...Plant Anatomy = the study of plant cell and tissue structure Plant cell structure “Cell” - originally coined by Robert Hooke, in 1600’s. Cell theory: 1) All life made of cells 2) Cells arise from pre-existing cells 3) Cells units of metabolism 4) Cells contain complete DNA, hereditary substance. Cell structure Ergastic substances = by-products of metabolism amyloplasts - starch grains = polymer of alpha-glucose 2 forms of glucose Ergastic substances chromoplasts - pigmented bodies, composed of carotenoids (e.g., carotene); cause red/orange coloration. carotene when hydrolysed, yields two vitamin A molecules: carotene ---> vitamin A + vitamin A function in plants is pigmentation, however carotene + 2 H2O 2 vitamin A Ergastic substances raphides druse crystals - calcium oxalate (e.g., raphides/druses) or silica - waste/metabolic products or protective (deter herbivory) Ergastic substances aleurone grains - protein (storage) tannins - phenol derivatives (deter herbivory, deter infection) fats, oils, waxes - tri-/di-glyerides (storage, secretion) Cell structure Cell wall Primary (1˚) cell wall Formed during growth/expansion of cells Made up mainly of cellulose = polymer of beta-glucose units Plasmodesmata Holes in 1˚ cell wall, allow for cell to cell communication cell wall: cellulosic plasmodesmata cellulose: beta form of glucose Cellulosic cell wall made of cellulose microfibrils Cell structure Cell wall...
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...I'm just writing this to join. Tutorial Questions 1) Basics of photosynthesis: a. Review the anatomy of the leaf and the cellular locations and organelles involved in photosynthesis. The outside of the leaf is covered in a waxy layer that helps prevent water loss called the cuticle. On the underside of the leaf there are small pores called stomata, which take in carbon dioxide to convert into sugar. Inside the leaf, water is transported through tubes called xylem. Photosynthesis occurs in the mesophyll (interior) layer of the leaf. These are the cells that contain chloroplasts, which are the major sites for glucose production via photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are made up of stacks of thylakoids called granum, which store the collected sunlight as chemical energy in their thylakoid membranes. When photosynthesis is done, the glucose produced is transported to the rest of the plant by tubes called phloem. b. Describe and explain the role of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen in photosynthesis. Oxygen: A byproduct of the light dependent phase of photosynthesis. It is produced when water is splits into electrons, H+, and O2 molecules. Carbon Dioxide: The carbon source for the production of glucose during the light independent phase of photosynthesis. Nitrogen: A key component of chlorophyll. Without this, plants will lose their ability to store sunlight, and subsequently their ability to photosynthesize. c. Describe and explain the role of water...
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...Tutorial #3: Photosynthesis - The Basis of Life 1) Basics of photosynthesis: Review the anatomy of the leaf and the cellular locations and organelles involved in photosynthesis. Describe and explain the role of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen in photosynthesis. Describe and explain the role of water in photosynthesis. Describe the two phases of the photosynthetic process. How do they differ in terms of their inputs, outputs, energy requirements, and spatial locations in the plant? Explain why Rubisco is possibly the most important protein on the planet. Explain how the eruption of a large volcano could lead to changes in the earth’s atmosphere, and consequently, life on earth. You are studying the carbon dioxide consumption at different levels of a forest. You have a portable leaf chamber and sensors attached to the data logger interface and can measure the photosynthetic rate of leaves on trees in a forest at different parts of the tree; high up, in the middle, and on lower branches. Below are the ‘raw’ data from your measurements. Assume all leaves completely cover the 9 cm2 chamber. Find the CO2 exchange (umole/m2/s) for each species at each level in the trees. If you present this to the class, prepare a clear explanation of how you arrived at your answers. Explain the differences between the values of CO2 exchange in the three levels. If you are presenting this to the class you should look for current studies about this topic and its ecological...
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... |6 | | |and Experimental Design | | |3 |The Use of Models and Controls |9 | |4 |Plant and Animal Tissues |14 | |5 |Cellular Respiration |22 | |6 |Photosynthesis |27 | |7 |Phylogeny and Systematics: Survey of Plant and Animal Families |30 | | | | | |8 |Plant Form and Function | | |9 |Animal Form and Function...
