...There are three broad classes of aviation that are Military Aviation, Commercial Aviation and General Aviation. This report defines the scope of General Aviation, the type of aircraft flown that operate under it and the FAA Code Of Regulations that govern them which are 14 CFR Parts 91 and 21. Following that we’ll discuss and talk about some of the recent activities that have been taking place in the past few years in this field of aviation. The severity of a General Aviation accident is classified by the highest level of injury (that is fatal, serious, minor or none) and the total aircraft damage (destroyed, substantial, minor or none). Finally we will compare and analyze historical General Aviation accident rates between the years of 1995 and 1999 from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Introduction Aviation is classified into three broad types that are Military Aviation, Commercial Aviation and General Aviation. General Aviation is defined as any civil aircraft operation that doesn’t fall under 14 (Aeronautics and Space) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) parts 121,129 and 135. The operations that are included in General Aviation are that of U.S. registered aircraft operated under 14 CFR Parts 91 (General Operating and Flight Rules), 21 (Certification procedures for products and parts) and civilian public use (Qualified government missions that may include law enforcement, low-level observation, aerial application, firefighting, search and rescue, biological...
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...CONTENTS 1. STATEMENT OF POLICY 2. ORGANIZATION 3. AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY 4. REPORTING OF ACCIDENTS, INCIDENTS AND HAZARDS 5. DISTRIBUTION OF AVIATION SAFETY INFORMATION 6. AVIATION SAFETY COMMITTEES 7. AVIATION SAFETY AUDITS 8. AVIATION SAFETY TRAINING 9. AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 10. AVIATION SAFETY ANALYSIS 11. REVIEW AND REVISION 1. STATEMENT OF POLICY The Sky High Airlines considers accident prevention to provide a safe working environment and safety transportation to our employees and passengers as a prime objective in all department operations. Sky High Airlines also intends to provide the public safety of transportation to the nation. In pursuit of these goals, Sky High Airlines will use safety strategy to maintain the highest standard of an active aviation safety program and all department individual are expected to be 100 percent participate in the program with responsibility and exist in critical thinking, planning, and actions of others. All employees are expected to take individual active role in the identification, reduction, and elimination of hazards. John Smith Director of Safety, Sky High Airlines 2. ORGANIZATION The Director of Safety will be position directly to the President. The Vice Presidents for Operations and Maintenance will carry out an additional duty of aviation safety manager to directly report to the President and...
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...Human Factors in Aviation Safety Final Paper Curtis D. Hudson Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Human factors in aviation isn’t a new concept but at the time when the Hubble telescope, and stealth bombers were still fresh ideas, Human factors was just now hitting its stride. In 1988, Earl Weiner and David Nagel coincidently released a book titled Human Factors in Aviation (Salas, Maurino and Curtis). During this time, HF was still being slowly accepted and established as a practice to help increase the awareness and improve aviation safety. This period is also significant because prior to then, Human Factors researchers were not involved with aviation system designs and were normally included upon design completion. The incorporation of having HF researchers involved in the design process helped the role evolve and expand the field research. As students of HF research we are aware of the importance of the technology and design of the cockpit, crew resource management (CRM), health and judgment of the crew and how automation plays a role in aviation. This was also a somewhat foreign practice in the beginning. Human Factors researchers were limited to the cockpit and overall cabin technology design. It can be argued that Human Factors in Aviation played a big role in the way business is conducted now compared to before this book was written. When we hear of an aviation mishap, particularly a plane crash, the first thing that comes...
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...inevitable problem in the aviation industry. Unfortunately, for those involved, it is usually met with disastrous results. One momentary lapse of judgment might very well result in a large numbers of fatalities, as well as, hundreds of millions of dollars in damages. Human error can be described as any event that takes place because a task, or portion of a task, was not performed with its exact specifications. Human error can stem from a very wide spectrum of circumstances. Three critical areas of concern that will be carefully reviewed in this paper are the following: fatigue, vision, and communication. It is important to study these primary causes of human error and look for trends or break downs that might very well serve to protect the safety of future flights. Only through the management of human error can continue the outstanding reputation of safety in the world of aviation. Human Error in AviationBefore an accurate discussion on the root causes of human error can take place, it is necessary to understand the fast pace setting of the aviation industry. One visit to any major airport, such as Atlanta's international airport, and one will come to appreciate the tremendous demands placed upon all the aviation professionals involved along the process. There is continuous communication taking place between the different sectors, from the aircrew, to air traffic control, to maintenance, and all the other facets in between. Any position in aviation can be very exciting...
