...A Positive Reinforcement is described as a pleasing stimulus being presented. Such as telling your child that they did a good job for doing well on a test or quiz they done. A Positive Punishment is described as an unpleasing stimulus, or negative stimulus being presented. This is similar to Positive Reinforcement, where you are giving a stimulus, but in this case it is not a stimulus one would want to receive. We can use the same example in this situation, like telling your child that they did not do so well on a quiz or test so you would give them a look. A Negative Reinforcement is when an unpleasant stimulus is removed. An example of Negative Reinforcement would be a child doing his or her homework when they get home, so that their parents...
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...Foundations of Individual Behavior Foundations of Individual Behavior Contents: Individual behavior 03 Foundations of Individual Behavior 04 Biographical characteristics 05 Age 05 Gender 06 Marital status 06 Tenure 07 Ability 07 intellectual 08 physical 08 The Ability-Job Fit 09 Learning 10 Definition of Learning 10 Theories of Learning 10 classical conditioning 10 operant conditioning 10 Social learning. 11 Operant Conditioning 12 Social Learning 12 Shaping: A Managerial Tool 14 Schedules of Reinforcement 14 Behavior Modification 16 Specific Organizational Applications 17 Using lotteries to reduce absenteeism 18 Well pay vs. sick pay 18 Employee discipline 18 Developing training programs 18 Social-learning theory suggests that training should 19 SSelf-management 19 Individual Behavior Individual behavior refers to how individual behaves at work place, his behavior is influenced by his attitude, personality, perception, learning and motivating. This also refers to the combination of responses to internal and external stimuli. Foundations of Individual Behavior Three individual variables * biographical characteristics * ability * learning Biographical characteristics are readily available to managers. Generally, they include data that are contained in an employee’s personnel file. The most important conclusions are...
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...Children’s Functional Health Pattern Assessment Functional Health Pattern Assessment (FHP) | Toddler 1-3 Erickson’s Developmental Stage: * | Autonomy versus shame and doubt | | Preschool-Aged 4-5 Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Initiative versus guilt | School-Aged 5-12 Erickson’s Developmental Stage: * | Industry versus inferiority | | Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Healthy patterns are established such as brushing their teeth prior to getting dressed and at bedtime Learning to recognize when to wash their hands, | Parents allow preschooler to assist with small task in the kitchen to encourage a healthy lifestyle Preschooler is encouraged to learn basic hygiene. | Child is aware that dirty hand causes illnesses but not why. Parents encourage healthy hygiene such as hand washing and proper bathing | | Parents do not in cooperate toddler in healthy routines like oral hygiene Parents do not help toddler recognize when hand washing is needed. | Parents do no encourage preschoolers to learn about healthy living. Preschooler is not encouraged to maintain basic hygiene | Child disregards dirty hands frequently with no comprehension on why they need to be clean Parents have no...
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...Susan Colaiacovo Student ID: 21918458 Part A 1. What is required to implement an organizations commitment to social responsibility? What are the main obstacles to implementing socially responsible policies? Name specifications that can be taken toward increased social responsibility. Managers can use the social audit to assess corporate social responsibility. The social audit allows management to evaluate the success or lack of success of programs resulting in the improvement of social performance. The information attained with a social audit can be used to plan and implement socially responsible practices and policies. The essence of the challenge is balancing a company’s bottom line against social responsibilities and effective approaches to environmental protection. Organizations should also examine their values to make sure they are in tune with society value. The obstacles in implementing social responsible policies includes the pressure from financial analysts and stock holders who push for steady increases in earnings on a quarterly basis. An example of social responsibility is increased diversity in the work place. As well as contributions of time and money to charitable, cultural, and civic organizations. Environmental awareness is another way companies demonstrate their sense of social responsibility by limiting the damage their operations...
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...CHAPTER 2 FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR "Intelligence is but one characteristic that people bring with them when they join an organization. In this chapter, we look at how biographical characteristics (such as gender and age) and ability (which includes intelligence) affect employee performance and satisfaction. Then we show how people learn behaviors and what management can do to shape those behaviors" (p. 33). 1 BIOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS Personal characteristics – such as age, gender, and marital status – that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records. AGE "The relationship between age and job performance is likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade. Why? There are at least three reasons. First, there is a widespread belief that job performance declines with increasing age. Regardless of whether it's true or not, a lot of people believe it and act on it. Second is the reality that the workforce is aging… The third reason is recent U.S. legislation that, for all intents and purposes, outlaws mandatory retirement. Most U.S. workers today no longer have to retire at the age of 70" (p. 34). 2 "The older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job. That conclusion is based on studies of the age-turnover relationship" (p. 34). "In general, older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than do younger employees. However, they have higher rates of unavoidable absence, probably due to the poorer health...