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...Most plants such as soybeans are called C3 species because they go through photosynthesis by using C3 carbon fixation, where CO2 is first incorporated into a 3-carbon compound called PGA, by using the enzyme RUBISCO for carbon fixation and Calvin cycle. Other plants, like pigweeds are called C4 plants because Carbon is first incorporated into a 4-carbon compound activating the PEP enzyme carboxylase for carbon fixation and RUBISCO for the Calvin cycle. The difference between the C3 and C4 species anatomy is in a C3 plant, photosynthesis occurs in a single chloroplast of the mesophyll cell (on the surface of the leaf) whereas in a C4 plant, C4 pathway separates carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle in an anatomic structure called Kranz anatomy, consisting of the mesophyll cell and the bundle sheath cells. The difference between the species is that C3 is inefficient in carbon fixation in comparison to C4 plant because both Carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle take place in the mesophyll cells, which is packed with RUBISCO and RUBISCO has a strong affinity for O2 than CO2. This is a problem because increase O2 causes increase photorespiration....
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...------------------------------------------------- Araliaceae From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Araliaceae Temporal range: Eocene–0PreЄЄOSDCPTJKPgN | | Aralia elata | Scientific classification | Kingdom: | Plantae | (unranked): | Angiosperms | (unranked): | Eudicots | (unranked): | Asterids | Order: | Apiales | Family: | Araliaceae Juss.[1] | Subfamilies and genera | * See text | Synonyms | * Botryodendraceae J.Agardh * Hydrocotylaceae (Drude) Hyl., nom. cons. | Araliaceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as the Aralia family (after its type genus Aralia) or ivy family. The family includes 254 species of trees, shrubs, lianas and perennial herbaceous plants in two subfamilies. Species usually bear pinnately or palmatelycompound leaves, and usually have small flowers produced in large panicles. Contents [hide] * 1 Overview * 2 Subfamilies and genera * 3 See also * 4 References and external links ------------------------------------------------- Overview[edit] The family from tropical area origin is present in cooler climates, too. They are found in the Americas, Eurasia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia and Pacific islands. Araliaceae bear essential oils, or without essential oils can be resinous and heterophyllous. It presents many shapes, includes some trees and ivies as the angelica tree (devil's walking-stick, Aralia spinosa), the devil's club (Oplopanax horridus), Hedera spp., including Hedera...
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...Biology Summative/Nuradin Ahmed Table of Content Units | Questions | Cellular Biology | Why is grass green?Why do our muscles ache when we exercise?Why don't animals/humans have a cell wall? | Genetics | Why is it more common for a male to be colour blind than a female?Why are you unique? | Plants | Why are some fruits seedless?Why do leaves turn colour in the fall?Why is green roof important? | Anatomy of Mammals | Why do we close our eyes when we sneeze?Why do people feel sleepy after they eat?Why do we have eyelashes? | Microbiology | Why does milk sour?Why does our whole body ache when we get cold? | Why is grass green? The reason the grass you see every day in your front yard or in the park is because the cell of the grass contains chloroplast, chloroplast is similar to mitochondria but only found in plant and protista. Chloroplast by itself won’t make the plant green, it just switches the sunlight into energy, to make the plant greener you need a pigment called chlorophyll, chlorophyll is a pigment that provides the absorption of light to provide energy to make it into photosynthesis and that causes a chemical change to the plant. Why do our muscles ache when we exercise? The reason muscles ache after exercising is because you just stretched out your muscles fibers and your muscles are about to enter the repairing stage and this is caused by the lactic acid. The aching that you get in your muscles is not really harmful but...
