...actions children can observe and imitate aggressive behaviours. Bandura believes that aggressive behaviour in children is influenced by models and media. As a result colleagues of Bandura and Bandura himself created the experiment: “The Bobo Doll Experiment”. Bandura’s hypothesis is the connection between aggressive modeling and aggressive behaviour in children, fitting with his views on social learning. Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a further way of stating a question (Galenza, 2013). Moreover, a hypothesis is the relationship between variables and predictions on what the answer to the question is going to result in. Bandura has more than one prediction in the “Bobo Doll Experiment”. He had four predictions: he predicted that children who were exposed to model aggressive behaviour would imitate that same aggression when the model was no longer present, he predicted that children who were exposed to a non-aggressive environment would imitate aggressive behaviour when the model was no longer present, he predicted that children would most likely imitate models of same sex instead of opposite sex, and his final prediction was boys would behave more aggressive than girls would (Cherry, 2013). In order to answer his predictions Bandura needed to perform an experiment....
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...Describe and evaluate social explanations for aggression (16 + 8 marks) There are a number of different theories which offer explanations for aggression. These include social psychological explanations and biological explanations. Some of the social explanations are social learning theory and deindividuation. Social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura and is based on the behaviourist approach that our aggressive behaviour is learnt. He proposed that it is similar to operant conditioning where learning takes place due to observation and imitation. H explains that modelling has an influential role on the manner of the aggression, as if role models are seen t be aggressive this encourages those who observe them to exert similar behaviour. He also explains that vicarious learning takes place which is indirect rewarding of behaviour. AN example of this would include a child observing another child hitting someone in order to get the toy they desired. A number of factors influence the aggression levels learnt and shown in individuals, one of which is self-efficacy. This refers to the ability to perform the aggressive act, thus we are only likely to be aggressive if it is likely that we will succeed! Other characteristics of models influence whether someone will imitate behaviour, as if they have high power and status or are similar to he individual then this is likely to increase imitation. Therefore violence in the media is an increasing problem in the world today. ...
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...Should professional sports people (such as AFL footballers, national cricketers) be role models? In this context, consider the role of observational and social learning, and what role they are modeling. Make sure that you primarily address psychological rather than sociological aspects of being a role model. Sport has always been a fundamental principle of Australian Society. The social and cultural roles of sport have provided Australians with unity as well as a sense of patriotism. Our interest in sport has not only contributed to expanding our “national consciousness” but was also a factor towards federation in 1901 (Cashman, 2003). Currently, almost 70 per cent of Australians engage in some form of sporting activity every week (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2012) and through this our passion towards sport has even extended to an elite level. Within Australia there is a considerably large football culture, where “thousands of Australians descend on football stadiums” to support their respective teams (Australian Government, 2008). Of these codes the most “loyal and dedicated fans” are those devoted to Australian Rules Football (AFL) (Australian Government, 2008) and their devotion also spreads to those who play it. Due to the physical and social benefits that sport has on young Australians, the negative consequences which may arise due to them idolizing sports men and women, are quite often overlooked. In most cases, young boys view sportsmen such as AFL players...
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...environmental influences. Everyone and everything around us has an impact on how we all behave. Bandura particularly focused on how aggression progresses in children. Bandura says that childrens behaviour is influenced and learned by observing whats going on around them in the environment that they are in. Children also observe the way people behave around others and are influenced by them in good ways and bad ways, this is shown by the bobo doll experiment. Children are especially influenced by the role models in this society, at first they will observe everything they do such as their behaviour and further down the line they will start to copy what they do and reinact it themselves. Sometimes this could be a good thing sometime this could be a bad thing. He also looks at how we are affected by the rewards and punishments that we experience every day. Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. Bobo Doll study - Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) In 1961, psychologist, Albert Bandura set up an experiment to see if social behaviours such as aggression could be picked up by observation and imitation; he tested 36 boys and 36 girls from the Stanford University Nursery...
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...Albert Bandura had a theory of learning called the Social Learning Theory. The Social Learning Theory is a theory in which people learn through observing other people and their actions and reactions. (Woolfolk). Psychology cannot tell people how they ought to live their lives,. It can however, provide them with the means for effecting personal and social change.” (Bandura)"Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do.” (Cherry) Bandura performed an experiment with a doll. This famous Bobo doll experiment was observations by children of adults being aggressive with a doll. In turn, the children were observed being aggressive with the doll also. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory identifies three basic models of observational learning. The first model is a live model which is a person performing an observable behavior. A second model is a verbal model which is behaviors described and explained by a person. The third model is a symbolic model which shows humans or fake beings performing certain behaviors in T.V programs, movies, books or online. (Cherry). Observational learning is not always an effective observation due to the many people involved. This theory involves both the model and the learner (Cherry). The Social Learning Theory has four components: paying attention, retaining information or impressions, producing behaviors, and being motivated to...