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...CHAPTER 2 FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR "Intelligence is but one characteristic that people bring with them when they join an organization. In this chapter, we look at how biographical characteristics (such as gender and age) and ability (which includes intelligence) affect employee performance and satisfaction. Then we show how people learn behaviors and what management can do to shape those behaviors" (p. 33). 1 BIOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS Personal characteristics – such as age, gender, and marital status – that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records. AGE "The relationship between age and job performance is likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade. Why? There are at least three reasons. First, there is a widespread belief that job performance declines with increasing age. Regardless of whether it's true or not, a lot of people believe it and act on it. Second is the reality that the workforce is aging… The third reason is recent U.S. legislation that, for all intents and purposes, outlaws mandatory retirement. Most U.S. workers today no longer have to retire at the age of 70" (p. 34). 2 "The older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job. That conclusion is based on studies of the age-turnover relationship" (p. 34). "In general, older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than do younger employees. However, they have higher rates of unavoidable absence, probably due to the poorer health...
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...CHAPTER 2 FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR "Intelligence is but one characteristic that people bring with them when they join an organization. In this chapter, we look at how biographical characteristics (such as gender and age) and ability (which includes intelligence) affect employee performance and satisfaction. Then we show how people learn behaviors and what management can do to shape those behaviors" (p. 33). 1 BIOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS Personal characteristics – such as age, gender, and marital status – that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records. AGE "The relationship between age and job performance is likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade. Why? There are at least three reasons. First, there is a widespread belief that job performance declines with increasing age. Regardless of whether it's true or not, a lot of people believe it and act on it. Second is the reality that the workforce is aging… The third reason is recent U.S. legislation that, for all intents and purposes, outlaws mandatory retirement. Most U.S. workers today no longer have to retire at the age of 70" (p. 34). 2 "The older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job. That conclusion is based on studies of the age-turnover relationship" (p. 34). "In general, older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than do younger employees. However, they have higher rates of unavoidable absence, probably due to the poorer health...
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...Autism Case: Behavior Intervention Plan Student’s name Institution Date Autism Case: Behavior Intervention Plan Scenario 3 Johnny is a six-year-old child with autism. His communication skills are significantly deficient and he demonstrates a wide variety of problem behaviors. Most concerning is the tendency for him to demonstrate self injurious behavior that has recently increased in frequency and intensity. An ER visit was necessitated by a recent incident of this behavior. Some of Johnny's more intense characteristics related to autism spectrum disorders include repetitive and ritualistic behavior patterns and an apparent need to collect and acquire a variety of specific tangible items such as Hot Wheels cars and Legos. Johnny is generally only “well behaved” when access to these items is free and frequent. Introduction In this behavior intervention plan a case of Johnny who is six years old with autism I presented. This disorder is characterized by impaired communication which involves verbal and non-verbal and also impaired social interaction. This case is associated with restricted and receptive behavior. Johnny is deficient communication skills and demonstrates a variety of problems in the behaviors that he portrays. The most concerning is his tendency to show or demonstrates a self injurious behavior over the recent time. This has necessitated an ER visit due to his recent behavior incident. Autism spectrum disorders are some of his intense characteristics...
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...Locus of Control: The cognitive-learning tradition in psychology views human beings as independent thinkers. It gives less importance to reinforcement shaping human behaviour unlike the behaviouristic tradition. It focuses on the personal values we attribute to certain outcomes in our life and our expectancies about being able to achieve the set goals. Locus of Control is one of the types of expectancies within the social learning tradition, proposed by Julian B. Rotter in his ‘Expectancy-Reinforcement Value Model.’ While attempting to assess personality in order to formulate a theory of development of personality, Rotter researched into whether there is a difference between people’s learning and performance...
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...lOMoARcPSD Summary - lecture notes Education: The Psychological Context (Macquarie University) EXAM: Part A: Kohlberg Piaget Humanism David Geary Part B: Humanism, Behaviourism, Constructivism Vygotsky Personal Perspectives & Intelligence Piaget & Problem solving Special needs students Gender o Male vs Female o Cognition & Behavioural differences Direct instruction & Discovery Learning Teaching Students with Additional Learning Needs Special Children Have special needs and require assistance at some stage in our schooling The notion of ‘fairness’ is not giving our students the same, but rather giving them what they need to learn and succeed. A look at the importance of resilience o Resilience is the ability to rebound, develop and thrive in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, hardship or even significant sources of stress. o How does resilience develop? Who are we talking about when we discuss children with special needs? o Those students with learning needs that are so diverse they need individual consideration and support. o A continuum of support in the classroom. Definition of Disability Social Model o socially created problem o not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions o management of the problem requires social attention o collective responsibility of society at large o human rights issue of major concern o in the educational setting we ask...
