...AS Biology Unit 1 page 1 AQA AS Biology Unit 1 Contents Specification Biological Molecules Chemical bonds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Biochemical Tests Enzymes Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Cell Fractionation Microscopy The Cell Membrane Movement across Cell Membranes Exchange The Gas Exchange System Lung Diseases The Heart Coronary Heart Disease The Digestive System Cholera Lifestyle and Disease Defence against Disease Immunisation Monoclonal Antibodies 1 – Mathematical Requirements 2– The Unit 1 Exam 2 4 6 8 10 16 17 24 28 30 31 35 37 44 46 50 54 58 60 67 68 72 80 81 83 86 Cells Human Physiology Disease Appendices These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH July 2011 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM/7/11 AS Biology Unit 1 page 2 Biology Unit 1 Specification Biochemistry Biological Molecules Biological molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are often polymers and are based on a small number of chemical elements. • Proteins have a variety of functions within all living organisms. The general structure of an amino acid. Condensation and the formation of peptide bonds linking together amino acids to form polypeptides. The relationship...
Words: 22438 - Pages: 90
...located in the target organ of that particular hormone * Not all individual cells require all of the many different types of materials carried by a transport system. For example, the blood circulation system in humans carries various substances including some hormones that have target organs. Although they are carried around the whole body via the blood system, those specific molecules are only received by and useful to specific types of cells located in the target organ of that particular hormone Multiple exchange surfaces? Although gas exchange surfaces are important due to the need for respiration, they are not the only types of exchange surfaces. Another example in humans is the wall of the small intestine where digested (food) material is transported into the blood stream for distribution to cells throughout the body. Multiple exchange surfaces? Although gas exchange surfaces are important due to the need for respiration, they are not the only types of exchange surfaces. Another example in humans is the wall of the small intestine where...
Words: 1689 - Pages: 7
...The human body is a clever organism. Whatever we are doing, at any time whether it is resting, walking around or sleeping, our body and the complicated systems within it are constantly working to keep us alive. In order to maintain a healthy heart and circulatory system it is important to exercise, but what demands does exercise have on the body? In order to investigate some of the effects that exercise has on the body we conducted a practical experiment in small groups in which a subject carried out gentle exercise (jogging on the spot) for five minutes. Using a heart rate monitor the heart rate was measured at rest, after five minutes of exercise then at two minute intervals. The breathing rate was measured using a timer. The results were then recorded, analysed and collated with the rest of the class. From that the mean data was created. The purpose of this investigation as to measure effects that exercise has on Heart rate and Breathing rate within the body. In this we will be looking at the demands placed on a healthy body during short term exercise and particularly the respiratory and circulatory systems also, what the body goes through and which other systems such as the digestive system contribute to these processes and how cellular respiration occurs. The hypothesis of the experiment is that the heart rate will rise sharply...
Words: 1972 - Pages: 8
...Mark scheme January 2002 GCE Biology B Unit BYB1 The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales 3644723 and a registered charity number 1073334 Registered address: Addleshaw Booth & Co., Sovereign House, PO Box 8, Sovereign Street, Leeds LS1 1HQ Kathleen Tattersall: Director General www.XtremePapers.net klm Question 1 (a) GCE: Biology B – BYB1 January 2002 Biuret reagent / Add NaOH and CuSO4; (ignore heated) Positive result = violet/mauve/lilac/purple coloration; (NOT blue) 2 1 1 (b) (i) (ii) (iii) Nitrogen / N; (NOT N2) Condensation; Must have box correct (allow HN / NH, but must have C=O correct) H H2N C H C O H N C CH2 SH O C OH Total 5 Question 2 (a) (i) (ii) (b) X 6.2; Active transport / active uptake; Ref. to carrier/intrinsic/pore/gate/transport/pump proteins; Ref. to different numbers of carrier proteins; Ref. to specificity / different types of carrier proteins; Ref. to charge / size of ion; For respiration; Energy for active transport; Total 1 1 2 max (c) 1 max 5 Question 3 (a) (b) (c) (i) A = Epithelium (ignore type of epithelium) / Endothelium; Muscle; X = Mitochondria; Y = Microvilli / brush border; X = Provide energy/for active uptake; Y = Increase surface area; Total 1 1 2 (ii) 2 6 www.XtremePapers.net klm Question 4 (a) (b) 82% GCE: Biology B – BYB1 January 2002 1 Concentration gradient maintained over...
