...The twentieth century saw numerous scenes of genocide, for example, the circumstances in Rwanda and Cambodia. While both are sad, these two cases are altogether different. The distinctions incorporated the day and age; one occurring over days, and the other over years. Additionally, the objectives of the killings, with the savagery concentrated on either political or ethnic adversaries. The leader of the genocide was also different, one led by the head of the government, and the other by an entire ethnic group. In addition, the goals and methods used differed as well. In Cambodia, the genocide was driven by the communist government, once Pol Pot had seized control and occurred between 1975 to 1979. His vision for Cambodia's future was an agrarian culture, with everybody chipping away at shared ranches. The slaughtering was coordinated not really against one ethnic gathering, but rather more against individuals that contradicted the Khmer Rouge's transformation. This included potential or real political adversaries,...
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...WAR CRIME AND GENOCIDE A war crime refers to the serious violation of the laws and customs of war (also known as international humanitarian law) giving rise to individual criminal responsibility. It also includes grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict and in conflicts "not of an international character" listed in the Rome Statute, when they are committed as part of a plan or policy or on a large scale. These prohibited acts include: * murder; * mutilation, cruel treatment and torture; * taking of hostages; * intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population; * intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science or charitable purposes, historical monuments or hospitals; * pillaging; * rape, sexual slavery, forced pregnancy or any other form of sexual violence; * conscripting or enlisting children under the age of 15 years into armed forces or groups or using them to participate actively in hostilities. The use of chemical and biological weapons in warfare are also prohibited by numerous chemical arms control agreements and the Biological Weapons Convention. Wearing enemy uniforms or civilian clothes to infiltrate enemy lines for espionage or sabotage missions is a legitimate ruse of war, though fighting in combat or assassinating individuals, even if they are military targets, behind enemy...
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...Many of previous genocides shown ineffectiveness of UN peacekeepers. UN peacekeepers failed to prevent genocides such as in Rwanda, Srebrenica an Darfur (Vermeulen & Grünfeld, 2009). Rwanda genocide is considered “to be the fastest, most efficient killing spree of the twentieth century” (Power, 2011 para 1). Rwandan Civil War was a conflict between two ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsis populations (BBC News, 2011). There has always been tension between these ethnic groups in Rwanda. Death of the Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana sparked the civil war and genocide in Rwanda (BBC news, 2011). During Rwanda civil war, “800,000 Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu” were killed within 100 days (Power, 2011, para 1). During the Rwanda civil...
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...As the Genocide Convention of 1951 states, the twentieth century was named the “century of genocide” because of the high number of genocides during that time period. They also state that genocide is a mass slaughter with the intent to destroy/exterminate, in a whole or a part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group of people. For the main purpose of this presentation, the Holocaust, the Rwandan genocide and the Armenian genocide will be the three genocides of the 20th century that will help determine the causes of modern genocide by investigating these three events as case studies. There are various reasons why genocide has occurred and it is mostly due to a combination of circumstances that leads to genocide. This presentation will...
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...Genocide - as defined by the Oxford Dictionary: The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular nation or ethnic group. Date: 6 April 1994 Site: Presidential Palace Gardens, Kigali Passengers: 9 Crew: 3 Fatalities: Everyone on the plane Aircraft Type: Dassault Falcon 50 Destination: Burundi … Not reached The surface-to-air missile struck one of the wings of the Dassault Falcon, before a second missile hit its tail. The plane erupted into flames in mid-air before crashing into the garden of the Presidential Palace. Nobody claimed responsibility for this attack. Extremists are believed to be behind the attack. But, Marc Doyle, a BBC News correspondent noted that the identities of the assassins “could turn...
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...The Holocaust was a mad murder of Jews under the German Nazi rule during 1933-45. The Bangladesh genocide was the deliberate and systematic destruction, in a whole or in a part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group. The Holocaust and Bangladesh genocide are similar and different. The Holocaust and Bangladesh genocide are similar and different in three different ways; lives lost, ethnic identities, and the effect it had after. The Holocaust started on January 30th, 1933 and ended May 8th, 1945. The Nazi were the ones responsible for this tragedy. The victims of these concentration camps were, Jews, slaves, ethnic poles of color, disabled or mentally ill, homosexuals, Jehovah's witnesses, and Spanish republicans. Anyone who was...
