...small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria. Life is the property or the quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter and possessing the following properties ·Metabolism - all life forms on earth have metabolism. ·Organic matter - all life forms on earth are made of organic molecules. This is probably not a must have property. ·Brain - in order to increase the odds of survival, certain forms of life have brains (like most of the people). Yet this is not a must have property. ·Replication - life forms must replicate in order to increase its numbers and survive. Are viruses alive? Explain why you think viruses are alive or not. 1.Are...
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...confirmed the presence of life beyond Earth, what would you imagine that newfound life to look like? I would imagine that the newfound life would like green men with a bumpy textured skin. They would the same face features as human beings and they would wear space suits. 2. If future astronauts encountered a “being” on some distant planet that acted like a robot but not quite, how could they determine if it was “alive” or not? They could determine if it was “alive” or not...
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...on another entity inorder to convert that entity into its own form and function, and does so in order to persist and reproduce itself. In this paper I will discuss the nine properties and how things like a virus, prion, and viroid can reproduce, but are not considered to be alive. Also how things like these that are not considered to be alive can “evolve”? Viruses reproduce via bacterial gene transfer. Prions are proteins so they replicate with the rest of the genome. Viroids are small RNA plant pathogens that do not code any protein products, therefore replicate by stealing what is needed from the host. However, it may be important to keep in mind that there is a great deal of discussion about whether viruses should be defined as live or not. They contain some of the structures and exhibit some of the activities that are common to the definition of organic life, but are missing others. Unlike viroids and prions, they contain both RNA and DNA. Scientifically they are classified in a place between supra molecular complexes and extremely simple biological entities. Viruses are composed of a single strand of genetic information encapsulated in protein. One of the most compelling arguments against viruses being live is that they lack most of the organelles necessary for biosythesis, thus reproduction. In order for a virus to reproduce it must find a suitable host. A virus is a bacteriophage, or intracellular parasite that multiplies inside a bacteria making use of the biosythetic...
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...Humans absorb millions of viruses each passing second. Either by inhaling, eating or a simple handshake, humans are anything but immune to viruses. However, viruses don’t just cause the common cold. An ongoing debate whether that viruses are qualified enough to be alive, or just dependant strands of DNA. The majority of scientists agree viruses aren’t living, but are complex organisms. Viruses are incapable of sustainment without help, therefore they are non-living. Viruses aren’t bacteria or cells. Viruses are just a string of genes protected by a layer of protein. Bacteria are classified as living things, while viruses are not. Viruses are so small, even most bacteria cannot see them. It would take an electron microscope for humans to see them. Viruses are also not classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic, since they lack necessary organelles. They also are not made out of cells or many cell parts.“-viruses today are thought of as being in a gray area between living and nonliving: they cannot replicate on their own but can do so in truly living cells and can also affect the behavior of their hosts profoundly.” According to scientificamerican.com Therefore, it’s troubling to classify viruses as alive, and scientists may have to revise Cell Theory and the Animal...
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...This is how the victim gets sick because when the virus takes over the copying of the cells it makes copies of itself. Viruses lack what living organisms do. They don’t grow or make waste. Viruses also don’t consist of cells and they can’t live without the help of other cells so the virus can multiply. Viruses can’t even move on their own, when they want to move somewhere they ride on cells to get to places. Viruses are also considered to be non-living because they don’t consist of cells. Most of all they don’t have any of the 7 characteristics that show if that “particular object” is living or not. Viruses don’t have cell membranes or cell walls. There is a debate between if viruses are living things or not, some scientists say that viruses are living but the majority says they aren’t living...
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...For something to be consider alive it must meet all nine of the properties of life. The first property of life is order. Order is when each structure or activity lies in a specific relationship with all other structures and activities (Hopson, 2011). The next property is metabolism; this is when an organized chemical breaks down molecules to make energy and needed parts (Hopson, 2011). Motility is the third property; it allows the organism to move themselves or their body parts. Responsiveness allows the organism to react to the environment it is in. Reproduction allows the organism to make others like it, this is the fifth property. Development is when the organism makes progressive changes result in an individual acquiring increased complexity (Hopson, 2011). Heredity is the sixth property; this is when the parent organism passes genes to their off spring. Evolution is where organisms change over time, acquiring new ways to survive, to obtain and use energy, and to reproduce (Hopson, 2011). Adaptation is the ninth property it is where the organism adapts to their surroundings to be able to survive. Some of the nine properties do relate to viruses, prions, and viroids, they are not consider to be alive. We do not consider them to be a live because they are not responsive and passive. Their existence all depends on the cell that they encounter. Viruses, prions, and viroids are not considered alive yet the do evolve. Depending on the cell that they encounter depends on what...
