...Summary of the Anatomy of the Frog As in other higher vertebrates, the frog body may be divided into a head, a short neck, and a trunk. The flat head contains the brain, mouth, eyes, ears, and nose. A short, almost rigid neck permits only limited head movement. The stubby trunk forms walls for a single body cavity, the coelom (Anatomy of the Frog). All the frog's internal organs--including the heart, the lungs, and all organs of digestion--are held in this single hollow space (Anatomy of the Frog). The Skeleton and Muscles The frog's body is supported and protected by a bony framework called the skeleton. The skull is flat, except for an expanded area that encases the small brain. Only nine vertebrae make up the frog's backbone, or vertebral column. The human backbone has 24 vertebrae. The frog has no ribs (Anatomy of the Frog). The frog does not have a tail. Only a spike like bone, the urostyle, remains as evidence that primitive frogs probably had tails. The urostyle, or "tail pillar," is a downward extension of the vertebral column (Anatomy of the Frog). The shoulders and front legs of the frog are somewhat similar to man's shoulders and arms. The frog has one "forearm" bone, the radio-ulna. Man has two forearm bones, the radius and the ulna. Both frog and man have one "upper arm" bone, the humerus (Anatomy of the Frog). The hind legs of the frog are highly specialized for leaping. The single "shinbone" is the tibiofibula. Man has two lower leg bones, the tibia...
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...SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TUI University Montest Bumpers Module 5 Case Assignment Anatomy and Physiology Professor Karmardi Mills December 17, 2012 What happens with a patient who develops a cataract? How does cataract formation represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? What happens in sensorineural hearing loss? How does sensorineural hearing loss represent a variance from normal anatomy & physiology? SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM For years now researchers believed that cataracts are developed because the proteins in the eye change as people age. The changes in these proteins cause the lens to become cloudy. Smoking, poor nutrition, eye injury, exposure to excessive sunlight, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes, also may be factors that put people at higher risk of developing cataracts. Cataracts develop slowly. Some of the first signs people experience is a difficulty in reading the newspaper, or they experience blurry vision. Over a period of time the eyes become more sensitive to light, and seeing at night becomes especially difficult. A common symptom is that people with cataracts often say they feel they have a film over their eyes, as if they are looking through a piece of gauze. The condition actually may benefit some people who always had trouble seeing things that are near to them, such as the words in a book. The cloudiness of a cataract changes how light is focused and temporarily results in better vision...
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...Anatomy and Physiology: In order to understand about cleft lip and palate we must know the complete anatomy and physiology of cleft i.e. we must know what is cleft? What is the normal and abnormal anatomy?, what are the factors that causing clefts? Etc. As the number of children’s with cleft lip and palate increasingly day by day that's why there is a critical need of effective and appropriate diagnosis and treatment of person's suffering from cleft lip and palate. 1. Hard palate: In simple words we can say that hard palate is a bony part of the roof of the mouth. We cannot see the bones because it is covered by the mucosa ( moist , pink tissue covering the body parts ). When you open your mouth you can see the hard palate which is present in front of your mouth. Hard palate is made up of processes of maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones. It is bounded: • Anteriorly and Laterally : alveolar arches or maxillary teeth • Superiorly : respiratory epithelium of nasal cavity • Inferiorly : masticatory epithelium of oral cavity • Posteriorly : connected to the soft palate Blood supply of hard palate is mainly from greater palatine artery and nerve supply is via tha anterior palatine and nasopalatine nerves. [2] 2. Soft palate : It also known as " Velum palatinum ". Posteriorly hard palate...
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...PH 104: ANATOMY I/IV FIRST YEAR FIRST SEMESTER Introduction: Anatomy is a basic science subject dealing with the knowledge of the structure of the human body in health. Mastery of the subject lays a foundation for understanding other basic science subjects, and clinical subjects in subsequent years. The pharmacy anatomy course consists of a single module of lectures and seminars. Objectives: At the end of the course the students should be able to:- Describe the structure of the human body as seen by the naked eye in health. Identify different parts of the human body. Use medical/anatomical terminology. Describe physiological processes in health and disease using the anatomy terms. Describe the processes involved in the development of the human body. Describe congenital malformations and how they come about and the times when drugs can have teratological effect. UNIT I Introduction to Anatomy: Components of Anatomy, Methods for learning Anatomy, Anatomical terminology Introduction to Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, General introduction to tissues of the body, Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue UNIT II Human skeletal system: Types of bone, Histology of bone, Individual bones, Human Anatomy of major joints, Applied anatomy Human Muscular system: Histology of muscle tissue, Organization of different type of muscle, skeletal muscles UNIT III Human Alimentary system: Components and general organization; Gross anatomy, Histology of different components, Applied...