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...shook Rwanda and the world in 1994, there have been many attempts to explain, or at least understand, the nature of the human tragedy known as the Rwandan genocide. Most accounts describe how two rival ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi, were engaged in a bitter dispute culminating in 1994. During a period of less than three months, widespread torture and brutality resulted in 500,000 to 800,000 (mainly Tutsi) deaths.[1] After over three years of civil war following an invasion of mainly Tutsi refugees from neighbouring Burundi, a series of negotiations resulted in the adoption of the Arusha accord, which called for the eventual sharing of power between the invaders (known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF) and the former regime of Hutu President Juvénal Habyarimana, and his party, the Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND). The widespread killings, mainly committed by the interahamwe, a group of Hutu extremist militias, began after the plane carrying President Habyarimana was shot down on the night of April 6, 1994. In the months that followed, the international community essentially turned a blind eye to the bloody massacre that was to unfold in the Rwandan anarchy. It seems no overstatement to portray the Rwandan genocide of 1994 as a “failure of humanity,” to use the words of the commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), Canadian General Roméo Dallaire.[2] There is a distinct danger, however, of oversimplifying Rwanda as a case...
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...TREDTWO FINALS 1. Evil may not necessarily be a sin, because different people have different perceptions of evil. What we may pertain as evil is not actually against the will of God. For example, we didn’t do anything to help in the relief operations for the victims of the recent typhoon. It may seem evil that we didn’t help them especially if we are not affected by the typhoon at all. We deprived them from the help they needed. Another example is smoking. Smokers deprive themselves from having good health. Smoking can be seen as something evil, but in reality we’re not doing anything against God’s commandments. Sin is always evil, because we do things that are against God’s commandments, which is the basis of being good. Corruption is a good example of this, because we’re stealing from our neighbors. Another example is disobeying your parents and answering back to them. These two situations can be seen as something evil. Corruption deprives the people from the benefits that they are entitled to for the taxes that they are paying. The second situation deprives our parents from the respect that they deserve. These situations are also sins, because they violate the Ten Commandments of God, which is the basis of what is really good. 2. The free will of human beings is not the root cause of sin. It is separation from God that causes sin. Free will is a characteristic. It is the ability to survive and adapt in a dynamic creation. Every human being has this feature, to the extent...
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...American Passivity: Rwanda Genocide Genocide is a crime on a different scale to all other crimes against humanity, and it implies an intention to completely exterminate the chosen group; genocide is therefore the greatest of the crimes against humankind. The massacres that transpired in Rwanda less than four years ago possess every quality attributed to the ramifications of genocide. There, in the clearest case of genocide since Hitler, a vast slaughter occurred which claimed the lives of more that 800,000 Rwandans. This genocide is probably the greatest and gravest crime against humanity in the second half of the twentieth-century; and no group whether foreign or indigenous executed enough force to prevent this from occurring. The United States stood by and watched the horrific events unfold. The Clinton administration, facing what was the clearest case of genocide in 50 years, responded by downplaying the crisis diplomatically and impeding effective intervention by U.N. forces to stop the killing. A great crime against humanity did exist through the individual tortures, rapes, and slaughters of the Rwandans; but, hidden in all of the turmoil and rage, was the crime of passivity and evasion in the United States’ response towards all of the crimes and suffering. One million Rwandan civilians were left for dead, but that could have been significantly reduced with the initial intervention and aide of the U.S. government. Rwanda has been subjected to a number of historical...
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...The Solution to Ethnic and Racial Civil Conflict Jacqueline Zhang GOVT 150W Introduction to International Politics Introduction Within a period of three months in 1994, an estimated five to eight hundred thousand people were killed as a result of civil war and genocide in Rwanda. Large numbers were physically and psychologically afflicted for life through maiming, rape and other trauma; over two million fled to neighboring countries and maybe half as many became internally displaced within Rwanda. This human suffering was and is incomprehensible. Similar ethnic and racial civil conflicts have deeply scarred countries and are threatening to break out in many places around the globe. Too much blood has been shed for ethnic and racial causes and too many have died in ethnic and racial wars. In accordance to the constructivist model of nationalism, identity (re)construction solves ethnic and racial civil conflict. Definition For the purpose of demonstrating how identity (re)construction solves ethnic and racial civil conflicts, “solve” can be defined as 1) to explain and 2) to put an end to, settle. In addition, “explain” means to make clear the cause, origin or reason of. Furthermore, an ethnicity is a population of human beings whose members identify with each other, on the basis of a real or a presumed common genealogy or ancestry. The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics...
