...Outline and evaluate research into cross cultural variations in attachment. There are three main experiments that deal with the hypothesis of cross cultural variations in attachment by using the basis of the Strange Situation test. Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) these two men created a meta-analysis which is where they collect already completed experiments and compare them too each other on a specific topic. This allows researchers to get a better look at overall trends and identify possible relationships that might exist, by doing this they may be able to identify trends that could not be seen in smaller-scale studies. They used 32 studies from 8 different countries that all used the strange situation procedure to study attachment. Using a meta analysis (statistical technique) they calculated the average percentage for the different attachment styles (e.g. secure, avoidant and ambivalent) in each country. The found that secure attachment was the most common type of attachment in all cultures. The lowest percentage of secure attachments was shown in china and the highest in Great Britain. Takahasi (1990) their aim is to prove if the Strange Situation is a valid procedure for cultures other than American middle class, white children and their mothers. They used 0 middle class Japanese mothers and their children and they were all observed under the strange situation directions. By doing this they found that they had very similar securely attached percentage to Ainsworth...
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...Attachment, in dictionary terms, means affection, fondness, or sympathy for someone or something. In psychotherapy, attachment theory refers to how those attachments impact human interpersonal relations. Attachment theory was first conceptualised by John Bowlby, a psychoanalyst who dedicated his time to studying the affectional bonds which form between a child and his primary caregiver. In Segal and Jaffe (2013), the affectional bond is simply but realistically defined as one's first love relationship. Bowlby referred to attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. This bond is initially formed by the first attachment figure a person comes across in life. This is in most cases is the mother. In other situations, it may be a father, or where a child is orphaned or put in foster care, it could vary. It refers to anyone who remains in a central role in a child's life for at least the first three to five years. This period is crucial because it is when a child's brain rapidly develops. Bowlby (1984) says that attachment behaviour is most active and overt before the age of three but the need for attachment figures remains throughout life. Bretherton (1985) found that after three, it is less frequent and noticeable as the child gains increased abilities to protect itself and coping skills. Attachment behaviour is however more noticeable during times of exceptional stress. According to Segal and Jaffe (2013), an attachment bond shapes an infant's brain...
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...another. The need to belong is an evolutionary human instinct, and one that characterises an individual’s chances of survival. It is essential to acknowledge the common attributes of the three preceding elements which determine relationship statuses, so a clearer understanding can be achieved when considering the dissimilarities in attitudes between the genders. Conventionally, love has always been thought to be undemanding and trivial whereas attraction, or borderline infatuation, is affiliated with connections on a deeper energetic level. Lust can be summed up as the craving for sex, where the individuals engage in such activity without being exclusive to each other. Trailing an individual’s childhood attachment styles has helped determine prospective romantic attachment styles (Hazan & Shaver, 1987). The bonds formed between an infant and their primary caregiver can be classified into three categories....
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...Paula Vizcarra COM 220 18 April 2011 The Possibilities of Making a Romantic Relationship Successful the Second Time Around INTRODUCTION: Oprah Winfrey said, “As you become more clear about who you really are, you’ll be better able to decide what is best for you – the first time around.” Unfortunately, this is much easier said than done. Every individual has their own perspectives on romantic relationships and every couple establishes their own set of rules. The question is: which rules are the right ones? What is the secret to getting it right the first time, and is it healthy to go for round two if you don’t? Cosmo experts seem to disagree with Oprah and give their readers a list of steps to follow that will supposedly allow a second time around to be successful. DESCRIPTION: Cosmopolitan Magazine offers their advice on whether or not getting back into a relationship with your ex is a good idea with an article called, “Can a Relationship Work the Second Time Around?” The writer mentions that when a couple decides to go for round two, people usually respond with negative feedback like, “yeah, that’ll last” (Miller). This is true, however, experts say that as long as three main rules are followed, it has the potential to work. These three rules are to (1) go slow, (2) touch on the past, and (3) ultimately move on. The first step consists of making sure a second chance is what you want and what is best, not what you think you need because you don’t want to be...
