as spatial locus of personal and familial life where access to social and economic structural opportunities begins, and where privacy and security are located (Bratt et. al., 2006; Thalmann, 2003). As Government in developed and developing countries are focusing more towards lower income households needs, among others housing issues, issues of housing ownership by middle income households becomes more critical. Affordability issues may be differ by demographic location giving by the demand and supply of houses and population of the area. Paying attention to the concern of middle income households, leads the research to address two main issues. Firstly, what are the factors affecting affordability in housing ownership by middle income household. We have selected two sampled capital cities; Kota Bharu Kelantan and Shah Alam, Selangor to make the comparison...
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...Efficiency and Effectiveness of Waqf Institutions in Malaysia: Toward Financial Sustainability Maliah Sulaiman Email: maliah@iium.edu.my Department of Accounting, Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Muntaka Alhaji Zakari* Email: alhajizak@gmail.com Department of Accounting, Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author Abstract Efficiency and Effectiveness of Waqf Institutions in Malaysia: Toward Financial Sustainability Financial health is crucial to the continuous existence and operation of any organisation. It is even more essential in the case of waqf. Accordingly, determining the financial strength and vulnerability of waqf institutions is particularly very significant and congruent to waqf’s perpetual existence. Using content and ratio analysis, the 2008 annual reports of state waqf institutions were examined to determine their transparency and performance accountability. Four essential financial health ratios were computed: the equity balance...
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...Homelessness is an issue that many communities face, yet little research has been done on the connection between affordability challenges and relocation to the suburbs of immigrants. According to Preston et al. (2009), immigrants are at a high risk of homelessness compared to Canadian-born residents in the York Region of the Greater Toronto Area. Due to the lack of affordable housing, many immigrants struggle to achieve and maintain homeownership. Although some immigrants arrive to Canada asset-wealthy and can purchase a home upon arrival, most immigrants struggle with low income jobs to make ends meet. As reported by Preston, Li’s study (2006) concludes that over half the immigrants who had been in Canada for less than 10 years are overqualified for their jobs. In order to combat the affordability issue, some immigrants have the advantage of a large social capital. Upon arrival, immigrants will look to transitional...
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...examples places where house prices are cheaper like wales and northern Ireland have tend to have higher rates of unemployment than places where house prices are more expensive like London and south east. Also in the regional difference there is possibility for people to migrate from north of England to south east and London.in other words it is aid that the k house prices have really gone down recently. Question 2: How have UK house prices behaved relative to general inflation and incomes? How would you describe the current affordability of UK houses? ANSWER: The affordability of the UK house prices depends on two things which are the income and the interest rate of the country. The real rate of interest adjusts the nominal rate for inflation, the affordability of the up house prices deteriorated from the late 1990s; the growth in house prices in the late 1970s and 80s coincided with periods of the strong general inflation. But currently affordability of house prices has been easier because the income rates have increase between 1998 till...
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...College Costs and Financial Debt Not planning for college on time can leave you with student’s loans debt in the end. I the past few years, college have skyrocket, and the once affordable college education is now a tower of debt for the new recent graduate students. Most of us in order to complete or to continue college our education, will need some federal financial aid or federal student loans to close a small gap in the end. The average public college is around $20K per year, and a private university is double that amount. The average student get his gift aid (need-based aid plus merit aid), this combined with the self-help aid (work-study plus federal loans), total his financial aid packet. These federal loans are a portion of the self-help aid that most students need to close the small financial gap in the end. A few years back the average student loan was around $17,000 (for a regular four-year education), now that amount have climbed to $27,000, this is due to the rising cost of education. Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.), have suggested providing federal financial support to states that fund public colleges. This proposal will eliminate government profits from student loans, and punishing colleges with graduates who aren't able to manage their debt. A good example for this college debt is my story. In the spring of 1994, after three years of college, I was forced to delay my education, this was due to the high cost of college tuition. To help cover the cost of my...