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...LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty...
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...Evolution is real because it's been proven so. It's been proven from samples of DNA , the discovery of fossils, matching traits from common ancestors , watching evolution happen over time, and identifying vestigial traits. Vestigial traits are traits that other species have also. For an example we have ears and so do monkeys. Although we are two different species and do a lot of stuff differently our ears function the same. Stuff like that makes you think ¨Did we both descend from the same ancestor?¨ That's something that evolution proves. What is a Fossil Record? A fossil record is basically something that shows what kinds of creatures existed in the past. The fossil record is somewhat like a timeline too. It tells you what events happen ,when, and in what era . The Fossil record is also very useful for scientist because it's really the only thing that can help them with the trace back to early life. The fossil record can also tell you what kind of environment the animal lived in. Over all I would use the fossil record to compare things from billions of years ago to today's world....
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...Task 211.4.4-01-05, 07-09, 11 Nervous System Organization of Nerve Tissue Lab Exercise 1: The Multipolar Neuron A. What is the function of a neuron? Neurons carry and transmit electrical impulses generated by both internal and external stimuli. B. What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve? Neurons are the cells that exchange messages from the internal and external environments. Nerves consist of many neurons that transmit different signals to the brain. They form structural and functional units of the nervous system made up of neurons. C. What gives a multipolar neuron its name? It is named multipolar because of the multiple branches, processes, and extensions that stem off the cell bodies. D. What are the functions of the dendrites and axons? Dendrites receive incoming signals for the nerve cell. Axons carry outgoing signals of the cells to other cells in the body. Exercise 2: Structures of selected neurons A. Which slide contained bipolar neurons? The pyramidal cell slide. B. Which slide contained unipolar neurons? The dorsal root ganglion slide. C. What was unique about the dorsal root ganglion compared to the other two slides? The dorsal root ganglion was more round in shape compared to the perkinje and pyramidal cell slides. The nissle substance, nucleus, and satellite cells...
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...Seven Organizational Approaches Brittany Hasty HCA/220 June 9th, 2015 Debra Schrager Seven Organizational Approaches The healthy human body can be studied in seven different ways. These ways include the following; body planes and cavities, body cavities, quadrants and regions, anatomy and physiology, microscopic and macroscopic, body systems, and medical specialties. In order for the human body to be considered healthy it must have complete physical, mental, and social well-being. The seven different ways involve approaching the body from different angles by dividing or organizing the body. There are three main planes used to study the body: the coronal, sagittal, and the transverse planes. The coronal plane divides the human body vertically into front and back sections. The front section is the anterior or ventral, and the back section is known as the dorsal or posterior. The sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections. There are two directions used when dividing the body in a sagittal plane- lateral and medial. The lateral direction moves from either side of the body toward the body’s midline. The medial direction moves in the opposite direction, from the body’s midline to either side of the body. The transverse plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body into bottom and top sections. The bottom half is known as the inferior section, while the top half is referred to as the superior section. In order for the human body...
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...An Atlas of Surgical Anatomy An Atlas of Surgical Anatomy Surgical commentary by Alain C Masquelet, MD Illustrations by Léon Dorn © 2005 Taylor & Francis, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group First published in the United Kingdom in 2005 by Taylor & Francis, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Tel.: +44 (0) 1235 828600 Fax.: +44 (0) 1235 829000 E-mail: info@dunitz.co.uk Website: http://www.dunitz.co.uk All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention. Although every effort has been made to ensure that drug doses and other information are presented accurately in this publication, the ultimate responsibility rests with the prescribing physician. Neither the publishers nor the authors can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising...
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...Horses are known to be some of the most beautiful animals in the world. This species are used not only for work but also for pets. They are very unique in their anatomy, classification, lifestyle, and lines of evolutionary descent. But they also can relate to some other ungulates in their habitat and behavior. The anatomy and physiology of a horse is very different compared to other species of animals. Horses have ergots and chestnuts on the medial aspect of all four limbs. Ergots are located on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the fetlock joint. Ergots are thought to be the remnants of digits in the horse. Chestnuts are thought to be remnants of carpal and tarsal pads in the horse. Compared to other animals, horses have seven cervical vertebrae,...
