...Analyzing Processes Process Diagram: (e.g. Producing Contact Lenses) hold Data information flow Other Common Process Measures • Cycle time – Average time between completion of successive units by the process – Reciprocal of throughput rate Process Layout of a Medical Center – Capacity Analysis Patient Type A B C D Total Patient Mix Wait Area X-ray 0.4 1 1 0.3 1 0.2 1 1 0.1 1 1 1 0.7 1000 400 571 Department Orthopedic Cardinology Neurology Intensive care 1 1 1 1 1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 250 625 500 1667 300 1500 600 1500 add value Utilization = Load Factor = Actual Output Rate Maximum Throughput Demand Rate Capacity Dept. capacity Four General Categories of Production Processes 1. 2. 3. 4. Continuous Flow Process Line Process Batch Process Job Shop Max. # of total 1000 patients arrived before reaching cap. Variability: Classic Queuing arrival rate () in customers/hour • service rate () in customers/hour (avg. time for one customer = 1/) • # servers = s Therefore, capacity = _s*_ • Physics of Queues: M/M/1 system Performance Measures: Utilization: Average time in system = /( Average number in system = /( Average time in line = 1/( Average number in line = 1/( Probability of no waiting = 1 – Process Choice at King Soopers Bakery • Bread process – Flow process – High volume – Difficult and expensive to change capacity Servers (s) customers/hr./server arrivals ( customers/hr.) departures...
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...Chemical Process Diagrams Chapter 1 Department of Chemical Engineering West Virginia University From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie, Wallace B. Whiting, Joseph Shaeiwitz, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 3 Levels of Diagram • Block Flow Diagram (BFD) • Process Flow Diagram (PFD) • Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) – often referred to as Mechanical Flow Diagram Complexity Conceptual increases understanding Increases As chemical engineers, we are most familiar with BFD and PFD. From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie, Wallace B. Whiting, Joseph Shaeiwitz, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 1 The Block Flow Diagram (BFD) • BFD shows overall processing picture of a chemical complex – Flow of raw materials and products may be included on a BFD – BFD is a superficial view of facility – ChE information is missing From Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, by Richard Turton, Richard C. Bailie, Wallace B. Whiting, Joseph Shaeiwitz, and Debangsu Bhattacharyya (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-261812-0) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Definitions of BFD • Block Flow...
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...CFRN test questions Contraindications to autotransfusion – bowel contents Enter scene and you feel tingling/numbness. What do you do? Can’t remember if they mentioned down power lines. Choices were similar to these - Stop where you are - Call for help and wait - Quickly retreat (definite choice on test) Hop on one foot to safe area (definite choice on test) Fractured larnynx Fremitus Changing vocal tones Which is the worse eye injury Flash (arc burn) Acid Alkali Decompression sickness – joint pain, how do you transport – lowest altitude Stagnant Hypoxia - patient has stagnant hypoxia and is a vent-dependent patient; what treatment is approx (can’t remember is decompensating or just a treatment that will improve the condition) Choices included: increasing PEEP, decreasing SVR Snake bites – removing jewelry Also one about what you do before treatment 4 hrs later with slight redness and swelling: Choices included: give antivenom, immobilize extremity Dig toxic: patient in AVB 2, type II; which do you use for treatment? Atropine of transcutaneous pacemaker. Can’t remember is patient was stable or unstable Change patient from transport pacemaker to facility pacer and don’t get capture. What do you do? CPR or place back on transport pacer. TCA OD. Patient received gastric lavage. Pt in ST with QRS 0.12 Answers include: treatment is working Expect cardiac abnormalities Suspect pneumo. Put in...
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...A patient comes in with a hot inflamed toe how does the circulatory system contribute to this process? A patient presenting themselves with a red swollen toe which can be from a number of injuries which could include(1) physical(burns or trauma)(2)chemical(drugs or acids)(3)microbial(bacterial infection)(4)hypoxia (lack of blood flow to the area)(5)immunological reaction (allergies or skin irritation). Signs and symptoms would include a. Redness (rubor) which is caused by increased blood flow to the injured area. b. Heat (calor) cellular activity within the area causes temperature to rise locally c. Swelling (tumor) due to the gathering of fluid (odema)and dilation of blood vessels. d. Pain (dolor) release of certain chemicals that cause nerves to react and tell the body that it has an injury. e. Restricted movement(impaired infraction) stops the body from causing more damage. “Inflammation is the body's attempt at self-protection; the aim being to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens - and begin the healing process”.(medical news today). Inflammatory Response Healing of acute injuries begins with the acute vascular inflammatory response. The purpose of vascular changes is to increase blood flow to the local area, mobilize and transport cells to the area to initiate healing. The damaged cells are removed and the body begins to put new collagen in the area of injury. This phase is initiated immediately after...