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...paper will cover some of the most horrific air disasters in aviation history. I will be using information from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and news media to draw my conclusion of the events. I will then explain how these air disasters changed aviation, what rules were put in place, what changes to aircraft design were made or what training was needed to prevent a repeat of the incident. I believe this topic is important to the history of aviation in America because we learn from our mistakes and with every aircraft incident new regulations were developed to increase the safety of flight. HISTORIC AIR DISASTERS In this paper, we will be revisiting three airline crashes that changed aviation. 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision, 1977 Tenerife Airport Disaster, and 1992 El Al Flight 1862. I believe that these three flights had a significant impact on aviation in terms of safety, design and procedures that are in place today. 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision The midair collision between these two airliners led to the birth of the modern air traffic control system. (Fss.aero, 2015) On June 30, 1956 a United Airlines Douglas DC-7 (United Airlines Flight UA 718) struck a Trans World Airlines Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation (Trans World Airlines Flight TWA 2) over the Grand Canyon, causing both aircraft to crash and 128 passengers to perish. This accident took place during a time when air traffic control (ATC) did...
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...assists the NTSB in the investigative process. Detail the limits, specifications, and reasons behind the process. At the core of NTSB investigations is the "Go Team." The purpose of the Safety Board Go Team is simple and effective: Begin the investigation of a major accident at the accident scene, as quickly as possible, assembling the broad spectrum of technical expertise that is needed to solve complex transportation safety problems. (NTSB). The NTSB investigates 2,000 aviation accidents and incidents a year, not counting other modes of transportation accidents and incidents. The NTSB only has about 400 employees to cover all of these incidents. With all of these accidents and only 400 employees to cover them, it is impossible to ensure that these employees are qualified subject matter experts on every transportation system. (NTSB) So in order to assist the NTSB investigators, they use the “Party System” process to assist them in the investigations. The Party System process allows the NTSB to strengthen its limited resources and personnel by bring in technical expertise of the companies. (Rodrigues & Cusick 2012) This party team may consist of airline manufactures (aircraft designers, mechanics, aviation specialist and engine mechanics), unions (consisting of pilots, flight attendants), etc. The FAA is part of the team by law, all other party status is a privilege. There are individuals and groups that are not allowed to participate in the party process and those members...
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...The Fear in Aviation Maintenance Aircraft maintenance is arguably one of the best managed maintenance practices across different industries. Aircraft maintenance operations in the US are usually closely monitored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) which ensures that the maintenance practices are done in a proper manner. Despite this oversight, maintenance errors still occur and have been, on many occasions, stated as the main cause of aircraft accidents. Knowledge of the factors that contribute to maintenance errors and therefore aircraft accidents can go a long way in enabling the industry regulars to draft precautionary measures and safety protocols to reduce the occurrence of these accidents. I. Factors contributing to maintenance errors Human factors, management factors, and structure factors are the most common factors that contribute to errors during the maintenance of aircraft (Stolzer, Halford & Goglia, 2012). Of the three factors, human factors account for the majority maintenance errors and therefore majority of aircraft accidents. There are numerous factors that can directly or indirectly contribute to human factors in maintenance errors can be categorized into the three groups of individual factors, job factors and organizational factors. Individual factors are those capabilities and attributes of an individual that may cause the individual to commit an error. These factors include their habits, personal attitudes, skills, personalities and their competence...
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... AVIATION CAREER Flight Safety management Studies UCLA, USA Institute of Aviation Medicine, USA Chairman Board of Inquiry by Theo de Jager Essay Flight Safety 1980 - 1984 Survival and flight safety At the end of my pilot training in Canada, a Dutch classmate crashed because of a mistake that these days would be generally qualified as 'human factor'. Even then, already then, I felt a strong awareness of the importance of flight safety. I remember the slogan put into us during flying training: 'Today is your reward for yesterday's flight safety', a slogan that has stayed with me. There is always a choice between unavoidable and avoidable risks, between adequate self confidence and over confidence. Keeping moments in which margins have to be challenged because of operational requirements, as short as possible. Technical developments have made the aircraft the most reliable means, compared with any other form of transport. The majority of air accidents are now due to the unpredictable human factor. The possibility to study Flight Safety Management, Aircraft Accident Investigation and Aviation Physiology, gave me the opportunity to specialise into this aspect of aviation, after many years of experience as operational fighter pilot, followed by cargo- and passenger pilot, instructor and examiner. Aviation physiology ...