Words: 774 - Pages: 4
...ECTOTHERMS METABOLIC RESPONSE TO A CHANGING TEMPERATURE Abstract The effects of changing temperature on a chameleon’s metabolic rate by allowing the organism to interact with changing temperatures form 5oC to 40oC. In the laboratory, the animal was placed in a closed chamber, were the flow of gases was recorded, and the change in Oxygen intake was recorded using a gas sensor. Indirect calorimetry was employed. The data outcome shows a linear relationship between the animal’s body temperature and the ambient temperature, while also showing a small exponential relationship with steady increments of both the O2 consumption and body temperature, as the ambient temperature increased. Thus leading to a supported hypothesis. Introduction An ectotherm's metabolic rate is largely dependent on the temperature of its environment because, they are organisms that allow their internal temperature to mimic that of the environment they are inhabiting (Wyse, Hill & Anderson, 2009). Ectotherms control their body temperatures primarily through behavior. Contreras & Bradley (2011), found that as the temperature increased the metabolic rate of insects, which are ectotherms, increased; thus showing an expected linear relationship between temperature and mass-specific metabolic rate. The metabolic rate of an ectotherm can be measured by analyzing the oxygen intake per unit time per unit mass, using a respirometry system. In this lab the metabolic rate change of an ectotherm, a chameleon...
Words: 1431 - Pages: 6
...Biology 13A Lab #12: The Respiratory System Lab #12 Table of Contents: • Expected Learning Outcomes . . . . 94 • Introduction . . . . . . 95 • Activity 1: Structures of the Respiratory System 96 • Activity 2: Measuring Respiration . . . 96 • Activity 3: Film: “Deadly Ascent” . . . 100 [pic] Introduction The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, respiratory tree, and lungs. They function to transport air to the air sacs of the lungs (the alveoli) where gas exchange occurs. The process of transporting and exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells is respiration. The process of taking in air is known as inspiration, while the process of blowing out air is called expiration. A respiratory cycle consists of one inspiration and one expiration. The point of respiration is to allow you to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide, and regulate the blood’s pH level. Respiration rate (breaths per minute) and depth (volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath) varies due to changes in blood chemistry that are monitored by the brain. For example, when you exercise, demand for oxygen increases because the cells require more ATP. In turn, more carbon dioxide is produced by cells and diffuses to the blood. The rise in carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH, causing the blood to be more acidic. The brain is especially sensitive to pH levels; as pH levels...
Words: 1984 - Pages: 8
...The Mammalian Circulatory and Gas Exchange Systems Radwa Abdallah Professor Yan Xu Fundamentals of Biology II Lab February 20, 2014 Objectives The objectives of the Circulatory System laboratory experiment included observing and learning to identify the structural characteristics, mostly arteries and veins, in the chest cavity of the fetal pig, which would further the understanding of the heart and lungs in most other mammals; another objective was to understand blood pressure and heart rate and the factors that affect it. The objectives of the Gas Exchange laboratory experiment was to observe the respiratory system in the fetal pigs, thus gaining an understanding of the respiratory system in most other mammals; another objective from the portion of the experiment that included measuring the respiratory volumes of humans and understanding the capacity of the human lung. Introduction There are two kinds of circulatory systems, an opened circulatory system and a closed circulatory system. The circulatory system is made up of an internal body fluid that is either hemolymph or blood, a pump system, and a vascular system that is made up of tubular vessels that move fluid from one location to another quickly(Dolphin 377). Hemolymph is the fluid found in the open circulatory system and blood is the fluid found in closed systems. In open circulatory systems the fluid leaves the heart through the arteries and returns through open sinuses rather than veins (379)...