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...people who are or have been important to them) have affected their development?’ Abstract John Bowlby’s theory of attachment asserts that in childhood attachments are formed between the infant and the caregiver. It also asserts that these attachments form the basis of adult relationships. This qualitative thematic analysis of an interview with Chloe attempts to show how early attachments form a framework of later development. This study shows some support for Bowlby’s theory of the continuity of attachment behaviour but also shows that the nature of attachments can change throughout life in particular due to adult relationships and life experience. Introduction The field of developmental psychology is concerned with understanding how our mental outlook can change over the course of a lifetime. It considers both the effects of cultural and environmental factors and the internal motivations of the individual. One of the main area of research is understanding the degree of continuity in how behaviour is formed and to what degree it can be influenced by past experience. In the area of human relationships, Attachment theory (as cited in Wood et al., 2007) explores how relationships develop. Bowlby (as cited in Wood et al., 2007) proposed that we have a basic biological drive to form an attachment to a ‘mother figure’ at birth. The nature of the attachment gives rise to a ‘internal working model’ in the mind of the child that has three components, a model of the self, the...
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...Comprehensive Analysis Case Study Cheryl M. Todd PSY7220 Capella University Abstract This comprehensive case analysis will follow Gwen Cohen-Green through the following three stages of development: early childhood, middle childhood, and early adolescence. Within each of the three stages I will identify Gwen’s social and emotional development, theories pertaining to her development, validation, and predominate factors. A complete analysis and synthesis will support the findings, and recommendations will be given to support her. Table of Contents Introduction Case Study: Early Childhood Case Study: Middle Childhood Cased Study: Early Adolescence Analysis and Synthesis Recommendations Conclusion References 1 1-5 5-10 10-15 15-16 16-17 17 18-20 Comprehensive Analysis Case Study Introduction This study will identify the child I have chosen for my case study project and follow her through each of the following stages: early childhood, middle childhood and early adolescence. Secondly, the study will include an analysis and synthesis of developmental domains and of environmental and influential factors and finally, the study will make recommendations for optimal development. Early Childhood: Case Study Gwen Cohen-Green is an only child that lives with both her mom and dad in a suburban setting. Mom and dad both work long hours with mom being the primary parent to attend conferences as well as being the disciplinarian. Gwen’s parents are...
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...Relationship Between Psychological Intimacy and Romantic Jealousy Abstract Most of the research on romantic relationships are emphasizing the roles of psychological intimacy and the generated jealousy evoking behaviors. However, the causal effects of these constructs in relation to jealousy have not yet been examined enough. Some of the factors such as affection, affirmation levels, attachment style, and levels of intimacy play an important role in changing the style of jealousy related behaviors either cognitive or surveillance. Results show that the negative type of jealousy where the emotion of fear, aggressiveness hold to the person’s character may be the reason of perceived threats to the relationship from third parties. When there is a threat in a romantic relationship, it is seen that the partners are more likely to be engaged in jealousy behaviors. Keywords: Jealousy, Psychological intimacy, Romantic relationship Relationship Between Psychology Intimacy and Romantic Jealousy Have you ever seen that either you or your romantic partner turned into a green eyed monster? Green eyed monster is socially named for the concept, jealousy. Being jealous has always considered to be negative yet many people engage in jealousy evoking behaviors. There are many factors lying behind the emotion such as psychological intimacy. In other words, interpersonal closeness. Due to different give and takes, interpretations...
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...Evaluation: * Repression often not shown (vivid memory often results after trauma) * Terror management theory Social-cognitive Reciprocal determinism—interplay of Personal factors/internal cognition Behavior Environment Personal control (Julian Rotter) External locus of control Internal locus of control *Without internal locus, learned helplessness results Explanatory style (Martin Seligman) Optimistic Unstable, specific, external Pessimistic Stable, global, internal Bandura Personality influenced by observational learning, outside influences (Bobo doll study) Self-efficacy (belief in ability to do things that lead to positive outcomes) Humanism Maslow—self-actualization Hierarchy of needs * Safety—security—love—selfesteem—self-actualization Carl Rogers—person-centered Genuineness Unconditional positive regard Empathy Trait theory Greeks—4 humors (choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic) Allport (student of Freud) Eysenck—unstable/stable; introverted/extroverted Costa & McCrae (Big 5) OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) Assessment MMPI (used factor analysis, empirically derived) Cattell’s 16PF Person-situation controversy Walter...