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...Commercial aviation in Australia has undergone significant change over the past thirty years. Substantial flaws in the security systems of the aviation industry have been revealed by external factors like terrorist attacks. Environmentalists, economists, and society are constantly increasing the pressure they put on the aviation industry in regard to more sustainability. Few entry barriers allow more and more low cost carriers (LCC) to enter the market, increasing competition, and forcing the network carriers to follow the new trend of the so called “carriers-within-carriers” (CWC). As the list of major factors that have recently influenced the industry is long, the three above mentioned will be critically analysed in the following. Australia’s aviation industry is not only of great importance to the whole nation, but it is also one of the oldest aviation industries in the world. Following the end of the Second World War, aviation was seen to be critical to nation building and broader economic considerations. Significant support from governments allowed it to develop quickly. As flying became more common, the need for safety regulations grew stronger. In Australia, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) was founded in 1995. It is responsible for safety regulations of civil air operations in Australia and the operation of Australian aircraft overseas. Today CASA is still based on the Civil Aviation Act from 1988. Under the authority of this act, CASA is able to execute regulations...
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...Aviation Safety Abstract Aircraft accidents are not very common, but when they happen, the level of damage is large compared to other means of transport. This is because some aircrafts have a very large capacity of passengers that they can accommodate. This is not always the case, as some of them are small and do not carry so many people. Aircrafts accidents range from fires, collisions, ditching and accidents caused by pilot errors among others. This paper will look at an accident that happened in 1997 at Newark International Airport in New Jersey. The paper will address the causes of the accidents, the findings of the investigation carried out after the accident, recommendations after the investigation as well as the measures taken to make sure that accidents of this type do not happen again. Aviation Safety FedEx Express Flight 14 This scheduled cargo flight was going to Newark International Airport, New Jersey from the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport in Anchorage, Alaska. It crashed when trying to make a safe landing on July 31, 1997. The pilots thought that the plane would have little stopping distance after landing, which made them think of landing early on the runway. Misinterpretation of runway data was the main cause of the crash (Dismukes, Berman & Loukopoulos, 2012). The pilots were aware that the plane had problems with its auto-breaks because they failed to initiate during landing, which also contributed to their hasty decision to land the...
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...International relations Naval Museum | Caralise Mascarenhas 1323 TYBBA | International relations Naval Museum | Caralise Mascarenhas 1323 TYBBA | Naval Aviation Museum India's one and only Naval Aviation Museum is situated along the Vasco-Bogmalo road barely six kilometres from the port city of Vasco-da-Gama. This Naval Aviation Museum established in Oct'1998 is the only one of its kind in the whole of Asia. May be perhaps, it has not received the publicity it rightly deserves and hence remained unvisited and unseen by many Goans. WHAT IS A BLACK BOX? Often one of the first pieces of techno-speak that springs to mind when we hear of an aviation disaster - and a catch-all phrase popular with the media - is ‘Black Box,’ but how much do you really know about these vital pieces of equipment? Any commercial aeroplane or corporate jet is required to be equipped with a cockpit voice recorder and a flight data recorder. It is these two items of separate equipment which we commonly refer to as a ‘Black Box.’ While they do nothing to help the plane when it is in the air, both these pieces of equipment are vitally important should the plane crash, as they help crash investigators find out what happened just before the crash. Often, for example when a plane crashes into the sea, as happened with the 1985 bombing of Air India flight 182 by Sikh terrorists over the Atlantic Ocean just west of Ireland, investigators have very little to go on – on this specific occasion...