Words: 1300 - Pages: 6
...without this energy. In the process of cellular respiration, oxygen is required. A cell has to exchange two gases with its surroundings. The cell takes in oxygen in the form of the gas O2 and in turn, gets rid of waste in the form of the gas carbon dioxide, or CO2. This is similar to the process that the human body goes through. O2 is inhaled. O2 is carried to cells where it is used in cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular respiration, is diffused from the cells and delivered to the blood and goes to the lungs where it is exhaled (Campbell). Cellular respiration is considered a very important process in cells. It protects the cell from harmful increases in temperature as well as provides the cell with a pathway of transferring energy in a controlled environment. The goal of cellular respiration is to break down carbohydrates into glucose, and use the glucose to produce ATP energy. Cellular respiration is made up of one glucose molecule which is added to six oxygen molecules. This equates to six carbon dioxide molecules, six water molecules, and 36-38 molecules of ATP. Cellular respiration is very important to the life of cells. It a constant process used by organisms. The organisms use the sugars in food to produce enough energy to perform all the necessary actions of living creatures (Taylor 2002). Reference Essential Biology with Physiology, second edition. Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Simon, E. J. 2007. Chapter 6-7 Understanding...
Words: 334 - Pages: 2
...2 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay AQA A2 Biology: Writing the Synoptic Essay by Dr Robert Mitchell CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.ctpublications.co.uk 0800 040 7901 Dr Robert Mitchell A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-907769-02-3 First published in May 2010 by CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 The right of Robert Mitchell to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright and Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher at the address below. Published in 2010 by CT Publications* 40 Higher Bridge Street Bolton Greater Manchester BL1 2HA Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 *CT Publications is owned by Chemistry Tutorials located at the same address. Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.biologytutorials.co.uk 0800 040 7901 3 4 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay CONTENTS 1. Be aware of the task you face ............................................................................ 6 What is Synoptic? ........................................................................................... 6 Will I have to learn everything? ..............
Words: 7147 - Pages: 29
...bacteria, the stomach then uses its muscles to flip the food around breaking the food into smaller particles. The small intestines is where the most digestion occurs after the food leaves the small intestine 90% of all the nutrients have been extracted from the food that entered it, the small dissolvable molecules are ready to be absorbed into the blood stream and taken to the cells and tissues where they are needed. We also use the respiratory system to create energy. The respiratory system starts off at the mouth and nose it then travels to the pharynx and then to the trachea (windpipe) where it goes down the bronchi (two tubes that branch off of the trachea) and into the lungs when this happens a gas exchange happens as you breath in oxygen and breath out carbo dioxide the gas exchange happens in the capillaries. When the air that you've just breathed in reaches these air sacs, the oxygen in the air passes through the air sac walls into the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, carbon dioxide (a...
Words: 950 - Pages: 4
...Effect of Leaf Stomata Density on Variation of Different Environmental Conditions Author: Patrick Sperandeo Institution: The Department of Biology, James Madison University ABSTRACT Plant structures that are usually found under trees leaves that control water loss are called stomata. Plants control water loss through the opening and closing of the stomata or by varying density. The purpose of this experiment was to see how sunlight exposure affected stomatal density. Since high light density associates with high stomata density, it was predicted that there was more stoma on higher leaves than lower leaves. However, there may be more stoma on lower leaves due to water stress; higher leaves would create shade for lower leaves. Therefore, the effect of differing leaf heights on stomata density was tested. In order to carry out the experiment, samples of 12 leaves were attained from each sample, “sun” and “shade”. Clear nail polish was applied to the samples making an inscription of the stomata. Clear tape removed the nail polish; the tape with the imprint was put on the slide. Under the 400x power, stomata were counted using the slide and the density was determined using a micrometer slide. Afterward a two sample t-test showed significant results at alpha value= 0.05. This supported the alternative hypothesis that varying leaf heights have an impact on stomata density. The prediction that higher levels of leaves topped lower ones when determining stomata was not supported. The...