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...Tutorial #4 -- Photosynthesis: the basis of life ____________________________________________________________ ___________________ 1. Basics of photosynthesis: a. Review the anatomy of the leaf and the cellular locations and organelles involved in photosynthesis. A leaf consists of waxy cuticle layer with stoma surrounded by guard cells, xylem vascular bundle, and a mesophyll. The chloroplast is located within the mesophyll cells. The stroma and thylakoids are located inside the chloroplast. The thylakoids contain chlorophyll. The organelles that participate in photosynthesis are chloroplast, thylakoids and chlorophyll in photosystem I and II. b. Describe and explain the role of oxygen in photosynthesis. The role of oxygen in photosynthesis is that during the light reaction, the light that is absorbed by the chloroplast in photosystem II, excites an election, therefore making the electron travel through a series of electron carriers to produce ATP. So to replace the electron lost through this process, water molecules are split into oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen is then released into the atmosphere. c. Describe and explain the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. The role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis is that during the Calvin cycle, CO2 that enters the cell is combined with RuBP. This molecule is extremely unstable and because of that it splits from a 6 carbon molecule to a 2 carbon molecule through series of reactions and with ATP and NADPH produced...
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...Biology - Plants 13.1 - Plants as Valuable Bioresources - The Biosphere Depends on Plants * photosynthesis: a series of chemical reactions that converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy stored in molecules * cellulose: a large carbohydrate molecule - Plants as a Source of Food * agriculture: farming or forestry practices that produce food and goods - Food Security * food security: the state where all people, at all times, have access to enough safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and preferences and allow them to lead an active and healthy life * sustainable agriculture: an approach to agricultural production that integrates economics, the environment, and society in meeting the nutritional needs of the world - Plants as a Source of Fibres and Building Materials * textile: a fabric, flexible material, or related product made from natural or synthetic fibres, threads or yarns * timber: trees in their natural state or wood that has been prepared for use as a building material - Plants as a Source of Biochemicals * medicinal uses - Plants as a Source of Fuel biofuels a fuel that is produced from renewable biological sources - Plants and Erosion Control - Plants, Recreational and Ecotourism 13.2 - The Vascular Plant Body - Plant Classification : Vascular vs. Non Vascular - Vascular Plant Systems : Shoot System (above ground): the stems and leaves of a plant; stems: bear structural...
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...ORNL/TM-1999/264 Environmental Sciences Division Bamboo: an overlooked biomass resource? J. M. O. Scurlock Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407 U.S.A. D. C. Dayton and B. Hames National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, MS 3311 Golden, CO 80401 U.S.A. Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 4963 Date Published: January 2000 Prepared for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Office of Transportation Technologies EB 52 03 00 0 and Office of Utility Technologies EB 24 04 00 0 Prepared by the OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6422 managed by LOCKHEED MARTIN ENERGY RESEARCH CORP. for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464 Contents Page Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. What Is Bamboo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...Animals with hard parts are obviously more likely to be preserved than those that have only soft bodies. Animals may have hard parts, but if they are fragile (perhaps thin), they will not preserve as well as those that have more resistant structure. Some hard parts may have a chemistry that allows then to dissolve easily, reducing their chances of preservation. Some animals have an anatomy that predisposes then to breaking up after death. Vertebrates, for examples, have bony skeletons, but the bones are held together by soft tissue tendons and muscles. Vertebrates often fall apart after death, and their bones may be scattered by water currents, predators, scavengers, etc. Plants fall apart after death, or even during life. Flowers, pollen/spores, leaves, and even branches may be shed during life; stems and trunks may be broken away from roots after death, and the result is that plant parts (even from the same plant) may end up being fossilised in different places. Some creatures molt off their hard parts during life. We have already mentioned leaf fall in deciduous plants. But all arthropods except insects molt off their outer skeletons as they grow (adult insects don't grow). So crustaceans, trilobites, and so on may drop a dozen or more outer skeletons into the fossil record before they finally die. Molting may act as a bias suggesting that a species was MORE abundant than it was in reality. Size Large fossils are easier to see Large shells or bones are stronger, so...