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...Research Project 2016 OUTCOME SACE: 597983W Civil Aviation Safety of America What are the main issues which effect Civil Aviation Safety? The outcome includes the two aspect of the civil aviation safety in America. The first aspect is ‘what are the main issues that effect civil aviation safety in America.’ This aspect is can be subdivided into 1 points -how many accidents in America (from 1970-2015). The second aspect is ‘What is the effect by the aircraft accidents?’ The second aspect is ‘ What is the effect by the accidents in America?’. And this aspect is can be subdivided into three points. Aviation Manufacture of America, Airlines and Tourist trade. First how many accidents in America (from 1970-2015)? By the online research from 1970-2015 had 643 aircraft accidents in America. Also the highest in 1971 has 31 aircraft accidents in America.(1) Hijack, mechanical failure, risks of pilots and weather is the main reasons of these accidents. Also from online research 1950-2000 the pilots error has 53; Pilots Error (weather related) has 32; Pilots Error (mechanical related has 16; other Human Error has 6; Weather has 12; Mechanical Failure has 20 and sabotage has 8. Figure (1) The table above was compiled from the PlaneCrashInfo.com accident database and represents 1,015 fatal accidents involving commercial aircraft, worldwide, from 1950 thru 2010 for which a specific cause was known. Aircraft with 18 or less passengers aboard, military aircraft...
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...Sfiro ID:2391385 Introduction To this very day, the majority of aviation related accidents are to human errors in various ways. As years past, aircrafts has turned out to be more reliable whereas humans on the other hand, has progressively in one or another played an important role in aviation accidents. It is rather surprising when consider all the effort and the expenses that had been put into management , several forms of research , and even training and development. It is indeed true that aviation safety has rather greatly improved over the last few decades , which has made flying the most safest method to travel around . Nevertheless, there is still human error related accidents occur. As humans being prevalently contributing to human errors, various human errors preventive approaches and accident investigation schemes were introduced. Till today, there are efforts implemented systematically to organize these schemes and approaches , but many are not clearly defined . Therefore, any safety professionals , are rather at a loss when deciding on whether to choose which preventive approach. This eventually led the professionals to rely primarily on the their personal experience and intuition to address the needs. Introduction to Crew Resource Management For the past several decades, humans has rather played a very progressively role in the aviation .At the same time, a growing number of several aviation organization has voluntarily assigned their personnel with a few...
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...ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Aviation Research and Analysis Report – AR-2008-055 An Overview of Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance Alan Hobbs Ph.D. December 2008 ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Aviation Research and Analysis Report AR-2008-055 Final An Overview of Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance Alan Hobbs Ph.D. - iii - Published by: Postal address: Office location: Telephone: Facsimile: E-mail: Internet: Australian Transport Safety Bureau PO Box 967, Civic Square ACT 2608 62 Northbourne Ave, Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory 1800 020 616; from overseas + 61 2 6274 6440 Accident and incident notification: 1800 011 034 (24 hours) 02 6247 3117; from overseas + 61 2 6247 3117 atsbinfo@atsb.gov.au www.atsb.gov.au © Commonwealth of Australia 2008. This work is copyright. In the interests of enhancing the value of the information contained in this publication you may copy, download, display, print, reproduce and distribute this material in unaltered form (retaining this notice). However, copyright in the material obtained from other agencies, private individuals or organisations, belongs to those agencies, individuals or organisations. Where you want to use their material you will need to contact them directly. Subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968, you must not make any other use of the material in this publication unless you have the permission of the Australian Transport Safety Bureau. Please direct requests for further...
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...Influence of time pressure on aircraft maintenance errors TAKAHIRO SUZUKI, TERRY L. VON THADEN, WILLIAM D. GEIBEL University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Introduction Even though proper maintenance is crucial for aviation safety, tracing the effect that human error in maintenance operations has on accidents and incidents remains a difficult task. According to a UK Civil Aviation Authority study (2003), maintenance and inspection deficiencies ranked fourth (12%) as a factor in aviation accidents overall. Other studies have described that as technology has improved, aviation accidents attributed to mechanical failures alone have decreased, yet those attributed to human error have not shown the same reduction (Wiegmann & Shappell, 2003). Aircraft maintenance requires high reliability and is an important concern in the human factors realm for several reasons. On the one hand, automation, which has reduced flight crew workload, does not apply in maintenance operations (Reason & Hobbs, 2003). On the other hand, maintenance tasks generally access critical areas where human errors lead to serious consequences (Reason, 1997). From a human factors perspective, in the current competitive environment of commercial aviation, occupational opportunities relating to aircraft maintenance technicians (AMTs) are declining. While oil prices soar, fares remain low due to competition (Bond, 2008). Employing fewer technicians and making turnaround at the airport gate shorter are...
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