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...Brands Need Rational Benefits The most desired brands – the brands that regularly feature towards the top of car buyers’ shopping lists of preferred brands, tend to be the brands where the purchase decision is based more on emotive factors and less on rational factors. These ‘emotive brands’ are more likely to include the premium brands such as Audi, BMW, Jaguar and Mercedes-Benz. Many people end up not buying these brands because of budget – either they cannot afford the purchase price or cannot afford the running costs. The main factor that contributes to a car brand’s emotional status is its style and design which differentiates the brand from the rest. But the main weaknesses of most of the ‘emotive’ premium brands are their affordability, economy and practicality. To increase sales across a broader base of customers, especially for those premium brands that are developing smaller models with stronger retail appeal, the premium brands need to offer more rational purchase benefits in the form of lower running costs coupled with smaller and more practical models. Primary benefits sought by premium brand car buyers compared with buyers of all brands, June 2011 Base: 6,162 car buyers [pic] Source: Trend Tracker Alfa Romeo Brand Example Making a brand appeal on a more emotive basis with a strong or unique style and design does not automatically translate into stronger sales, as has occurred, for instance, with the Mini brand. A case in point is Alfa Romeo...
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...Legal Studies ------------------------------------------------- Shelter THE RIGHT TO SHELTER AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS IN SATISFYING THAT RIGHT * The right to adequate housing applies to everyone. Furthermore, individuals, as well as families, are entitled to adequate housing regardless of age, economic status, and group or other affiliation or status, and enjoyment of this right must not be subject to any form of discrimination. * The right to shelter is clearly supported by international law. International recognition of the right to shelter was initially given in the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Article 25 of the Declaration states that “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services”. * The UN CROC Article 27 (3) states that the government must provide material assistance and support programs where necessary, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing. * Article 11 of the U.N. International Covenant on Economic, Social, Cultural Rights (1966) states, “The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions. The States Parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this...
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...DIAGNOSING MARKETING FAILURE OF KELLOG’S BREAKFAST MATES USING FOUR “A” FRAMEWORK COURSE TITLE: MARKETING MANAGEMENT COURSE CODE: GR 523–1DA SUBMITTED TO DR. RAJ SISODIA, PROFESSOR OF MARKETING SUBMITTED BY KHALED MAHMUD MCCALLUM GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS BENTLEY UNIVERSITY MARCH 18, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. KELLOGG’S AS A COMPANY: ............................................................................................................ 1 2. BACKGROUND OF KELLOGG’S BREAKFAST MATES: ...................................................................... 1 3. KELLOGG’S BREAKFAST MATES’ OFFERING: ................................................................................. 1 4. TARGET MARKET: ........................................................................................................................... 1 5. POSITIONING: ................................................................................................................................... 1 6. FAILURE OF BREAKFAST MATES: ...............................................................................
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...Index of Contents 1. Definition Real Estate 2 2. Chinese real estate market 2 2.1 overwiev about the chinese real estate market 2 2.2 chinese real estate market in the broader economic context 3 3. China’s long-term Real Estate Fundamentals 4 3.1 strong gdp growth 4 3.2 rural migration to cities 4 3.3 rising middle class and strong upgrade demand 5 3.4 300 million new households in past two decades 6 3.5 limited land supply 6 4. overheating real estate market in the short-term 6 5. government steps in with tough real estate policies 9 5.1 significant increase in land supply and focus on economic housing 9 5.2 downpayment ratios and mortgage rates 9 5.3 Loan restrictions to developers 10 6. summary 10 References 11 1. Definition Real Estate A piece of land, including the air above it and the ground below it, and any buildings or structures on it. Real estate can include business and/or residential properties, and are generally sold either by a relator or directly by the individual who owns the property. In most situations...
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...I do not support the EPA allowing DC Water to use Green Infrastructure (GI) to help meet its responsibilities for water quality improvements. Although implementing GI has tremendous environmental, social and economic benefits, DC Water’s proposal to use GI doesn’t adequately render GI as a viable option for the following reasons. The first reason the implementation of GI is unacceptable is because DC Water has failed to show that GI works. The Long Term Control Plan (LTCP) consent decree was signed in 2005. In 2014, DC Water proposed to amend LTCP to include green infrastructure. In this nine year period, DC water failed to demonstrate and provide site specific performance information on the Potomac and Rock Creek illustrating that GI can achieve equal or greater reductions of combined sewer overflows (“CSOs”) compared to building tunnels. Therefore utilizing $30 million dollars of the rate‐payers money to reduce the size of the Potomac’s tunnel and replace it with GI is a poor choice since DC Water has not proved its proposed GI would fulfil the same requirement as a large tunnel would. DC Water’s General Manager, George Hawkins’ power point presentation indicates DC Water has invested 10 million in GI projects such as tree plantings, rain gardens, green roofs, bioretention, etc., but the presentation lacks providing any significant data or measuring tool on how successful the projects have been while implementing GI. The second reason DC water should not use...
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