...Lumbar Plexus Anatomy within the Psoas Muscle: Implications for the Transpsoas Lateral Approach to the L4-L5 Disc • Introduction: – Many advocate access to the lumbar intervertebral disk space with use of minimally invasive transpsosas lateral retroperitoneal approach. It is reportedly suitable for anterior spinal arthrodesis of disk spaces proximal to L5/S1. Some advantages of this approach include less post op pain and decreased manipulation of the aorta and IVC – Various retractors have been designed to enhance access to disc space – Nonetheless, neurologic complications have been reported to be anywhere from 8% to 30%, ranging from paresthesias to femoral nerve palsy. – Despite introduction of retractors, what’s key is the understanding of the relevant anatomy. Previous studies were based on cadavers dissected in the supine position, and concentrated on where nerve exited the psoas mm rather than within a psoas mm. – Purpose of this article: describe lumbar plexus anatomy, relevant to this approach, with emphasis on the L4/5 disk space • Materials and Methods: – 18 cadavers: dissected in lateral decub position, relevant to the recommended surgical technique – 18-ga spinal needles placed under fluoro in mid-coronal planes of disk spaces of L2-L3, L3-L4 and L4-5, because this is where most retractors are placed, and they remained in place until dissection over. – Proceeded with a meticulous dissection to...
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...Summary Week 1 Discussion This discussion we looked at two examples of the heart and its functions. Atrial septal defect (ASD) is fairly common. This was a terrific example to relate structure and function. When the structure of anatomy is disrupted we can see as in this example how normal function is altered. This congenital defect allows blood to flow between atria instead of the normal flow through the ventricles and to the body and the disrupted and limited blood flow can lead to heart failure, stroke and pulmonary hypertension. The larger the hole the more quickly surgery is needed to correct it. Smaller holes may provide enough blood flow to avoid these complications and may heal over on its own. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is less common. A hole between the ventricles allows mixing of oxygenated blood from the lungs with de-oxygenated blood returning from the body. Heart failure and infections occur rapidly due to the lack of oxygenated blood reaching the body and the baby often presents with a bluish discoloration to the skin as a result of lack of oxygen. Artificial hearts being developed run on batteries to pump the blood and include porting valves to ensure blood flow goes in the correct direction. Essential characteristics of an artificial heart that would make them ideal would be to mimic the real heart in structure and function and resist rejection in the recipient. References Atrial septal defect (ASD). (2014). Retrieved from http://www.heart...
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...Form and Function The relationship between Form and Function is central to the study of biology. George Cuvier, the ‘father of comparative anatomy’ laid out in his theory of ‘the correlation of parts’ that similarly appearing anatomical structures should have similar functions and this similarity should be used to group or diagnose organisms and their structures (1). Further exploration of four examples in this paper will more clearly show that the function of any ‘thing’ is related directly to the form of its construction. To exemplify this connection between form and function let’s look at the construction of the largest organ of the body, specifically the layers of tissues found in the Skin or Integumentary System, as it’s known in scientific terminology. Constructed of two major layers (Epidermis and Dermis) the skin contains several types of epithelial and connective tissues. From a very cursory examination it’s clear that the skin is a durable, flexible and strong substance. Go a bit deeper and examine these layers for a more in depth evaluation of their form and the layers of the Epidermis and Dermis clearly declare their function from their form. The Dermis, constructed of a layer of connective tissue in the Reticular Layer, underneath the Papillary layer filled with capillary networks of blood vessels feeding the Epidermis up above. The Epidermis then is comprised of multiple layers of cells comprising four or five layers made up of Stratified Squamous Epithelial...