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...Instrumental Conditioning. It is currently been described as Operant conditioning that is a method of learning that occurs through responses of changes of behavior. Through operant conditioning, there is an association is made between the behavior and a results that are encountered for that behavior. Statement of How Topic Factors into Personal and Professional goals The research of topic will increase my knowledge of how to expect and teach certain responses to behaviors. I will learn how the differences between positive and negative reinforcements. This research of information can be used on a personal level in my home with my children and family. Introduction Instrumental conditioning is seen as a type of learning in which organisms associate their own actions with consequences; behavior is strengthened if followed by being reinforced or it is diminished if followed by some type of punishment. Instrumental conditioning often involves operant behavior, as the organism's behavior is essential on making something happen; it operates on the environment to produce the rewarding or punishing stimuli. If the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior then diminishes. Research has shown that positive reinforcement has proven to be more effective than negative reinforcement or punishment. Research states that the theory of Operant conditioning also known as...
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...human resource management. To assess how carnel fundamental jewellery monitor employee’s performance, to determine how workers at carnel fundamental jewellery are rewarded and motivated and to identify how carnel pay his workers. Also in this research learning outcome 4 will also be examine where the ethical way used by the two organisations to lay off workers will be assess. The importance of human resource planning at Carnel’s fundamental jewellery. It’s also to identify ways used to measure employee performance, to determine the difference between personnel management and human resource management, to assess the importance of human resource planning in organisation, to identify the appropriateness of ways used by the two organisations to lay off workers. The research was undertaken through the use of visiting Carnel fundamental jewellery. Human Resource textbooks and the internet were used with the methodology in defining what quantitative and qualitative research; the background check is up on Pryce Fashionista Boutique websites and for the definition of terms and concept. LO3 Aims and objectives * To assess how carnel fundamental jewellery monitor employee’s performance * To determine how workers at Carnel Fundamental jewellery are rewarded and motivated. * To identify the method used by carnel to pay his work Lo4 Aims and objectives * To identify the exit procedure of workers at Carnel’s Fundamental jewellery. * To assess the reasons worker * To identify...
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...Instructor’s Manual with Test Items to accompany Applied Behavior Analysis Second Edition John O. Cooper ● Timothy E. Heron ● William L. Heward All, The Ohio State University Prepared by Stephanie Peterson, Idaho State University ● Renée K. Van Norman, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Lloyd Peterson, Idaho State University ● Shannon Crozier, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Jessica E. Frieder, Idaho State University ● Peter Molino, Idaho State University ● Heath Ivers, Idaho State University ● Shawn Quigley, Idaho State University ● Megan Bryson, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● David Bicard, University of Memphis [pic] Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio ____________________________________________________________ ______________________ Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education...
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...Approaches to Psychology Behaviourism The behaviourist approach: the basics What assumptions do behaviourists make? Behaviourists regard all behaviour as a response to a stimulus. They assume that what we do is determined by the environment we are in, which provides stimuli to which we respond, and the environments we have been in in the past, which caused us to learn to respond to stimuli in particular ways. Behaviourists are unique amongst psychologists in believing that it is unnecessary to speculate about internal mental processes when explaining behaviour: it is enough to know which stimuli elicit which responses. Behaviourists also believe that people are born with only a handful of innate reflexes (stimulus-response units that do not need to be learned) and that all of a person’s complex behaviours are the result of learning through interaction with the environment. They also assume that the processes of learning are common to all species and so humans learn in the same way as other animals. How do behaviourists explain human behaviour? Behaviourists explain behaviour in terms of (1) the stimuli that elicit it and (2) the events that caused the person to learn to respond to the stimulus that way. Behaviourists use two processes to explain how people learn: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli when they occur together, such that the response originally elicited by one stimulus is transferred to...
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...Learning theories has been a subject of great interest in psychology ,this makes it fundamental to teaching and learning.The essay will assess contributions of educational psychology with reference to learning theories in teaching and learning .Key terms will be discussed in the next paragraph .The conclusion shall synthesize learning theories and the contribution of educational psychology and their educational implications . https://en.m.wikipedia.org / learning theories are conceptual frameworks describing how information is absorbed, processed and retained during learning .That is learning theories helps to predict and explain relationship between learning conditions and the learning outcomes. Zindi,Peresuh and Mpofu,(1997) says “educational psychology is knowledge gained from psychology and applied to activities of the classroom.” Santrock (2011) deals with human behavior and its application in education .According to the above two definitions educational psychology refers to the provision to the teachers with theories which help them to be flexible and adaptable to different situations which can happen in the teaching and learning at primary and secondary level. Educational psychology contributes a lot in the teaching and learning. It helps the teacher in selecting materials suitable for learners and suitable teaching methodologies. When the teacher is well versed with theories, he or she find how to explain, describe and control behavior. In the classroom, when the teacher...
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