...RETHINKING THE (EUROPEAN) FOUNDATIONS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: A POLITICAL ECONOMY ESSAY by Peter Draper Research area: African Economic Outlook September 2010 Working Paper No. 293 Rethinking the (European) Foundations of Sub-Saharan African Regional Economic Integration: A Political Economy Essay DEV/DOC(2010)10 2 © OECD 2010 DEVELOPMENT CENTRE WORKING PAPERS This series of working papers is intended to disseminate the Development Centre’s research findings rapidly among specialists in the field concerned. These papers are generally available in the original English or French, with a summary in the other language. Comments on this paper would be welcome and should be sent to the OECD Development Centre, 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France; or to dev.contact@oecd.org. Documents may be downloaded from: http://www.oecd.org/dev/wp or obtained via e-mail (dev.contact@oecd.org). THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED AND ARGUMENTS EMPLOYED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHOR AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THOSE OF THE OECD OR OF THE GOVERNMENTS OF ITS MEMBER COUNTRIES ©OECD (2010) Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this document should be sent to rights@oecd.org CENTRE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DOCUMENTS DE TRAVAIL Cette série de documents de travail a pour but de diffuser rapidement auprès des spécialistes dans les domaines concernés les résultats des travaux de recherche du Centre...
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...to1877 provided suffrage to the African American community in tremendous ways. This Reconstruction period provided new prospects for the African American community for example, voting, labor, ownership of property, education and restoration of family life. In addition, to providing many opportunities the Radical Reconstruction made it very challenging for African American’s to take advantage of their “freedom”. In this paper my aim is to prove that African American women were relentless individuals, who controlled voting in southern African American communities through the use of their counterparts. Furthermore, African American women overcame the challenges that came along with the opportunities’ that were given during the reconstruction period, they utilized many strategies particularly violent ones. Elsa Barkley Brown article The Labor of Politics, substantially supports my argument. Brown provides numerous testimonies and examples of how African American women manipulated the vote through African American men. Throughout the article Brown uses African American women to emphasize her argument that ex-slaves developed their politics differently from their white Republicans allies. After the Civil War African American’s reconceptualizatize their role to vote in politics and one may wonder how can a group of people who have been recently emancipated do such a thing? Well Brown argues that the Black Richmonders, operated in two different political arenas, an internal and an external...
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...African American's Journey Essay Below is a free essay on "African American's Journey" from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. “African American’s Journey to Freedom” Charity Johnson HIS204: American History since 1865 Instructor: Leslie Ruff February 11, 2013 “African American’s Journey to Freedom” To some African Americans it may seem ironic that The United States of America is known as “the land of the free” considering that majority of their ancestors entered the US as slaves. African Americans were brought to North America via the middle passage which originated during the fifteenth century. They were enslaved for approximately 400 hundred years until the end of the Civil War in 1865. Although African Americans were enslaved in America, they were determine to survive and one day be freed in this great country. During The African American’s journey to freedom several significant events took place which was inclusive of but not limited to: The Civil Rights Movement of 1865-1877, Separate but Equal Legislation (Plessy vs. Ferguson court case) in 1896, The Harlem Renaissance of 1920, Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954, The March on Washington Movement of 1963, and The Black Power Movement of the late 1960s and 1970. I will discuss the significance of these events in relation to the African American journey to freedom and how they have help shape American society today. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT OF 1865-1877 Frequently when...
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...RESOLUTION. THE AFRICAN CONTINENTAL BODY (AFRICAN UNION). Introduction The AU project was born in Sirte in 1999 with the decision to draft an act of constitution. The AU’s Constitutive Act was subsequently signed in Lomé, Togo on 11 July 2000. The official inauguration of the AU took place in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa and represented the next level in the evolution of the ideal of Pan-Africanism. Learning from the lessons of the OAU, the AU has adopted a much more interventionist stance through its legal frameworks and institutions. The AU’s Peace and Security Council (PSC) was established in 2004 through the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of 2002 (AU 2002). The AU’s 15-member PSC is mandated to conduct peacemaking, peacekeeping and peace building. In effect, the AU maintained a working relationship with the UN and other international organisations, namely the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), The AU has adopted a number of important new documents establishing norms at continental level, to supplement those already in force when it was created. These include the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (2003), the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (2007), the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and its associated Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic...