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...Biography Of Hippocrates Great Greek men such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were people who laid the foundation for modern Philosophy. These three men are always mentioned when the subject of who are the Great Greek men of the past who made a significant impact on the world. Hippocrates is another great Greek genius who made a significant impact not on Philosophy but on the field of Medicine. He is considered one of the most influential figures in the History of Medicine. He is referred to as the “Father of Medicine” because of his endless contributions to the medical field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. He created a school which revolutionized medicine in Greece because this school would eventually establish medicine as a separate profession. He changed the perception of Greek medicine with his revolutionary vision that disease was not caused by gods or spirits but was the result of natural action. The life of Hippocrates will be discussed in further detail such as his early childhood & life, his work, and his contributions/accomplishments to the World until his death. Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician, who is also called the "Father of Medicine". He was born on the Aegean island of Cos which is near the island of Greece called Halicarnassus during the Classical Greece era towards the end of the fifth century B.C.E, around 460 BC. Ancient Greek history also believed that he was related to Hercules through his...
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...We started with the introduction to anatomy by defining it as the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body. I have discovered that there are two basic approaches to the study of anatomy are systematic (by system) and regional (by area), the latter which is more commonly used in most medical schools. And of course studying the structure is not enough, this is where physiology comes in which is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things. I have known homeostasis as the maintenance of the relatively constant environment in the body but it is only now that I have learned about positive and negative feedback mechanisms which maintain homeostasis and that positive homeostasis can be detrimental at times. I’ve also learned more on the anatomical terms that will be used throughout our course and maybe even in med school. In the study of cells, I was able to recall the things we have discussed in our biological science course in the previous year. I remember the three types of solution namely hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic. I also come to know more about the different movements across the cell membrane. However I was new to the transcription and translation that happens in the gene expression of a cell. I was able to associate codons of the mRNA strand with the anticodon of the tRNA. Similar to cytology, I was also able to look back on our discussions about tissues last year. I have refreshed myself on the...
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...Task 2 1. Understanding motor controls / Stephen L. Herman. Category of works | Main Entry & Heading | Added Entry & Heading | Rules | Works of single personal authorship | Herman, Stephen L. | i. Title. | Entry: 21.4Heading: | 2. An introduction to equity derivatives: theory and practice / Saebastien Bossu & Philippe Henrotte Category of works | Main Entry & Heading | Added Entry & Heading | Rules | Shared responsibility with two person | Bossu, Saebastien. | i. Henrotte, Philippe. ii. Title. | Entry: 21.6BHeading: 22.5 | 3. Strategic marketing / Todd A. Mooradian, Kurt Matzler, Lawrence Kick Category of works | Main Entry & Heading | Added Entry & Heading | Rules | Shared responsibility with three person | Mooradian, Todd A. | i. Matzler, Kurt. ii. Kick Lawrence. iii. Title. | Entry: 21.30AHeading:21.6 | 4. Management the essentials / Stephen Robbins, Steve Mariotti, Caroline Glackin. And Naresh K. Roshan Category of works | Main Entry & Heading | Added Entry & Heading | Rules | Shared responsibility with four person | Robbins, Stephen. | i. Mariotti, Steve. ii. Glackin, Caroline. iii. Roshan, Naresh K. iv. Title. | Entry:21.6C2Heading: | 5. Advertising & IMC: principles & practice / Sandra Moriarty and Nancy Mitchell; edited by William Wells Category of works | Main Entry & Heading | Added Entry & Heading | Rules | Mixed responsibility | Mariarty, Sandra. | i. Mitchell...
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...Public Health Elective 3 3 ENGH 302 Advanced Composition (F,S,#) GCH 310 Health Behavior Theories GCH 332 Health and Disease GCH 360 Health and Environment GCH 335 Applied Health Statistics Fall Course GCH 411 Health Program Planning and Eval GCH 412 Fundamentals of Epidemiology GCH 405 Global Hlth Interv: History and Systems Elective ANTH 381 or PHIL 344 or SOCI 390 or COMM 304 Credit GCH 205 International Health (F,S,#) Natural Science (lab or non-lab) Social Science Information Technology GGS 101 Major World Regions Grade 3 3-4 3 3 3 4 BIOL 124 Hum Anatomy and Physiology I (F,#) or RBHS 270 Hum Anatomy and Physiology I Arts Literature Fall Course Spring Course 3 3 Credit Grade 3 3 3 3 3 Credit Grade 3 3 3 3 3 Spring Course Credit BIOL 125 Hum Anatomy and Physiology II (S,#) or RBHS 271 Hum Anatomy and Physiology II Quantitative Reasoning GLOA 101 Intro to Global Affairs or SOCI 120 Globalization and Society Elective Elective Spring Course GCH 376...
