...utilized by plants that are grown through hydroponic system. In return, the plants help to purify the water of the waste products, making it conducive for the farmed animals. This technology-based farming heavily relies on the concept of symbiosis, with each member of the Aquaponics system benefiting another member of the same system in one way or the other. For instance, the farmed fish metabolize ingested nutrients and release waste product. Accumulation of such waste materials in the water would render it unsuitable for habitation and would thus result in the death of the aquatic organisms. The introduction of the plant component in the system exploits the nutrients in these wastes for plant metabolism. Consequently, the plant is able to obtain vital nutrients to facilitate its survival. On the other hand, the utilization of the wastes as sources of nutrients for the plants detoxifies the water hence ensuring survival of the fish and other aquatic organisms. The symbiotic process is thus circular and continuous. Parts of the Aquaponic System The aquaponic system can be utilized for subsistence or commercial production of fish and plants. In all cases, however, the system must have specific components and designs. Generally, the system can be classified into two sections; the aquaculture section and the hydroponic section. The former part is vital in raring fish and aquatic animals (Backyard Aquaponics, 2012). On the other hand, the hydroponic component is vital in plant production...
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...Negative impacts of Dinoflagellate algae: economic, ecologic, and human health hazards ABSTRACT Increasing pollution both atmospheric and oceanic are encouraging algal growth and increasing the frequency and geographic range of high density dinoflagellate blooms. Public health and economic impacts, as well as negative ecological effects of the aquatic environment are increasing the scientific research done on toxic dinoflagellate species. Contaminated bivalves are causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in humans (DSP); with the number of cases increasing steadily in the last 40 years. Toxins released by certain species of the phylum dinoflagellate are the cause of this spreading contamination. Algal bloom locations are dictated by water currents and synaptic weather patterns, and their movement makes it difficult to pinpoint the origin of these blooms. Measuring the level of toxins in shellfish is currently the best way to chart the growing density of these blooms, and to prove the masses of algae are of growing concern. In this review the negative impact dinoflagellate algal blooms are having on aquaculture, human health hazards, and reasons for the increasing frequencies/densities of blooms will be covered; additional information on the shortcomings of incomplete scientific data complied on algal blooms and why scientific research is now being sought after will be reviewed. BACKGROUND Few species of phytoplankton produce...
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...form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in fish farming are carp, salmon, tilapia and catfish.[1][2] There is an increasing demand for fish and fish protein, which has resulted in widespread overfishing in wild fisheries, China holding 62 percent of the world's fish farming practice.[3] Fish farming offers fish marketers another source. However, farming carnivorous fish, such as salmon, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries, since carnivorous farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage fish. The global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO in 2008 totalled 33.8 million tonnes worth about $US 60 billion.[4] In 2005, aquaculture represented 40% of the 157.5 million tons of seafood that was produced, meaning that it has become a critical part of our world's food source even though the industry is still technically in its 'infancy' and didn't really become well known until the 1970s. Because of this rise in aquaculture, there has been a rise in the per capita availability of seafood globally within the last few decades.[5] Major categories of fish aquaculture There are two kinds of aquaculture: extensive...
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...ecosystem in ways that may not be reversible, and may also be slowly harming rivers, streams, and coastal waters. Pesticides and fertilizer are two major components that have disturbed the marine’s ecosystem; both contain harmful chemicals that can be hazardous to living organisms in the water. Fertilizer and pesticide run-off from large farms may have initiated bursts of marine algae which may disrupt the ocean’s ecosystem by causing massive blooms in marine waters (Schwartz, 2005). Winds cause nitrogen and other nutrients from the seafloor to surface, which promote the growth of algae called phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is a main source of food for many living organisms in the marine waters. Agricultural pollutants may have triggered phytoplankton to produce harmful blooms in tides, which are giving-off poisonous toxins to marine life. These poisonous toxins are dangerous because the oxygen levels are gradually diminishing in waters, which may have deadly consequences for marine life (Schwartz, 2005). Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and even plants. The term aquaculture refers to the cultivation of both marine and freshwater species and can range from land-based to open-ocean...