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...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................................................................................................................... Since the Tang Dynasty, Chinese activity in Africa has been seen and has grown exponentially in the past decade. China’s enhanced role within the global economy has profound political implications across the world, but takes a particular form in Africa. Recently, there has been an ongoing move by the Chinese to tap in and secure natural resources in Africa through the Chinese-African trade and diplomatic relations. Though its growing interest in Africa has resulted in huge capital flows into the continent and increased exports of natural resources from Africa, it is the purpose of this paper to determine if this relationship is creating shared prosperity for both countries. It is also vital to outline the contexts of African crisis and Chinese expansionisms. The paper also tries to explain how Chinese renewed interest in the continent has been manifested and provides an analysis of its main effects. However, though Chinese involvement in Africa is subject to debate, it certainly does no, to a greater extent, merit accusations of neo-colonialism. It also brings with it some potential for greater socio-economic development, although this depends to...
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...INTRODUCTION The present global socio-economic-political and technological landscapes have undeniably pose serious challenges and opportunities to the United States as the only super power in the world at the present. It is not only globally superior in terms of military might and technology but also the biggest economy in the world. Such epitome of global success and leadership for more than a century has been the very beneficial to the U.S. and its economy particularly in the pre-9/11 and pre-2007 global financial crisis eras. But these events particularly the 9/11 attack for example have created serious blow to the U.S. global leadership and its image. Like in the area of the U.S. foreign policy in which its global image defends upon that has also significant implications on its economy, global economic and political interest. Hypothesis The evolution U.S. Foreign Policy for example has been intertwined with the changes of the socio-economic-political and technological landscapes. But for the first time in U.S. History, Terrorism has become the major cause of the abrupt changed in its Foreign Policy which has some serious implications on its national security, political and economic interests in different regions of the globe including West African region which composed of countries like Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, Namibia, Nigeria...
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...Reconstruction and Race Relations – Final Paper Reconstruction and Race Relations Paper William H. Orris Professor Ralph Millsap HIS105021VA016-1138-001: Contemporary U.S. History November 6, 2013, 2013 Reconstruction and Race Relations Abstract This paper explores race relations amongst the people after the Civil War and during the Reconstruction era of the nineteenth century. The Southern whites tried to maintain their status quo of supremacy. The following will describe techniques that the southern whites used in an effort to keep the south as it was in the antebellum. Laws were enacted to protect the civil rights of the freed people and those born in the United States. In some case these laws were stricken down by the Supreme Court. Laws were also created in the south to minimize the freedoms of the newly freed people. These laws were called “Black Codes” and “Jim Crow Laws.” In America’s south was the first domestic terrorist group the Ku Klux Klan which started as a social club in Tennessee. This paper will describe some of the issues that started in the nineteenth century and carry on today. In the south the wealthy and politically connected white people refused to let go of their way of life after the Civil War. The southerners did all they could to maintain a status quo. In their minds the war did not change anything. After the Civil War the white southern power structure used the following techniques to make the exercise...
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...How did decolonization effect African economics? In today’s modern world it is certainly a global economy. Although the United States is still at the forefront in the economic world along with Europe, the days of their dominance is slowly dwindling. Regions such as China, South America particularly Brazil, India and others are growing at rates never before seen in these nations due to a multitude of different economic factors. However, in this new world economy, Africa seems to be left out. A place with an abundance of natural resources and agricultural capabilities, Africa has yet to reach its full potential. There are many theories to which one could attribute the lack of growth in Africa to but I will be specifically looking at decolonization and how, in my opinion, it has disallowed Africa to become a major player in the world economy. to understand why africaneconomies are still not growing like comparable emerging markets one must first start with the history and the worker for he/she is the driving force behind any economic system. in “dialects of decolonization” Cooper gives a detailed history of the French african worker during decolonization and reform movements. focusing on the social aspect of the labour movement, french west africa transitioned from a “class-centered, internationalist organization that insisted that workers subordiante their own concerns, interests and collective awarness to the emerging national struggle”. though this sounds honarbale, the...