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...1 1. Viruses are both living and non-living as they share characteristics of both. A major non-living characteristic is that viruses do not have cells and cannot reproduce on its own. However, the virus can reproduce if it has a living host, which gives viruses their living characteristics. 2. Viruses cannot be grown agar as bacteria are because they cannot metabolize on their own. They need at least one host cell where it could input its DNA and infect it. After that, both those viruses would commence by infecting other living host cells. 3. Antibiotics work to get rid of the replicating function of bacteria so it cannot spread. However, viruses cannot replicate on their own unless they have living hosts, therefore since the viruses do not replicate, the antibiotics have no use. 4. Viral specificity means that the virus chooses and selects the type of cell, organism to infect and which disease to invoke onto it. 5. a) A-Virus, B-Cell DNA, C-Cell/Cell Membrane, D- Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) b) Bacteriophage Life Cycle c) I believe it doesn’t matter what they infect, as they are non-living and as long as they find some kind of living host, they’ll inject their nucleic acid to replicate into many more viruses. 6. Antibiotics literally will have no effect and will not cure the patient. All that the patient will gain are the side effects, for example: drowsiness and such. They will not get cured, as their problem is that viruses aren’t alive and antibiotics...
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...want to gain from the attack. People write computer viruses. The person has to write the code, test it to make sure it spreads properly and then release it. A person also designs the virus's attack phase, whether it's a silly message or the destruction of a hard disk. . There are at least four reasons why this is done. The first is the same psychology that drives vandals and arsonists. For some people, that seems to be a thrill. If that sort of person knows computer programming, then he or she may funnel energy into the creation of destructive viruses. Secondly the reason has to do with the thrill of watching things blow up. Some people have a fascination with things like explosions and car wrecks. Creating a virus is a somewhat like that, it creates a virtual bomb inside a computer, and the more computers that get infected; the more "fun" the explosion. The third reason involves bragging rights; some people enjoy the status it holds. Certain types of programmers see security holes that could be exploited, and are compelled to exploit the hole themselves before someone else beats them to it. The reason that drives many people on a day-to-day basis to commit crimes, get easy cash, obtain illegal money, a fast payout; the idea of easy money. Viruses can trick you into buying fake software, steal your personal information and use it to get to your money, or be sold on the digital equivalent of the black market. Powerful viruses are valuable and potentially lucrative tools. Of course...
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...NanoTouch is the world’s first and only manufacturer of NanoSeptic products that constantly kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi. NanoTouch also serves the hospitality, travel, education, and food service industries with products such as travel mats, counter and tray table mats, TV channel guides, and menu covers, in addition to facility touch points such as door push pads and handle wraps, portable mats for counters and bathroom vanities, and custom products like grocery cart and public transportation grab-handle wraps. NanoSeptic with tagline The New Clean™ is the latest advancement in continuously self-cleaning surfaces. NanoSeptic surfaces are engineered with a proprietary blend of material science, nanotechnology and green chemistry to constantly kill bacteria, viruses and fungi, without the use of toxins, heavy metals or diluted poisons. And NanoTouch products offer more than a way to provide customers with cleaner surfaces, it's a way to visually communicate the commitment to them well-being at every contact point. NanoSeptic® surface products by NanoTouch Materials have been recognized for making a positive difference in education by K12 leaders who named it to District Administration magazine’s “Readers’ Choice Top 100 Product for 2013.” To begin with the history, in three years ago, NanoTouch Materials went from a couple of guys with an idea to a company with international appeal. The product, the removal NanoSeptic Surfaces marketed at Lynchburg's YMCA or the Craddock...
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...Biodiversity - variety & # of life forms on earth Species - breed that can interbreed naturally Morphological Species Concept: species r organisms that look anatomically similar Recognition Species Concept: species r organisms that can recognize each other as potential mates Biological Species Concept: species r individuals in a population that can breed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring Hybridization- crossbreeding between species (rare) (ex, liger, mule) Types of Biodiversity * genetic diversity: sexual reproduction cases unique inherited combinations of traits * ecosystem diversity: variety of organisms and their environment * diversity of interactions: interdependence of species = stability * diversity of habitats: structural diversity increases biodiversity Loss of biodiversity -affects food -medicine -economics -carbon cycle ______________________________________________________________________________ Taxonomy (to arrange) - the science of identifying, classifying, and naming organisms - classification based on similarities in structure and function - classifying helps us find/identify and understand Seven Levels Remember Katy Perry's Cat Ordered Fine Guacamole Sunday King Phillip Came Over From Germany, Stinky 1. Species 2. Genus 3. Family - animals end in "-idae" , plants end in " -aceae" 4. Order 5. Class 6. Phylum 7. Kingdom Classification for humans: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata ...