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...AFRB 343 Advanced Financial Accounting 1 Semester 11 2011 / 2012 TUTORIAL: AQUACULTURE QUESTION 1 The data below is related to Aqua Tiger Bhd that cultures and sells tiger prawns as at 1 January 2006: Batch 1 Batch 2 (RM) (RM) Direct labour costs 40,000 10,000 Production overhead 20,000 30,000 Seed stock, fertilizer and chemical 15,000 25,000 Costs to complete the cycle 90,000 100,000 Estimated harvest 10,000 kg 15,000 kg Required: a) Determine the estimated total costs upon completion and estimated profit for each batch if the selling price for the tiger prawns is RM12/kg. b) If provision for batch 1 and batch 2 is RM16,000 and RM8,000 respectively, calculate the value of the closing stock at NRV and at cost 1 QUESTION 2 Marakisa Bhd involves in the aquaculture activities. The company has built 10 ponds and each pond takes 3 months to generate revenues. Therefore allowing Marakisa to operate 4 phases annually. Detail information on the costs and revenues for the year 2006 is as follows: Types of cost Land acquisition Facilities (road and sewage) Ponds, equipment, water pump and generator Direct labour wages Supervisor’s salary Material costs Transportation costs Revenue: Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Amount (RM) 520,000 15,000 2,540,100 600/month 1,200/month 5,000/month 5% from revenue 575,800 620,300 490,000 680,400 sales i. ii. Additional information: Ponds and other equipment is depreciated at 10% per annum on a straight line basis. A worker is assigned to...
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...Oceanography Final 11/4/2015: Bob Howarth, Nutrient Pollution in Coastal Marine Ecosystem Oceans impacted by: Overfishing, Pollution, Climate Change 2010- World’s largest oil spill in Gulf of Mexico Diffuse population=Biggest problem Increase in global dead zone… too much algae -> too little oxygen Nutrient pollution is bad -> less marine diversity, currently not regulated, Eutrophication= Algae Growth, runs oxygen levels to 0 in deep ocean Increased vertical density stratification prohibits the warmer oxygen rich top layer from mixing with Deep Ocean Phosphorus and Nitrogen are crucial to the growth of Algae Phytoplankton need a 16:1-N:P Redfield ration Phosphorus: Bigger problem in fresh lakes, originally thought not to be the problem since scientific studies with phosphorous in small flasks showed that it wasn’t. But then, they tested it in a big lake in Canada and it proved to be the cause of algae growth. Nitrogen: Comes mostly from agriculture (synthetic fertilizer), main problem in coastal waters (nitro-fixation is not common in coasts because of high salinity), proved through tests in tube like pools. Wetter coastal climates deliver more nitrogen pollution to sea because of rain run-off. Gold of Mexico now warmer so there is a higher likelihood of it turning into a dead zone even with the same nitrogen input. Hudson River flows slowly now -> less freshwater discharge -> Eutrophication Gulf of St. Lawrence- climate change altered...
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...have many damaging effects on the coastal environment and the ecosystem of the seas. They occur naturally as far north as southern Alaska to date. This paper will discuss what a red tide is and some of its causes. It will also explore the environmental impacts as well as health risks associated with these large toxic blooms. Next, we’ll look at the economic effect and the sociological impact of a red tide. Lastly, we can examine what to do to protect yourself from its harmful effects. Red Tide/Red Algae Effects What is Red Tide? Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, occur when colonies of algae—simple plants that live in the sea and freshwater—grow out of control while producing toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and birds. The human illnesses caused by HABs, though rare, can be debilitating or even fatal. While many people call these blooms 'red tides,' scientists prefer the term harmful algal bloom. (NOAA 2012) Algal blooms, during which algae become so numerous that they discolor the coastal waters, visibly seen as reddish-brown. The algal bloom may also deplete oxygen in the waters and/or release toxins that may cause illness in humans and other animals. Species in the United States that release these harmful toxins include: * Alexandrium fundyense - found along the Atlantic coast from the Canadian Maritimes to southern New England * Alexandrium catenella - found along the Pacific coast from California to Alaska * Karenia brevis -...
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...Aquaponics—Integration of Hydroponics with Aquaculture A Publication of ATTRA—National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org By Steve Diver NCAT Agriculture Specialist Published 2006 Updated by Lee Rinehart, NCAT Agriculture Specialist © 2010 NCAT Aquaponics is a bio-integrated system that links recirculating aquaculture with hydroponic vegetable, flower, and/or herb production. Recent advances by researchers and growers alike have turned aquaponics into a working model of sustainable food production. This publication provides an introduction to aquaponics with brief profiles of working units around the country. An extensive list of resources points the reader to print and Web-based educational materials for further technical assistance. Introduction Contents Introduction ..................... 1 Aquaponics: Key Elements and Considerations ............... 2 Aquaponic Systems ...... 3 Organic Aquaculture .................. 11 Evaluating an Aquaponic Enterprise ........................ 12 References ...................... 13 Resources ....................... 13 Appendix I: Bibliography on Aquaponics ............. 20 Appendix II: Dissertations ................. 25 A quaponics, also known as the integration of hydroponics with aquaculture, is gaining increased attention as a bio-integrated food production system. Aquaponics serves as a model of sustainable food production by fol low ing certain principles: • The waste products...