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...the most impactful in young children, up to fourteen years of age, as they are less capable of complex and independent thought; this is according to a study that investigated at which age the amygdala, a portion of the brain dominating control over emotions, becomes more sensitive: “the amygdala undergoes massive changes in functional processing during adolescence, increasing in responsiveness to social stimuli” (Telzer et al. 275). For example, Chad, a young man who was raised to be prejudiced effectively said that those in his life would speak negatively of minorities: in fact, his dad stated “that we had his permission to kill a Black…I heard this constantly” (Lefkoe 2). Another example lies in the relatively famous, unprofessional experiment conducted in an elementary-school classroom led by Jane Elliot the day after Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination, during which the blue-eyed students were regarded as higher and the brown-eyed as inferior through Elliot’s coaching, cheers, and degrading remarks: “[The blue-eyed children] became mean-spirited and seemed to like discriminating against the ‘inferior’ group” (“A Class Divided: Introduction” 1). Although this spell of taught prejudice did not last long, it continues to serve as a remarkable example of how easily adults can mold the minds of the young. Therefore, by simply telling a young person regarding one’s beliefs, it is all too possible to embed negativity. Next, the environment as a whole easily molds a person’s belief...
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...forces. The behaviour shown by individuals during this theory of aggression is often referred to as modelling or observational learning; this is a form of vicarious experience. It is believed that humans are not born as aggressive individuals so the acts of aggression can only be acquired through direct experience and the observation of others. The behaviourists’ explanation emphasises on reinforcement. This is when certain behaviour is rewarded, encouraging it to be repeated and learned. Aggression that is associated with a reward is likely to be learned. Bandura et al (The Bobo doll) tested this theory of aggression and found that children who observed a model behaving aggressively towards a doll were likely to carry out the same behaviour when allowed to interact with the doll. His findings found that when left alone with the doll children would even improvise their own aggressive actions towards the doll. This behaviour was more commonly shown when the adult’s aggressive behaviour was rewarded; this supports the claim that rewards influence the likelihood of imitation. This study can be criticised based on two factorsthe lack of ecological validity and demand characteristics. The children participating in this study may have been aware of what the study required of them, also it is difficult to generalise the findings as the study took place in a lab which makes...
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...knowing one way of living. The psychological theories prove that early stages of moral and cognitive developments in behaviors down the line. All behaviors we observe are not always learned or carried out, each determines on the rewards of the behaviors. The three core concepts of the Social Learning concept are, the idea that people learn through observation, secondly that the idea that internal mental state are essential part of the process. Finally, this concept recognizes that just because you learn the behaviors you do not necessarily have to change your behaviors. As we study the three concepts, we can break down the steps to figuring out how it all pertains to the human behaviors Observational Learning In Bandura Bobo doll experiment, he demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviors they...
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...imitation. Strengths The experiment method that was used was precise controlled of variables. The variables were controlled are such as gender, time that the children observed this model and the behavior of the model among others. Strength of this model is that experiments can be replicated of the experiments. Instructions and standardized procedures were used which allows replicability. (Bandura, 1963 has replicated with changes using videos and results were found similar) Experiments are only means where cause and effect can be established. This gives room to demonstrate if the model had effect on a child to his/her subsequent behaviors since all the variables apart from the independent variables are controlled. Weaknesses Low ecological validity. Many psychologists have criticized laboratory studies on imitation. Because the model involves the child and the adult model and this is a very limited in social situations. The child has no interaction with the model and this makes it impossible to influence the model. And also the child and the model are strangers. Another criticism of this study is that demonstrations are measured immediately. Long-term effects cannot be discovered with such single exposure. The experiment also sounds unethical we don’t know whether the children suffered long-term consequences or not as a result of this study 2. Children behavior were used to demonstrate this model by doing experiment (bobo doll experiment) which was to establish...
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...PSYC 201 Week 8 Final Exam Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/psyc-201-week-8-final-exam/ Answer the test questions thoroughly, substantively and in narrative format (in paragraphs and complete sentences; lists, sentence fragments and bulleted items are not permitted). Base each answer on an assigned reading from the weekly course Lessons. Answers may range from 100 to 300 words with some requiring more detail and longer lengths and some requiring less. Quoting is not permitted. All answers must be paraphrased (which means restating what you read in your own words). Question 1 of 12 20.0 Points Describe what the field of social psychology focuses on and seeks to understand through research and the related questions that it endeavors to answer. Question 2 of 12 20.0 Points Compare and contrast the social psychology constructs of social perception and self-perception. Include in your answer the key concepts of at least two theories from our readings related to each construct. Question 3 of 12 20.0 Points Describe factors which contribute to a strong attitude-behavior relationship. Question 4 of 12 20.0 Points Explain the differences in thoughtful and spontaneous processing and the benefits of targeting messages toward each type. Question 5 of 12 20.0 Points Describe three methods of preventing persuasion. Question 6 of 12 20.0 Points Differentiate the forming, norming, storming and adjourning stages of group development. Question...