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...It could cost upwards of 10 million dollars to try to clone the wooly mammoth. The money needs to be spent on saving the animals that are currently going extinct. Even if the extinct animal is brought back, “having the species solves only a tiny, tiny part of the problem” notes Stuart Pimm conservation biologist. Since the population hasn’t fixed the habitat problems these cloned animals don’t have somewhere safe to be. If the money was spent trying to stop pollution or climate change, then maybe there would be a safe place for the animals that are currently alive. Many animals are still going extinct in our current day an age, so we’re not ready to try and bring more animals back into this world. “As far as I can see, there is little urgency for bringing back extinct ones. Why invest millions of dollars in bringing a handful of species back from the dead, when there are millions still waiting to be discovered, described, and protected?”(“Bringing them Back to Life”). This National Geographic article covers the animals that have been cloned, and how they’ve already gone extinct. It is important to know that there is little money left, “conservation budgets around the world are already strained, and most endangered species do not have any direct conservation funding devoted to them” (Platt). Scientists...
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...November 11, 2013 Generally people have a tendency to adapt to their environments and the changes occurring around them. This has also been the case with the criminal element and the way they commit crimes. Computers and their functions had taken on an entirely new level of advancement in their capabilities with the introduction of the Internet to the general public. This Internet for most can be a useful resource. From gathering research for an academic project to attending a board room meeting remotely, the Internet has proven to be key in many aspects of human life today. The Internet has also given way to a slue of new crimes and negative activity. Cyber stalking, Cyber bullying, exploitation, sex crimes, financial fraud and the use of viruses and malicious code are just a few things that have become prevalent on the information super highway. One of today’s largest concerns among parents is protecting their children from becoming victims of bullying. There was a time when you had to worry about the school bully running into while in the hallways of your school or out and about around your neighbor, but the situation surrounding bullying been given a technological advantage. Social media sites such, as Facebook.com, Twitter and Instagram have become the avenues for bullies to invade their victim’s homes and lives. In a recent cyber bullying case in Lakeland Florida, a 12-year-old Rebecca Sedgwick jumped to her death at a local cement plant. She had been the victim of at least...
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...Governments will and has spent millions of dollars to clone extinct animal by trying to clone non-extinct animal. If they continue to fund this project, the governments will be totally unsatisfied with the result. the essay, “De-Extinction Is Immoral, and Bad Science All Around”, will prove to be the correct way to think about cloning extinct animals. There are many things wrong with cloning animals from the past. For example, the author of this essay claims that, "De-extinction is immoral, unethical, and dangerous.It should not be pursued" (Counterpoint para 8). I immoral, unethical, and dangerous are just ways to describe what could happen if scientists clone extinct animals. The animals could spread disease to living animals and could spread...
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...BACTERIA Morphology Unicellular Prokaryotic Extracellular Appendages flagella, fimbriae, pili Peptidoglycan alternating NAG and NAM protein reinforced by peptide crosslinks Plasmid extra circular DNA used for transferring resistance and toxicity Physiology Nutrition photoautotroph and chemoautotroph Metabolism- aerobic and anaerobic Reproduction - Binary Fission rapid transverse cell division resulting to two equally sized daughter cells Habitat Ubiquitous Soil Water Air Living Organisms Pathogenicity Adhesion bacteria uses fimbriae to attach to surfaces ; sex pilus to attach to other bacteria Resistance increased by the type of cell wall, and presence of endospore, capsules, slime layers Toxin the lipopolysaccharide upper layer of Gram negative bacteria is released as toxins Taxonomy Domain : Bacteria Kingdom: Monera Phyla : Firmicutes Gram-Positive e.g. cocci Staphylococcus Streptococcus bacilli Lactobacillus Gracilicutes Gram-Negative e.g. cocci bacilli spirochete obligate intracellular parasites Tenericutes No Cell Wall e.g. Mycoplasma Ureaplasma Obligate Intracellular Parasite under phylum Gracilicutes 1. Rickettsia Pleomorphic Requires arthropod vectors ticks mites fleas Pathogenic Typhus Q Fever Trench Fever Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 2. Bartonella Opportunistic Intracellular Parasite Vectors: Cat Flea Sandfly transmits Cat-Scratch Fever 3. Chlamydia Obligate Intracellular Coccoid Elementary Bodies...
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...itself only within cells of living hosts. (Webster Dictionary) Along with being classified as a virus West Nile shows that it only infects certain and specific cells [Secondary Source]. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describes a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, about 5,000 viruses have been described in detail. [Secondary Source] Although there are millions of different types, viruses also undergo cycles in order to reproduce and harm and/or help organisms. There are two types of viral cycles known to men, the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle the virus attaches itself to the host cell and nucleic acid is inserted into the cell. Next it makes copies of DNA and capsid and more viruses are assembled. Finally the viruses are released by bursting the cell and destroying it. The lysogenic cycle is slightly different than the first cycle only by a few characteristics. During the lysogenic cycle the virus also attaches and inserts nucleic acid into the cell, but instead of creating new viruses and let them be released, viral DNA is made along with the cell's DNA. That is called Provirus and the nucleic acid replicates with the cell. After that the cell can go to the lytic cycle at any time. While in the...
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