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...Introduction Classic texts such as Chanakya's Arthashastra (India) written in the 3rd century BC, Sun Tzu's The Art of War, written in China 2,500 years ago, the political strategy of Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince, written in 1513, or Carl von Clausewitz's On War, published in 1832, are all still very popular, referenced, and highly regarded and followed. Strategy defined by these writers entailed from Political, game, war or social genre. For this assignment, we deal with business strategy or strategic management in today’s environment in the management world. Strategy could be simply defined as a plan of action to achieve any particular goal. In broader terms, Strategic Management refers to a process of combined activities; mainly, Strategic Analysis (required to develop an apt strategy), Strategy Formulation (process of transferring the analysis into a plan – intended strategy); and, Strategy Implementation (process of putting plan into action – realized strategy). The purpose of this assignment is to develop a comprehensive strategic plan for an Organization for its mission and vision to achieve goals. We have chosen ChinAfrica Magazine for this very purpose. ChinAfrica Magazine was first published in 1988 in English and French edition. Its paper version was suspended in 2001 due to internal financial problems; and, the new English monthly magazine was re-launched in October-2009. Their existing website is in English, Chinese, and French; thus, catering to a range...
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...Assignment 1.2: Research Paper Industrialization after the Civil War Shana Dukes History 105 Professor Tracey M. Biagas February 3. 2014 Introduction Industrialization after the Civil War was a period where Industrial city were being built, there were jobs for people and the political aspect was having corruption. In this paper the main points in this paper discussed the major aspects of the Industrialization Revolution, such as groups that were affected by the Industrial society, and the affects the life of the average working American. While the Industrial Revolution was a great turning point in the history of mankind, it led humanity to great technological advancements, middle and lower class, African American rights, woman equal rights, and many others. Three Aspects of the Industrial Revolution Three major aspects of the Industrial Revolution during 1865 to 1920 influenced society, economy, and politics. Society was a major aspect of Industrialization because companies were being built, railways was distributing goods to different states (Arrington, 2013). Also, a lot of people were moving from the South and farm areas to the Northern urban areas. Iron and steel had become more vital to the Industrialization of America, and the United States was becoming more Industrialized and less agricultural (Gilder Lehrman Institute, 2009). The society worked in factories to earn money; they also worked at steel plants, and other jobs. Society played a major aspect...
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...However, in practice, ensuring the solidarity of workers and controlling the supply of labour is problematic.” (Finnemore, 2013). Based on the statements above, present a detailed discussion on trade unions. Your discussion should include reasons why employees join trade unions, goals on trade unions, trade union structure and organisational effectiveness and closed shop and agency shop agreements. Darryl John Iyaloo Human Resource Management 311 (BBA) 28 April 2016 ABSTRACT This paper provides a detailed discussion on the South African Trade Union Movement. Using the case study of The Marikana Fallout, this paper will attempt to unpack why employees join trade unions, goals of the trade unions, trade union structure and organisational effectiveness, closed shop and agency shop agreements. 1. Introduction 2. The South African Trade Union Movement: A Brief History 3. The Case of The Marikana Fallout 4. The Reasons Why Employees Join Trade Unions 5. Goals Of The Trade Unions 6. Trade Unions Structure and Organisational Effectiveness 7. Closed Shop and Agency Shop Agreements 8.1 Closed Shop Agreements 8.2 Agency Shop Agreements 8. Conclusion 9. References 1. Introduction As an upper middle-income country within Africa and the continent’s largest economy, South Africa often attracts specific interest in terms of its economic growth and...