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...University of Wisconsin- School of Medicine and Public Health Secondary Prompt: The Admissions Committee takes many factors into consideration when reviewing your application. A successful applicant is frequently one who communicates what makes them exceptional and why they will become an outstanding physician. You are invited but not required to provide additional information in this essay. Some applicants tell us about hardships and challenges that they have faced in their lives and how these experiences have helped them become caring and compassionate individuals. Other applicants use this space to emphasize a particular passion they have related to their future career in medicine. If you are not a resident of Wisconsin, you may want to tell us why you are interested in the University of Wisconsin or about a special connection that you may have to our state or people who live here. Our goal is to gain insight into you as a unique applicant. You may include anything in this essay that you feel is relevant. (Limit response to 500 words.) Being a first-generation immigrant from India, and having visited India multiple times, I have seen health disparities in developing countries. I lost my grandmother because of not having the state-of-the-art medical facility close to a rural community. My grandmother was very dear to my heart, as she helped raise me during my early childhood. The loss of my grandmother has made me passionate about healthcare equity. Furthermore...
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...I am choosing a career path in the field of health care, with the ultimate goal of becoming a trauma surgeon. Trauma surgeons work in intense environments, with stress being a high factor of the job. They typically work in emergency care, working with patients that have sustained massive injuries. Trauma surgeons need a bachelor’s of science in biology, attend four years of medical school, obtain a doctorate of medicine, and work as a general surgeon to obtain experience in the field. Courses that are needed for the bachelor’s include chemistry, anatomy, biology, and physics. The first two years of medical school will consist of lab work and classes, with the following two being clinical clerkships. The doctoral program is very similar in...
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...The doctors of the Elizabethan era were not as educated as to today’s doctors. A large amount of their work was based on philosophies of Aristotle and Hippocrates. Most people accepted the beliefs that the doctors shared. The doctors got their training at the College of Physicians. The college was established in 1518. A doctor were required to have a certificate saying that they graduated from University. The college was given the right to dissect corpses in 1565. The bodies of dead convicts and criminals were used to be dissected on. Broken legs were treated differently in those times as they are today. They believed that the human body was part of the universe. Yellow bile was considered fire. Phlegm was considered water. Black bile was...
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...Nano / / Micro/ / milli / / meter / / kilo / / Mega//Giga CH1 Homeostasis- Anatomy- Anatomical Position- stands erect with feet flat on floor and ars at side with palms open and directed forward Physiology- sagittal plane-verticly thourgh body divted it right and left Observing terms Palpation- Auscultation- Percussion- Gross Anatomy- Microscopic Anot.- People Andrus Vesalias- Robert Hooke & Antony Van Leavenhook- Charles Darwin- Because of Darwin Peer review- Opposable thumbs- Stereoscopic vision- Anatomical position- Sagital plane- passes vertically through the body dives it right and left Transverse Plane- horizontaly diveds body into upper and lower Frontal plane- vertically divides front and back Directional terms Ventral- toward front or belly Dorsal-toward back or spine Anterior-toward ventral side Posterial-toward dorsal side Cephalic-toward head or superior end Rostral-toward forhead or nose Caudal-toward the tail or inferior end Superior-Above Inferior- Below Medial-toward median plane Lateral-Away from the median plane Proximal-closer to point of attachment or origin Distal-farther from the point of attachment or orgin Ipsilateral- on the same side of the body Contralateral-the opposite sides of the body Superficial-closer to the body surface Deep-Farther from the body surface Ch2 Nobel Gases- Rule of halfway- H will try to gain halfway there NA will try to lose one 2-2-8 Protons- ...