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.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15 30 39 46 54 68 81 104 147 3. Laboratory Exercises Microscopy . . . . . . Taxonomy and Classification . Cells – The Basic Units of Life . Asexual & Sexual Reproduction Development & Life Cycles . . Ecosystems of Texas . . . . The Bacterial Kingdoms . . . The Protists . . . . . . The Fungi . . . . . . . The Plant Kingdom . . . . The Animal Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13 17 22 26 29 . 32 . 42 . 50 . 59 . 89 4. Lab Reports (to be turned in - deadline dates as announced) Taxonomy & Classification . . . . . . Ecosystems of Texas. . . . . . . . . The Bacterial Kingdoms . . . . . . . The Protists . . . . . . . . . . The Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . Leaf Identification Exercise . . . . . . The Plant Kingdom . . . . . . . . Identifying Common Freshwater Invertebrates The Animal Kingdom . . . . . . . Biol 1409: Diversity of Life – Lab Manual, Ziser, 2013.8...
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...& J.D.Hooker Blaberopus A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle Pala Juss. Paladelpha Pichon Tonduzia Pittier Winchia A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle Alstonia is a widespread genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, of the dogbane plant family Apocynaceae. It was named by Robert Brown in 1811, after Charles Alston (1685–1760), Professor of botany at Edinburgh from 1716-1760. The type species Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. was originally named Echites scholaris by Linnaeus in 1767. Contents [hide] 1 Description 2 Species 3 Gallery 4 Notes 5 References Description[edit] Alstonia consists of about 40-60 species (according to different authors), native to tropical and subtropical Africa, Central America, southeast Asia, Polynesia and Australia, with most species in the Malesian region. These trees can grow very large, such as Alstonia pneumatophora, recorded with a height of 60 m and a diameter of more than 2 m. Alstonia longifolia is the only species growing in Central America (mainly shrubs, but also trees 20 m high). The leathery, sessile, simple leaves are elliptical, ovate, linear or lanceolate and wedge-shaped at the base. The leaf blade is dorsiventral, medium-sized to large and disposed oppositely or in a whorl and with entire margin. The leaf venation is pinnate, with numerous veins ending in a marginal vein....
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...PHOTOSYNTHESIS • • • • • It is the physico-chemical process on which the every existence of life on this planet depends. It is an endergonic reaction and anabolic process. It is synthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O by utilising the light energy in which O2 is the bye product. The overall reaction of photosynthesis can be represented by the equation: Light and 6CO2 + 12H2O Chlorophyll → C6 H12 O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 • From carbohydrates, the other organic substances of the plant are formed. • Green plants utilise only 1% of solar energy that falls on this planet to fix 2 billion tones of CO2 every year. • The algae of oceans carry out 90% of global photosynthesis. Chloroplast • It is double membrane bound cell organelle involved in photosynthesis. • It has two smooth surfaced, selectively permeable membranes with periplastidial space between them. • The enzyme rich region surrounded by inner membrane is called as Stroma. It is involved in dark reaction of Photosynthesis. • The flattened sack like structures of stroma are known as Thylakoids. • Stack of thylakoids is known as Granum. • The region where one granum is in contact with other granum is called as appressed region. • Grana are linked by unstacked thylakoids known as Stroma lamellae or Fret membranes. • The cavity of each thylakoid is called as Lumen or Intrathylakoid space. • Thylakoid membrane has two structurally different photosynthetic units called Photo System I and Photo system II. Photo System...
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...[pic] I. INTRODUCTION “I embrace emerging experience. I participate in discovery. I am a butterfly. I am not a butterfly collector. I want the experience of the butterfly.” -William Stafford With the rise of knowledge about endangered species and diminishing protected ecology, it is becoming essential to study and get involved with this very tragic trend in our environment. Butterflies are one of the many insects that require attention. Despite of their usefulness, conservation of butterflies in our country is seemingly neglected This research aims to focus in Atrophaneura semperi. A butterfly species, considered endemic in the Philippines. (backpackingphilippines.com/2008/10/lep…) Not only has my huge interest in butterflies led me to pursuing this topic but also a certain curiosity about this specific species and how widely spread it is in the Philippines and all over the world. I would like to discuss its importance, the reproductive cycle, and the protection programs offered for their specific case, as I go through the next chapters of this study. Data generated could be used for species monitoring, biogeography, conservation program and creation of database information of butterflies in the Philippines as economic development and climate change progresses. II. TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE Some researchers theorize that butterflies most likely originated...
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