Words: 841 - Pages: 4
...known as systole occurs. During ventricle contraction, blood transfers from the right ventricle via pulmonic value to main pulmonary artery that is the only artery in the body, which carries deoxygenated blood. From this process, blood flows to the right and left pulmonary arteries. This blood then becomes oxygenated via capillaries found in the lungs then the blood moves to pulmonary veins and then to the left part of the heart. When blood moves out of the left part of the heart, it moves systematically to the veins, where it gets back to the right atrium, and repeats again. In the pulmonary circuit, blood absorbs up oxygen from the lungs while, in the systemic circuit, the oxygenated blood is dispersed to body tissues. Gas exchange within the lungs Gas exchange within the lungs involves the distribution of oxygen from the lungs into the bloodstream while, eliminating Carbon dioxide from the blood stream through the lungs. This process in the lungs occurs in the alveoli and capillaries. Because of these blood vessels sharing a membrane, Oxygen and Carbon dioxide move smoothly between the bloodstream and the respiratory system. During this process, Oxygen molecules that attach to red blood cells flows to the heart while...
Words: 624 - Pages: 3
...Have Evolved To Become Suited To Its Environment Erica Twilley BIO 101: Principles of Biology October 30, 2012 Angela Romo, Facilitator University of Phoenix Fantasy Literature and Fantastic Language Fish are aquatic organisms that have several features that allow them to survive in their environment. All fish have fins, which help them keep going in a specific direction by guiding them and providing thrust. Their bodies are streamlined to help reduce friction as they swim through the water. Their skeleton is important for this, too. The skeleton provides the framework for the outer structures and the muscles provide the power that allows the fins to thrust them through the water. The hindbrain is responsible for sending the signals for movement and keeping the fish balanced. The swim bladder is also important for swimming. It is a gas-filled organ found in the abdomen of fish that allows the addition or removal of gas to let the fish move up or down in the water. If fish did not have this organ, they would have to keep swimming so that they would not sink. This organ allows them to expend less energy as they adjust the depth at which they want to float. Some fish can use their swim bladder to send or receive sounds. Their eyes allow them to see their prey and predators. The midbrain of the fish is responsible for vision, motor responses, and learning. Gills allow for gas exchange so that they can breathe in the water. The oxygenated blood will be circulated by the arteries...
Words: 607 - Pages: 3
...Biology guide First assessment 2016 Biology guide First assessment 2016 Diploma Programme Biology guide Published February 2014 Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland by the International Baccalaureate Organization (UK) Ltd Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales CF23 8GL United Kingdom Website: www.ibo.org © International Baccalaureate Organization 2014 The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide community of schools, aiming to create a better, more peaceful world. This publication is one of a range of materials produced to support these programmes. The IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as Wikipedia. The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all copyright material used. The IB is grateful for permissions received for material used in this publication and will be pleased to correct any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted...
Words: 43724 - Pages: 175
...Marine Biology Vocabulary Ch.8 1. Vertebrates- having a backbone or spinal column 2. Demersal-living or found near or in the deepest part of a body of water 3. Bony fishes-any fish of the class Osteichthyes, characterized by gill covers, an air bladder, and a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage. 4. Operculum-the gill cover of fishes and amphibians. 5. Fin Ray-hornlike, cartilaginous rods which form the skeleton of the fins. 6. Swim bladder- air bladder 7. Chromatophores-a cell containing pigment, esp. one that through contraction and expansion produces a temporary color 8. Structural colors- pigmentation in animals. 9. Iridophores-type of pigment cell found in the integument and certain deeper tissues of lower animals. 10. Warning coloration-a bold, distinctive pattern of color characteristic of a poisonous or unpalatable organism. 11. Cryptic coloration-coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape 12. Disruptive coloration- one that disrupts its surroundings to escape. 13. Countershading-the development of dark colors on parts usually exposed to the sun and of light colors on parts usually shaded. 14. Myomeres-The segment within a metamere that develops into skeletal muscle. 15. Gill rakers-one of a series of stiff projections along the inner margins of the branchial arches that prevent food particles from passing through the branchial clefts. 16. Gill arches-branchial arch in a fish type...
Words: 680 - Pages: 3