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...Isolation and Purification of Lyngbya majuscula on Nutrient-enriched Agar Plates A Special Problem ABSTRACT Lyngbya majuscula samples were obtained from the Phycology Laboratory stock culture of the UPV Institute of Aquaculture. Five (5) mm fragments of these were inoculated into agar plates that used 1% agar concentration enriched with varying concentrations (1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) of Hughes, et. al. (1958) Mineral Medium No. II. After ten (10) days of culture, the Trichome Length (TL), Trichome Width (TW), Sheath Width (SW) and Total Length of the Lyngbya filaments were measured from photomicrographs of the samples using Image Tool (Version 3.00) developed by the University of Texas Health Science in San Antonio (UTHSCSA). Lyngbya filaments in all cultures enriched with the Hughes medium obtained significantly higher TL and TW over those of the control treatment. But enrichment of the agar medium did not result in an increase of sheath widths. Filaments cultured in 1.5% and 2% enriched agar showed contamination. Those in 1% nutrient concentration had comparable growth, but no contamination. Furthermore, Lyngbya cultured in enriched agar did not grow beyond the area of inoculation. Isolation was also more difficult in agar than in the liquid control medium. INTRODUCTION As early as the 1900s, Lyngbya sp. blooms were documented in the areas of Eastern Moreton Bay and Bribie Island in Australia (Abal & Lawn, 2004). Lyngbya is a genus which is...
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...resources could be a more sustainable alternative, particularly if sourced from organisms, such as algae, that can be farmed without using valuable arable land. Strain development and process engineering are needed to make algal biofuels practical and economically viable. D espite limited supply and increasing demand, fossil fuels remain among the world’s cheapest commodities. Prices will inevitably rise once demand starts to outstrip supply, but short- to medium-term replacement of fossil fuels by renewable and more environmentally benign alternatives will occur only if the substitutes can compete economically. One of these alternatives is based on the oils extracted from algae, and commercial-scale pilot facilities to test these are in operation. However, significant improvements are still needed to make algal biofuels economically viable. In this Review, we outline the advantages of algae as a biofuel producer, discuss the different cultivation methods, consider the options for achieving optimal algal biomass and lipid production, and the process engineering needed to make the process efficient and economically competitive. grown and manipulated, but strains differ significantly in lipid profile, photosynthetic ability, growth rate, growth medium requirement (from extreme halophilic to marine and fresh water), resistance to pathogens and biomass productivity. Although most algae are phototrophs, many can be grown heterotrophically....
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...usually confined animal feeding operations (CAFO) often referred to as factory farms,[1][3][4] or managed intensive rotational grazing (MIRG). Both increase the yields of food and fiber per acre as compared to traditional animal husbandry, but in a CAFO the animal feed is brought to the animals which are seldom moved, and in MIRG the animals are bunched up and constantly moved to fresh forage. There are many modern-day forms of intensive crop based agriculture, but they are all characterised by innovations designed to get the most yields per acre possible. This is usually done by a combination of multiple crops per year, very few if any fallow years, and improved cultivars. It can sometimes also involve the use of high inputs of fertilizers, plant growth regulators orpesticides, and mechanization. Most large modern intensive farms include innovation in agricultural machinery and farming methods, genetic technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and global trade. These farms are widespread in developed nations and increasingly prevalent worldwide. Most of the meat, dairy, eggs, fruits, and vegetables available insupermarkets...