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...UNRESOLVED GRIEF AND CONTINUING BONDS: AN ATTACHMENT PERSPECTIVE Much of the contemporary bereavement literature on the continuing bond to the deceased (CB) has emphasized its adaptiveness and given limited attention to when it may be maladaptive. The attachment literature on disorganized– unresolved attachment classification in relation to loss, or ‘‘unresolved loss,’’ is informative in identifying CB expressions that are indicative of failure to integrate the death of a loved one. In this article, an important linkage is identified between a prominent indicator of unresolved loss that involves a lapse in the monitoring of reasoning implying disbelief that the person is dead and the clinical writings of J. Bowlby (1980) and V. D. Volkan (1981) on maladaptive variants of CB expression. The aim is to highlight the value of the attachment literature on unresolved loss in clarifying the conditions under which CB is likely to be maladaptive. There is increasing agreement among bereavement theorists and practitioners that an ongoing attachment to the deceased can be an integral part of successful adaptation to bereavement (Klass, Silverman, & Nickman, 1996). This position, commonly known as the ‘‘continuing bonds’’ perspective, is counter to that presented by Freud (1917=1957) in his classic work ‘‘Mourning and Melancholia,’’ in which he proposed that successful adaptation to loss required the bereaved to detach his or her psychic investment in the deceased...
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...UNRESOLVED GRIEF AND CONTINUING BONDS: AN ATTACHMENT PERSPECTIVE Much of the contemporary bereavement literature on the continuing bond to the deceased (CB) has emphasized its adaptiveness and given limited attention to when it may be maladaptive. The attachment literature on disorganized– unresolved attachment classification in relation to loss, or ‘‘unresolved loss,’’ is informative in identifying CB expressions that are indicative of failure to integrate the death of a loved one. In this article, an important linkage is identified between a prominent indicator of unresolved loss that involves a lapse in the monitoring of reasoning implying disbelief that the person is dead and the clinical writings of J. Bowlby (1980) and V. D. Volkan (1981) on maladaptive variants of CB expression. The aim is to highlight the value of the attachment literature on unresolved loss in clarifying the conditions under which CB is likely to be maladaptive. There is increasing agreement among bereavement theorists and practitioners that an ongoing attachment to the deceased can be an integral part of successful adaptation to bereavement (Klass, Silverman, & Nickman, 1996). This position, commonly known as the ‘‘continuing bonds’’ perspective, is counter to that presented by Freud (1917=1957) in his classic work ‘‘Mourning and Melancholia,’’ in which he proposed that successful adaptation to loss required the bereaved to detach his or her psychic investment in the deceased...
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...felt that "tempered radicalism" was a concept that had been waiting to be invented. Meyerson and Scully, in my view, have grasped an important idea and have written about it in a careful and an illuminating way. It's one of those papers, I suspect, that some people will react to by thinking: "I wish I had written that!" Further, I can see others I know well in the field as fitting the description of the tempered radical, at least in some circumstances and at different times. The reviewers, while suggesting changes, as reviewers do, were also very taken with the paper. It is intellectually interesting, and evocative. It provides us with a perspective on organizational issues that is typically glossed. It opens an arena for organizational analysis that is missed in most theoretical frameworks. Tempered radicals, Meyerson and Scully argue, are individuals who identify with and are committed to their organizations and also to a cause, community or ideology that is fundamentally different from, and possibly at odds with, the dominant culture of their organization. Their radicalism stimulates them to challenge the status quo. Their temperedness reflects the way they have been toughened by challenges, angered by what they see as injustices or ineffectiveness, and inclined to seek moderation in their interactions with members closer to the centre of organizational values and orientations. The paper is a scholarly treatment of a complex concept. It is radical in its charge to us to see...
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...TITLUL CURSULUI: CURS PRACTIC – LIMBA ENGLEZĂ Fundamente de gramatică şi vocabular Limba engleză - “English for Social Sciences” Curs pentru învăţământ la distanţă Asist.univ. DANIELA NICULESCU- ZDRENGHEA [pic] 2005 INTRODUCERE 1.Coordonatorul cursului este asist.univ.Daniela Niculescu-Zdrenghea, titular la Facultatea de Psihologie a Universităţii Titu Maiorescu, autoare a numeroase traduceri a numeroase studii de specialitate. 2.Tutorii : asist.univ. Mihaela Ştefănică, asist.Daniela Niculescu. CURSUL 1.Introducere □ 111 este un curs de un semestru şi este cotat cu 3 credite. 2.Prescriere □ Cursul constă în prezentarea unor modalităţi de comunicare şi interpretare în limba engleză. 3.Conţinut □ În acest curs vor fi studiate prin intermediul unor fişe – numerotate de-a lungul cursului – modalităţi de comunicare în limba engleză, structuri gramaticale, topică, prin numeroase exemplificări utile studiului individual. 4.Obiectivele cursului □ Cursul de limba engleză pentru învăţământ la distanţă îşi propune să sedimenteze elemente de limba engleză dobândite în formarea preuniversitară a studentului ID, elemente lingvistice şi de interpretare necesare unei deschideri a studentului ID către lumea ştiinţifică internaţională. Pentru o analiză gramaticală şi interpretarea de texte, sunt folosite tematici cu predilecţie din psihologie (inclusiv psihologie...