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...Perfusion : Perfusion is the process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed in itsbiological tissue. The word is derived from the French verb "perfuser" meaning to "pour over or through"[3]. Tests verifying that adequate perfusion exists are a part of a patient's assessment process that are performed by medical or emergency personnel. The most common methods include evaluating a body's skin color, temperature, condition and capillary refill. Perfusionists employ artificial blood pumps to propel open-heart surgery patients' blood through their body tissue, replacing the function of the heart while the cardiac surgeon operates. When a patient's blood is continuously removed and returned through plastic tubing to allow...
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...Atherosclerosis and its effects on the structure and function of blood vessels Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) is a condition commonly linked with poor diet. Atherosclerosis takes effect when fatty deposits and cholesterol begin to build up in the arterial walls and as a result begin to narrow the passage of blood flow through the artery. When plaque begins to build up in substantial amounts it can result in the complete blockage of the artery/arteries which can be detrimental to health and will be shown by symptoms throughout the body. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the deposition of athermanous plaques which damage, calcify and harden the walls of large to medium sized arteries. As a result blood pressure is increased due to the narrowing/partial blocking of the arteries which can cause cells in blood known as platelets (whose primary function is to clot and prevent bleeding in the event of blood vessel breaks) to stack upon one another which will form a blood clot in the artery, resulting in prevention of blood flow to the vital organs which may result in a heart attack, stroke or death. Common diseases related to Atherosclerosis include, Cardiovascular Disease (When plaque builds up in the coronary arteries effecting the direct blood flow to the heart) Carotid Artery Disease (when plaque builds up in the carotid arteries which supply blood and oxygen to the brain) Peripheral Artery Disease (When plaque builds up in the major arteries of the legs...
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...Isha Kaba Isha Kaba Homestatics Homestatics Contents Introduction 2 Homeostasis 3 Body Temperature 3 Blood Sugar level 3 Water Content 3 Negative Feedback 4 Figure1: flow chart Negative feed back 4 How the body regulates its temperature 4 Conditions: 5 Hot Temperature 5 Cold Temperature 5 The Skin and its function in temperature regulation 5 Figure 2: Downward position of hair. Figure 3: upright position of hair 6 The Brain as a Device for temperature control 6 Figure 4: Hypothalamus 6 Heart rate increase during exercise 7 Temperature 7 Cold 7 Hot 7 Process 7 Vasoconstriction 7 Vasodilation 7 Arterioles 7 Narrows 7 widens 7 Blood flow in skin capillaries 7 Dissipation of heat from the body 7 Reduction 7 Increases 7 Table 1 7 How blood glucose is regulated 8 Table 2 9 Figure 7 9 Reference 9 Introduction Maintaining the body temperature and other related mechanisms sustaining life is essential because the body needs to be in perfect equilibrium. The term equilibrium can be simplified as the stated in which all forces are kept in a balanced state and tis can also be related to the human body. This report is based on the study of the human body and its control system in keeping it at perfect equilibrium hence scientifically termed Homeostasis. Homeostasis Homeostasis can be defined as the body’s ability to maintain a constant internal environment. The internal environment...
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...Group 3 Respiratory System * Consists of organs responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream and for expelling the waste product carbon dioxide. * Air passes from the nose or mouth via various respiratory passages, to millions of balloons like sacs, the alveoli in the lungs. Respiration -term for the processes by which oxygen reaches body cells and is utilized by them in metabolism bywhich carbon dioxide is eliminated. Parts of the Respiratory System * Nose-The uppermost part of the respiratory tract bearing the nostrils, the outer opening for entrance of air and the organ of smell. Functions of the Nose: * Organ of Smell * Protecting the Lungs * It is also a resonator Parts of the Nose: * Nasal Septum- is the central partition inside the nose that divides it into two cavities, the right and left passages called fossae. * Nasal Cavity- a sticky mucous membrane lines the nasal cavity and traps dust particles. * Nose Hairs- hairs at the entrance to the nose trap the large inhaled particles. * Internal Nares- posterior opening connected to the pharynx. * Facial Sinuses- these are air spaces in the bones of the skull which communicate with nasal cavities and make it lighter. * Sinusitis- the inflammation of the membrane lining the facial sinuses caused by infection. * Rhinoplasty- an operation that alters the structure of the nose to improve its appearance or to correct a deformity caused...