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...The relationship between evolution and systems can be thought of as an endless cycle, with both factors continuously influencing each other. A General Theory of the Evolution of Artifacts discusses how evolution decides the properties of a system - the structure and function. In return, the system’s existence is then a factor in ruling the course of evolution. Generally, the change in size of a system requires a change in the components of the system’s structure or form. A system cannot adequately support its size without a change in its shape. A change in form can be brought upon by a change in scale of artifacts. Changing the artifacts, thus the form, then necessitates a change in the material being used in its structure. A change in material characteristics is needed especially for larger machines which require higher strength to weight ratios in comparison to smaller machines. A change in the size, artifacts, or materials of a system results in a complication of the overall structure, resulting in higher complexity. All of these processes will eventually lead to functional inconsistencies, thus creating limits to growth. Although these processes are what make evolution possible, they also cause the destruction of future evolution. In relation to technology, as the scale is constantly being changed, a point is reached where the rising costs of manufacturing and operating limit further advancements in capability. Development is eventually limited because the production costs...
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...the skin. This organ protects the internal structures of the body from damage, dehydration, stores fat and produces the hormones and vitamins produced by the body. It is also involved in homeostasis, being used to assist in the regulation of temperature and water balance. This system also includes the hair and nails, which are both accessory organs. The hair is used to protect the body from UV radiation, covering the skin and preventing sunlight from striking the skin. It also traps air along the arm to stay warm. Nails are used to protect the end of digits (toes and nails), also protecting the underlying tissues from infection. Bibliography: http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa022808a.htm http://www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html http://www.innerbody.com/image/musfov.html http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/integumentary http://media.opencurriculum.org/articles_manual/ck12_biology/muscular-system/2.png 1.2: Discuss how the cardiovascular and respiratory systems along with other body systems interrelate to ensure bodily function and growth. Intro The cardio-respiratory system is made up of the combination of both the Cardiovascular System (Circulatory) and Respiratory System. This combination includes the heart, blood, blood vessels and the lungs. These work together to transport blood and other nutrients through the body and perform gaseous exchange between oxygen, carbon dioxide and other by-products, as well as removing heat from the body. These two systems work with every...
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...Kendra Hill October 25, 2012 MOM-151 Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 Unit 3 3 Examples of -its 1. Arthritis- inflammation of the joint 2. Meningitis- inflammation of the membrane, brain and spinal cord 3. Myelitis – inflammation of the spinal cord Arthritis is inflammation of the joint and it is used in a medical environment every day. Let’s say a 70 year old comes in with knee pain her knees are swelling and pain that she can barely walk. The doctor will ask a series of question then he would start to run testes like draw fluid from the knee and do x-rays to see what type of arthritis the patient have. Your regular doctor may use the term arthritis because they can give the patient medicine for inflammation and pain if the pain persist (U.S. National Library of Medicine - The World's Largest Medical Library, 2012) the patient will have to see a specialist. Meningitis is inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord it is used in a medical environment rarely. If a 5 year old comes to the doctor with symptoms like vomiting, headache, and neck stiffness the doctor will ask question how long have she had these symptoms and run testes like cerebrospinal fluid, check the brain, and C- reactive protein to see what kind of meningitis it is. The hospital use the term meningitis or the patient primary doctor if the patient need further testing they will recommend a specialist. Myelitis is inflammation of the spinal cord...
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...Name: Cory Brewer ___ / 55 Lab Day and Time: 9/10/15 HPER P205 Structural Kinesiology Laboratory Homework #1 Must be typed and stapled! 1. (2 Points) Classify the bones below according to shape and size (flat, long, short, irregular, or sesamoid) (0.5 point each). |Bones |Type of Bone | |Carpal Bones |short | |Cervical Vertebrae |Irregular | |Femur |long | |Ilium |Flat | 2. (2 Points) For each diarthrodial joint listed below, list the joint classification (ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, gliding, or saddle) (0.5 point each). |Joints |Type of Joint | |Glenohumeral |Ball and socket | | Interphalangeal |Hinge | |Patellofemoral |Hinge | |Talocrural |Hinge | 3. (1 Points) Identify the...
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