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...Abstract: Jeffrey Dahmer (1960-1994), was born in Milwaukee to a well-educated father and mentally disabled mother. Dahmer had a normal childhood, except for the fact that he exhibited very antisocial behaviours and took on weird hobbies such as dissecting road kill. Just before graduating high school, Dahmer’s parents divorced, leaving Dahmer in the family home alone. Dahmer grew very fond alcohol. In June 1978 shortly after graduation Dahmer killed his first victim Stephen Hicks a fellow hitch hiker. The next year Dahmer dropped out of University after only one semester of being enrolled and went and joined the army, after his father convinced him to do so. After the army discharged Dahmer due to his alcoholism he went to live with his Grandmother. While living with his Grandmother, Dahmer took another victim Steven Touni. Dahmer killed altogether 17 male men mainly African American. In July 1991 Jeffrey was finally arrested and was sentenced to a total of fifteen life sentences. In 1994 Dahmer was murdered by fellow inmate Christopher Scarver. When discussing what may have driven Dahmer to behave in such a matter the following theories are examine; Weiss (1973) theory on loneliness, next was a theory on alcoholism described in Gifford (2009), and the last theory used is Erick Erickson’s identity development theory. A SERIAL KILLER CASE STUDY: JEFFREY DAHMER (1960-1994) Jeffrey Dahmer was born in the year of 1960, and was murdered by fellow inmate while incarcerated in...
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...Chapter Overview 12.1 The Beginnings of Development What Is Development? Prenatal Development The Newborn CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.1 Before and Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Challenges to Piaget’s Stage Theory Social Development The Power of Touch Attachment Theory Disruption of Attachment Family Relationships Peers After Birth 12.2 Infancy and Childhood Physical Development Cognitive Development Piaget’s Stage Theory Sensorimotor Stage CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.2 Stages of Cognitive Development 12 Learning Objectives Development Throughout the Life Span 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Describe the development of the field and explain the prenatal and newborn stages of human development. Discuss physical development in infants and newborns. Examine Piaget’s stage theory in relation to early cognitive development. Illustrate the importance of attachment in psychosocial development. Discuss the impact of sexual development in adolescence and changes in moral reasoning in adolescents and young adults. Examine the life stages within Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Illustrate the physical, cognitive, and social aspects of aging. Describe the multiple influences of nature and nurture in human development. 12.3 Adolescence and Young Adulthood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Cognitive Development Social Development Continuity or Change Relationships Ages and...
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...Final Exam Review – Psychology 101 INTRODUCTION You are influenced by: 1. Physiology of your nervous system 2. 5 Senses 3. Cognition – Thinking and Problem Solving 4. Social Environment 5. Personality 6. Stress & psychological disorders Psychology is the science of what? Behavior * Science Aspect * Based on Experiments * Behavior * What is behavior? Observable through * Neural * Verbal * Social * Etc. * What is behavior driven by? * Mind * Body * Environment Basic Research vs. Applied Research * Basic Research is the seeking of more knowledge but not to solve a problem * Applied Research is using knowledge to solve a problem Figuring out what a part of the brain does is an example of? Basic Research Knowing what a part of the brain does and using that information to analyze why a part of a person’s brain isn’t working correctly? Applied research BEGINNINGS OF PSYCHOLOGY Who established the first laboratory devoted to Psychology, when, and where? * William Wundt, 1879, Leipzig, Germany Before 1800, questions of the mind were reserved for what field? * Philosophy From 1800 to 1879, rapid advances took place in what field? * Physiology Early psychology applied what methods to the study of the mind? * Physiological NEURONS 1600: Descartes & the Garden of St. Germain * Statues “came to life” as...
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