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...Carla Paula Tantay May 24, 2015 HCA/220 Seven Organizational Approaches Paper Instructor: Terrasha Rachels There are 7 organizational approaches to studying the human body. The seven organizational approaches consist of planes and directions, body cavities, quadrants and regions, anatomy and physiology, microscopic and macroscopic, body systems and medical specialties. The body planes and body direction is the division of the body in to sections from front to back, right and left, and top and bottom. These sections are called the mid sagittal plane, the coronal plane, and the transverse plane. There are two main cavities; “Dorsal and ventral body cavities”. Based on Bite Anti Body Research, Some anatomical references do not recognize the dorsal body cavity but we will use it in this example because it is use by some professionals and colleges. Dorsal body cavity protects organs in our nervous system and dorsal body cavity has 2 divisions which is cranial which works around the brains and spinal which works around the spinal cord. With Ventral the superior division is called the thoracic cavity. The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the ribs and muscles in the chest. It’s further subdivided into lateral pleural cavities (each pleural cavity envelopes a lung) and the mediastinum. Within The pericardial cavity lies within the mediastinum. Quadrants are divides our bodies into regions for diagnostic and descriptive purposes. The quadrants are defined by drawing an imaginary...
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...with congenital heart defects, researchers said" (Ghose 2). Doctors are now able to carefully and successfully repair a baby's heart with the help of 3D bioprinting, and "...inspired a repair strategy that dramatically extended the baby's life span" (Ghose 2). "...a baby had problems with the major arteries emerging from the heart's right ventricle as well as several holes in the heart. Normally with the procedure used to fix these defects, doctors destroy so much hear tissue and reroute blood flow so dramatically that they essentially reduce the heart to two functional chambers...by looking at the anatomy in 3D, the team was able to find a better work-around and spare all four of the heart's chambers, which increased the baby's life expectancy from 20 to 30 years to near-normal, Bramlet said" (Ghose 4). With the help of a 3d printed heart replica doctors were able to study the anatomy of the heart in...
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...of Phoenix Seven organizational approaches There are seven organizational approaches to studying the human body. The Body planes and body directions, body cavities, quadrants and regions, anatomy and physiology, microscopic, body systems, and medical specialties. Body plans and directions divide the body into many different sections such as, the front and back, the right and left and the top and bottom. The body direction stands for movement towards and away from the planes. This approach may be used in a MRI in a hospital or treatment facility. MRI’s, are used to help create an image of the body slices. This would also help divide the human body into anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior as well as distal and proximal. The body cavities are surrounded by bones and muscles in order to help support and protect the body’s organs, as well as the structure within the body’s cavities. The abdominal cavity is a part of the reproductive system which is also used for giving child birth. Quadrant and regions helps divide the abdominopelvic area in to either four quadrants or nine regions. All health care specialists’ refer to the quadrants during an internal exam. An internal exam could be done to check many things such as the colon, the pelvic, as well as all internal organs. Anatomy and physiology are used to study the structure of the body as well as how the body functions as a whole. The body can be examined as well as studied according to the functions and the structure...
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...In his practice in rhinoplasty, he was able to graft new tissues for a broken lip, ear or nose using a flap from the patient’s own arm. In restoring a nose, he paired the scarred part of the nose with a flap of an integument from the patients’ arm or forearm. The flap will be sutured so that it will remain in contact with the nose. The patients’ forearm will be fixed to the head using cloth or bandage. The attached integument will not be separated until an adhesion of the flapped skin and natural skin of the face was accomplished. The skin would be removed from the arm and would remain engrafted to the face. Taliacozzi then stated that this artificially made nose smelt more than the normal lose and this new nose was also stronger compared to the replaced one (Lawrence,...
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...1: The Human Body: An Orientation I. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology (pp. 1–3) A. Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other, and physiology is the study of the function of body parts (p. 2). B. Topics of Anatomy (p. 2) 1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye. a. Regional anatomy is the study of all body structures in a given body region. b. Systemic anatomy is the study of all structures in a body system. c. Surface anatomy is the study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin. 2. Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. a. Cytology is the study of individual cells. b. Histology is the study of tissues. 3. Developmental anatomy is the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime; embryology focuses on development that occurs before birth. 4. Specialized Branches of Anatomy a. Pathological anatomy is the study of structural changes associated with disease. b. Radiographic anatomy is the study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques. c. Molecular biology is the study of biological molecules. 5. Essential tools for studying anatomy are the mastery of medical terminology and the development of keen observational skills. ...
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