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...Humanitarian intervention is a label that has been employed to describe economic to military intervention. The main types of intervention include military, diplomatic, developmental and economic sanction. Mill’s (1859) stated that "There seems to be no little need that the whole doctrine of non-interference with foreign nations should be reconsidered, if it can be said to have as yet been considered as a really moral question at all... To go to war for an idea, if the war is aggressive, not defensive, is as criminal as to go to war for territory or revenue; for it is as little justifiable to force our ideas on other people, as to compel them to submit to our will in any other respect”. This essay will demonstrate how humanitarian intervention efforts are not reaching the goals that are needed to properly aid the disadvantaged nations in developing nations. Economic humanitarian intervention emerged at the end of the Second World War. Historically, it is apparent that foreign aid was used explicitly to prevent the expansion of communism during the Cold War, and not solely to help those in need. It can be argued that humanitarian intervention has done more harm than good to the nations. Northern/ Western countries have enriched themselves from their unequal relation with Southern either under colonialism or under the trading system, which has the Southern nations paying more towards their ongoing debt and receiving an irrelevant amount of foreign aid to help assist these nations...
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...Genocide Foundations Name Institution Affiliation Date Genocide Foundations Introduction Over the years, genocide studies receive positive and negative influences from both the cultural and political contexts. The two contexts have extensively influenced the view of genocide. The major view of genocide is that it is a domestic occurrence of states. On a literal perspective, various authors have contributed to the subject of genocide. The assignment looks to extensively explore the foundations of genocide based on book reviews. The paper will provide an in-depth analysis and reviews of three books on genocide, What is Genocide by Martin Shaw, Centuries of Genocide by Totten and On the nature of genocidal intent by Campbell. Shaw, M. (2007). What is Genocide? Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN: 0745631827. Martin Shaw’s takes up the subject of defining genocide in all contexts. Through the book, What is Genocide, Shaw seeks to address two major issues related to genocide definition. • Unchanging definition of genocide • Reasons and need for changing definition of genocide Modern comprehension of the genocide ideology arises from a historical and contemporary viewpoint. It is evident over the years that the definition of genocide has undergone minimal change. In the book, the author offers key reasons for the unchanging definition of genocide while at the same time offering major reasons...
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...Dante Powell 1st Paper January 27, 2014 History 231 - Genocide Dr. Thomas Porter “What is Genocide?” The term genocide has been one of the most used terms in many on-going debates since the early 20th century. The Holocaust, which took place during World War II, is one of the most common cases of acts of genocide and is a main reason why the term genocide exists. Other widely known cases of genocide are the Rwandan genocide and the Armenian genocide. The question, however, that many historians and those with interests in genocide ask, is exactly what is genocide? Since first being “coined” by Raphael Lemkin, there have been several different definitions of the term. It is these different versions of a description of genocide that have led people to try to figure out what the correct form of the definition should be and how we can use it to try and prevent it from happening. When considering genocide and what it is, one must define it containing three aspects. A definition of genocide must have a mode, an object, and an actor. Initially, I would describe genocide as the intended mass killing of a specific group of people by another party for a desired result. However, there are problems with this definition. This definition is vague as it does not specify a type of reason behind the action being performed. If someone is to commit genocide, there must be a particular reason why an act as violent as this should be committed. Also, the definition does not say why the...
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...SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE THABA TSHWANE THE CAUSES AND DYNAMICS OF CONFLICT IN CENTRAL AFRICA By Ms C. Auret November 2009 This research paper was written by a programme member attending the South African National Defence College in fulfilment of one of the requirements of the Executive National Security Programme 20/09. The paper is a scholastic document and this contains facts and opinions which the author alone considered appropriate and correct for subject. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of any agency, including the South African Government or Department of Defence. This paper may not be released, quoted or copied except with the express permission of the Department of Defence. INDEX |HEADING |PAGE | | | | | | | |Abstract……………………………………………………………………………… |3 | |Introduction………………………………………………………………………….. |3 | |Historical Review of Conflict in Central Africa ……………………………...
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...The personality position in scientific history encompasses the thought that each individual shapes the course of our history, and their inventions are exclusively their own therefore impacting and changing our world as the year’s progress. This thought if frequently trusted upon and viewed to be without a shadow of a doubt correct. When we research the past, if it is frequently done all we realize is incredible personalities thought of these single extraordinary thoughts and the world was never the same again. We also learn that these individuals held the sole obligation of changing the world. This attitude toward history is considered to be epic in light of the fact that incredible researchers are given a huge measure of acknowledgment for their discoveries. The personality position is also called the "Extraordinary Man" theory (Jones, 2011, p. 67). The naturalistic position communicates one's perspective as to the way of "reality". It is the view that this present reality in the real world is made up of elements which are interrelated to the point that one section definitely impacts alternate parts. To comprehend this present reality, the parts can't be separated however; the parts must be inspected in the context of the world. It is basically a logical phenomenon separated from a consistent positivistic perspective of the truth of world. It alludes to the request that utilize immediate contact in the middle of investigators and performers in the circumstances as a method...
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