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...for pumping blood throughout blood vessel via continuous rhythmic contractions. It exists in all living things having a circulatory system (Maton, 1993). Function of the Heart The right ventricle The right ventricle is the pumping chamber of the pulmonary circuit. The mechanism of the right ventricle is that, deoxygenated blood flows to the right atrium from veins that are in the body then to the right ventricle via tricuspid valve. Thereafter, blood is transferred to the right ventricle in diastole. During this period, a process known as systole occurs. During ventricle contraction, blood transfers from the right ventricle via pulmonic value to main pulmonary artery that is the only artery in the body, which carries deoxygenated blood. From this process, blood flows to the right and left pulmonary arteries. This blood then becomes oxygenated via capillaries found in the lungs then the blood moves to pulmonary veins and then to the left part of the heart. When blood moves out of the left part of the heart, it moves systematically to the veins, where it gets back to the right atrium, and repeats again. In the pulmonary circuit, blood absorbs up oxygen from the lungs while, in the systemic circuit, the oxygenated blood is dispersed to body tissues. Gas exchange within the lungs Gas exchange within the lungs involves the distribution of oxygen from the lungs into the bloodstream while, eliminating Carbon dioxide from the blood stream through the lungs. This process in the lungs...
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...body. This means that the body works constantly to prevent large fluctuations in temperature, blood sugar levels, water content of blood, acidity of the blood, amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the blood, the level of hormones in the blood, the heart rate and the activity of pathogens. b) Excretion Excretion means the removal of waste products that have resulted from chemical (metabolic) reactions within the body. c) Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration is the process of separating the blood into molecules of different sizes under pressure in the kidneys. d) Selective Re-absorption This is the re-absorption of various substances in different amounts in the kidney tubule. e) Endotherm Humans are endotherms, which means that they generate heat from inside. Endotherms use heat from chemical reactions in its cells to warm its body. 2) The diagram shows a simple diagram of the kidney tubule (nephron). a) What are the parts labelled X, Y and Z? X – Glomerulus Y – Bowman’s capsule Z – Loop of Henle b) Four places in the nephron and its blood supply are labelled A, B, C and D. Which of the four substances are found at each of these four places? Water - B Urea - D Glucose - A Salt - C 3) The hormone ADH controls the amount of water removed from the blood by the kidneys. Write a short description of the action of ADH in a person who has lost a lot...
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...Ever since Richard W. Eckstein reported evidence of anastomoses, or the fusion of previously detached blood vessels in the body, researchers have sought to explain the exact mechanisms that allow this phenomenon to occur (Eckstein, 1957). When a patient experiences ischemia, there is often a biological response to deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardial region being cut-off through an alternate pathway by means of collateral circulation, or more specifically in this case, coronary collateral circulation. If this alternate route did not exist, the cardiac tissue would die (Seiler, 2003). New blood vessels can be formed from preexisting ones in collateral circulation pathways through the process of angiogenesis. It is thought that in order...
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...1 INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces the literature survey related to the influence of acceleration on the pulsatile blood flow and the characteristics of blood and the main handling is the effected of external body acceleration to the flow of blood in the human artery, showing the results that gained and considering the conclusions revealed from those studies. In the normal situation, blood flow in the human blood vessels based on the normal functioning of heart. The heart pump produce the pressure gradient throughout the blood vessel. This consist of two components, one is constant or non-fluctuating and the other is fluctuating or pulsatile. (V.K.SUD AND G.S.SEKHON) The pulsatile flow...
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...barrage of injuries and diseases throughout our nation. Among those resources that are becoming scarce is blood. Blood donations have saved many lives and continue to be a vital part of lifesaving measures daily. Scarcity of Resources Influences this Market “New regulatory requirements for donor eligibility challenge blood centers to recruit and retain enough donors. This study evaluated correlations between overall satisfaction with the donation process and donor demographics and the effect of both on a donor’s intent to return (Nguyen, 2008).” Due to these regulatory changes the blood donations supply has began to dwindle down and jeopardizing the health and well being of many injured patients. Blood donations have always been on a volunteer basis with no incentive other than goodwill offered. Due to the shortage, the stakeholders, including patients, physicians and researchers and donation management teams, are being forced to other solutions or alternatives. The patients are being forced to either donate their own blood and keeping it stored at blood banks for future need or having family members donated as needed. Physicians are forced to try to use cell saver machinery to try to conserve the blood being lost during surgery, which is not always successful enough to save enough blood for life saving efforts and research teams are forced to use other synthetic blood products for research methods. The donation teams are also forced to offer incentives, such as gifts...
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...in the human body requires an uninterrupted oxygen-rich blood supply to function properly. Heart receives this through coronary arteries. When a coronary artery is blocked it stops the oxygen-rich blood from flowing into one part of the heart. The section with interrupted blood flow slowly begins to die, and the damage keeps increasing with the delay in the process of treatment. The symptoms of heart attack can either occur immediately or might take few hours or weeks...
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...function. The heart pumps about 2,000 gallons of blood each day to transport oxygen and nutrients to cells who need it to function ("Your Heart and Blood Vessels."). The process of the formation of new blood cells is hematopoiesis. During this process, new blood cells are made at a rate equal to the amount of cells being destroyed. Red blood cells need to be replaced because they have a limited lifespan of around 120 days (Lichtin). Most blood cells are produced in bone marrow. These cells include white blood cells, red blood cells,...
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