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...help to provide communities with income and employment through tourism and recreation. They are also crucial to pharmaceutical development, providing scientists with certain chemicals compounds. Despite this, they are constantly being destroyed by human activities such as overfishing, mass collection of coral and coral species and pollution. Although the United States government is involved in the conservation of these ecosystems, an estimated 25% of reefs have been destroyed beyond restoration. They, along with other organizations, are working to preserve the estimated two-thirds of reefs currently under threat. Coral reefs are limestone ridges built by calcium carbonate skeletons secreted by organisms such as: coral polyps, sponges and algae. The process and formation of coral reefs is excruciatingly slow. Even in the most ideal conditions, corals “may build up a skeleton at rates of just a few millimeters per year” (Spalding, Jones, Green p. 15). In order for a reef to form, there must be specific conditions. This includes warm, clear, shallow water; salt, a hard surface and a steady flow of currents. The currents help coral larvae swim in shallow water and find a hard surface to attach to. Once attached, the polyp secretes calcium carbonate which slowly accumulates and will most likely form into one of the three major reef patterns: the fringing reef, barrier reef or the atoll. There are other types of reef formations such as the patch reef, bank reef and the apron reef; however...
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...TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITTUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES 938 Aurora Blvd. Quezon City DISSOLVED OXYGEN INDICATOR ALARM IN FISH PONDS Members: Dulce, Rei Justin Faustino, John Benidict A. Serafica, Leopoldo Jr. Uru, Vincent C. Villaganas, Arbert A. Instructor: Engr. Kim KeryllTria Chapter 1 1.1Introduction and its Background The following students intend to have a promising research study contributing to the community creating a useful tool. This research project is an addition of what so called Microbial Fuel Cell a newly discovered technology on producing electricity using bacteria. In this Technology if an electrode is placed in waste water, bacteria automatically begin to grow on it. These bacteria are capable of transforming the organic compounds present in the water into electricity. This process purifies the waste water, which in and of itself is a useful application. But researchers from Wageningen UR and Wetsus, a water technology institute, who are working with each other as part of the Microbial Fuel Cell project, are more interested in generating electricity. They are testing organic materials which may act as catalysts on the process. They are also improving the design of the model to enable generating electricity on a larger scale. How a microbial fuel cell works A microbial fuel or biofuel cell requires: * Two electrodes * Bacteria such as those present in waste water or manure * A conducting wire with resistor (such as a light...
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...catfish Culture-based fisheries in Lao Changing face of carp culture Providing Claims Services to the Aquaculture Industry Algae blooms Disease Large scale Weather losses Mass escape Non-compliance Pollution & Environmental contamination Predators Super chill Theft Damage to equipment, cages, moorings A global network of offices in 63 countries, provides local expertise in a rapidly growing aquaculture industry. Specialists available in Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Greece, Holland, Hong Kong, Italy, Norway, Spain, South Africa, UAE, United Kingdom and United States. For more information contact Mark Vos, tel: + 31 6 21 544 344 or markvos@crawco.nl Aquaculture Asia is an autonomous publication that gives people in developing countries a voice. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the contributors and do not represent the policies or position of NACA. Editorial Board Wing-Keong Ng M.C. Nandeesha Editor Simon Wilkinson simon@enaca.org Editorial Assistant Phinyada Sompuech Editorial Consultant Pedro Bueno NACA An intergovernmental organization that promotes rural development through sustainable aquaculture. NACA seeks to improve rural income, increase food production and foreign exchange earnings and to diversify farm production. The ultimate beneficiaries of NACA activities are farmers and rural communities. Contact The Editor, Aquaculture Asia PO Box 1040 Kasetsart Post Office Bangkok 10903, Thailand Tel +66-2 561 1728 Fax +66-2 561 1727 Email: magazine@enaca...
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...Marine Mycology: An Overview of Pathogens, and Secondary Metabolites Introduction and History The golden age of marine mycology occurred from 1960-1990 with the research and discovery of most of the roughly 500 species of obligate marine fungi. Much of said research was conducted from 1980-2000; this 30 year period saw the report of nearly half of the marine fungal species currently known (Jones et al. 2009; Jones, 2011). That being said, marine fungi are vastly understudied and under rated in comparison to marine plants, animals, and other microorganisms; frequently they are omitted or only briefly referenced in marine biodiversity and ecology text books (Jones and Pang, 2012). The cladistics of marine fungi is currently in a state of flux, with new taxa being discovered as molecular techniques such as DNA and RNA analysis via polymerase chain reactions, and gel electrophoresis are implemented (Ald et al 2005). Even though fungus-like organisms such as oomycetes are not fungi, marine mycologists often study them as they perform similar functions, and until recently most had been classified as fungi based on their morphological similarities (Jones, 2011). These fungus-like organisms are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, zoospores, have chitin containing cell walls, and similar life cycles to fungi (Neuhauser et al. 2012). Conventionally terrestrial or freshwater species are also included in the marine fungal group as facultative species; this is due to their active ecological...
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