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...psychologist themselves. At the outset, researchers must obtain the informed consent all participants to encourage consensual agreement. However, some areas of the research are left untold due to validity of the outcome. Therefore, it can be claimed that it does not always occur. The participants must have a debrief at the end of research to have a good frame of mind and to remove any worries with sense of dignity and views. For example, subjects of Milgram (1963) were offered a good aftercare indicating no further harm to all learners. Researches must ensure participant are protected to avoid causing distress. However, this has not always been the case in some researching. For example, It could be debated in Bandura et al. (1961)- Bobo Doll experiment. that aggression could have profound effect in the child’s life when it being learned. Ideally, there must be a degree of honesty to all participant about the actual research however some section of the research may be left untold. For example, craik and Tulving (1975), research about learning process-where subjects we not informed that they would be tested on their memory. Thus minor case of deception. All datas of participant must be kept confidential to protect participants’ identity as possible. However, some pseudonyms are sometimes used in psychology to maintain anonymity. for example,...
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...system which won him a Nobel prize but was later known for his research on learning. He researched classical conditioning which is when a subject learns to associate two stimuli together to anticipate events. He then went on to do studies of higher-order conditioning which is when a conditioned stimulus is paired with another neutral stimulus created making the third stimulus neutral but weaker than the first conditioned stimulus. He conducted his experiments with dogs and presented them with food and recorded how much they salivated with the food they were presented. Then they were presented with food again but before they received the food the dogs heard a tone, Pavlov recorded how much they salivated when they heard the tone. Pavlov kept on using the pattern in which they present the tone before food and soon the tone became a conditioned stimulus and the dogs began to salivate to the tone as though they were presented with the food. This showed how we can condition animals (including humans) to something. Then he did other experiments in which the conditioned stimulus was paired with a neutral stimulus which created a similar but weaker conditioned stimulus. This is used in real life when humans pair one smell and sight to a memory such the smell of freshly baked cookies at grandma’s house or a feeling such as sexual house. People begin to feel something when they see that object or smell the aroma, as though they were actually presented with something. John Watson founded...
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...result of direct reinforcement and indirect of various reinforcement. An example of this is a child observing another child being rewarded for a behaviour and then decides to imitate this behaviour. Indirect reinforcement is when a child in the audience watches a child receive a medal for winning in a match the child in the audience watches this and wants to do the same. ‘modelling’ is when someone is modelling out behaviour with no intention. This may be something simple such as a mother washing the dishes and her daughter watching this. The daughter has therefore learnt the behaviour and the mother is seen as the ‘model’. Research evidence for this was done by a psychologist called Bandura in 1961. he involved children and adults in his experiment. He experimented how the behaviour of adults can influence that of a child. He...
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...random experimental groups and one control group that was determined with the help of the staff ratings of the children’s current aggressive behavior to help limit extraneous variables. Some of the groups had same-sex models while the others had models of the opposite sex and the control group had no involvement with the models at all. The control group was only tested in the experimental rooms. The subjects were brought into a room and told to play with familiar toys at a table in the corner while the model was brought in to the opposite corner of the room to play with toys such as a tinker toy set, a mallet and a five foot inflatable Bobo doll. The aggressive models would start out playing with the tinker toy set but the aggressively hit, kick and use verbal aggression towards the doll. The non-aggressive models would ignore the Bobo doll and only play with the tinker toy set. While the subject is playing in his or her corner, they are observing such behavior from the models. After ten minutes, the experimenter would then take the subject...
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...Exam Essentials The Behaviourist Approach. Q1 a) State two assumptions of the behaviourist approach The behaviourists believe that all behaviour comes from learning as a result of interactions in the environment. One assumption of the behaviourist approach is that behaviour is affected by operant conditioning or learning by consequence. This means that if a person engages in a particular behaviour and is then rewarded (positively reinforced) in some way (the consequence is a good one or a pleasant one) then it is likely it will be repeated. Continuing to positively reinforce it will make it more permanent and it becomes learned. Punishment or negative reinforcement is likely to make behaviour less likely to be repeated and so it will not be continued. There are many examples of this in real life. For example giving house points or stars or sweets to a pupil who completes their m homework means they will be more likely to complete their homework because they are being rewarded for doing it. Another assumption of the behaviourist approach is that behaviour is learned through social modelling or imitation. This means that people learn how to behave in particular ways by observing and copying the behaviour of others. They particularly copy the behaviour of people who they admire (eg pop stars or footballers) or people who are close to them (brothers, sisters and parents). An example of this is small children copying their parents when learning to use a knife and fork...
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