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...COLONIALISM IN AFRICA How does the legacy of colonialism affect contemporary African international relations? If questioned today about Africa in general the first reactions I would have are poor governance, poverty, conflict, economic instability and hunger. These are the major characteristics that dominate most of the states within the continent as a whole. The question would be has it always been this way? Different debates and differences have been focused on the colonial legacy for post-colonial Africa and the nature of colonialism. Various characterizations and conceptions tend to differ considerably among the international relations and African scholars. Between 1800 and 1900, majority of the European powers colonized the African continent. Colonialism, a political-economic occurrence whereby the various European nations exploited, took over, explored and settled down in great parts of the world still has a far reaching impact on the African continent. The colonialists; prolonged their ways of living beyond their domestic borders, economically exploited their colonies natural resources and this was done in order to strengthen and develop the colonies of the West and lastly created new markets. The African continent was indirectly impacted on the social, political, economic and cultural way of living. The colonial legacy is the inheritance of the state that belonged to the colonial administration from this administration by post-colonial rulers in...
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...Jacob Ellefsen April 2nd 2012 Prof. Julie Weiskopf Colonial Nature Paper Word Count: 2,225 Colonial Nature Practices in Africa Africa contains number truly unique geographic features that are home to a number of different plant and animal species. As history has shown Africa to be the cradle of civilization, the inhabitants have developed a harmonious, possibly even religious balance with their environment. When Europeans arrived in Africa they saw many such practices as “backwards” and labeled those people demonstrating them as uncivilized. They saw it as a matter of religious right and of nation pride to take upon themselves a civilizing mission of Africa. With them they brought new scientific developments to increase crop production and to bring crops to areas that were previously unable to sustain them. It seemed like a great improvement of the region, but the balance of life for the Africans had been disrupted. The onslaught of colonialism brought with a number of changes that affected the livelihoods of many Africans, but African replied with a number of diverse ways in which to react to the colonial management of African environmental resources. This paper will focus on the regions of Kenya, The Matopos Hills in modern day Zimbabwe, and finally colonial South Africa. The Inhabitants of Africa were controlled by the environment they resided in. It controlled every part of their lives from basic survival to agricultural production of goods. They had lived in such...
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...Famous Thinkers Paper PHL/458 September 17, 2012 Prof. John Muench Famous Thinkers Paper The world has had numerous famous thinkers that have inflicted change upon society through their views. Martin Luther King Jr. and Cornel West are two examples of famous thinkers that has through years of trials and tribulations, had their personal journeys turn into societal change. This paper will chronicle their personal journeys and how their contributions changed the way society acts today. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929. He was raised in an environment where African-Americans were singled out and isolated in the southern part of the United States. He enrolled and graduated from a public school at the age of fifteen and earned his diploma in Sociology from Morehouse College in 1948. He later enrolled at a graduate school in Boston where he met his wife, Coretta Scott, who understood Martin’s purpose in the African-American society. Martin continued the legacy of his father and grandfather and joined the Ebenezer Baptist church, serving as co-pastor alongside his father. In this little Baptist church is where Martin Luther King Jr. began to instill has beliefs and values amongst the African-American society. As an African-American minister and belligerent leader, people looked up to him as he fought for the rights of the African-American society. Cornel West was born on June2, 1953 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He attended Harvard and received his graduate degree from...
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...I am writing my paper on African Americans writing a letter to a friend that is not African American. Dear Anthony, I am writing this letter because I would like to share with you what it is like to be African American and the what we have experienced throughout history. Sometimes people think that because times have passed and things are better that we should be happy but that is not the case. So I just want to give you some insight on African American’s history in the Unites States. Black history has tremendously shaped the African American experience in the United States. For most of U.S history the African American experience developed outside the American culture. Black history’s impact on the African American experience resulted from influences of slavery and racial discrimination in the U.S. For most of U.S history, legal and social discrimination has denied African Americans access to education, literacy, and work. The Harlem Renaissance was one of the first and most important movements in black history. It was the first recognition of African American for their music, literature, arts, and poetry. The Harlem Renaissance was an important period of increased political involvement in black history. Another important movement for African Americans was the Black Arts movement. The Black Arts movement saw the rise of music and literature that embraced a pronounced political and racial consciousness. The Harlem Renaissance and the Black Arts movements are only two of...
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