...The rubber from a basketball is made of a large number of rubber strands that all attach at the ends. When the ball hits the floor the many strands become tightly packed by the downwards force (“Why do Rubber Balls Bounce?” n.d., p.1). When bouncing a basketball there is kinetic and potential energy. Kinetic energy has to do with motion. Potential energy is stored energy (“Basketball Bounce Best?” n.d., p.1). As a basketball descends towards the ground, the potential energy turns into kinetic energy (“Physics of Dribbling a Basketball” 2012, p.1). While dropping a basketball the potential energy is caused by its height above the ground. When hitting the floor the kinetic energy turns into sound or heat, causing the ball to temporarily flatten...
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...Simulation Model Analysis Bouncing Ball Model: Use of Zero-Crossing Detection 2012 Executive Summary In the system of a bouncing ball there are many factors which influence how the ball bounces. The 5 main components which affect how high the ball will bounce include the initial position of the ball, the initial velocity of the ball, the elasticity of the ball, the gravity of the selected area, and also the temperature of the material in which the ball was made from. These 5 major components of the basic system determine how high the ball bounces and how much energy was lost in the process of bouncing as well as allowing us to determine the relationship between these components and how each of these affects the overall system as a whole. However by changing these components of the system, it will dramatically change the overall results. In the system of a bouncing ball there already at secondary school level, illustrates Newton’s laws of motion and concepts of gravitational energy and kinetic energy with examples of objects dropped or thrown vertically and contains investigative activities about falling objects, the physics and mathematics. The fives main components which affect how high the ball will bounce they are initial position, the initial velocity, the elasticity, the gravity and the temperature of the material in which the ball was made from. These five major components of the basic system determine how high the ball bounces and how much energy...
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...thought about the physics behind the sport. When I was given the opportunity to plan and prepare my own investigation, I tried to seize the chance as much as possible by combining it with my hobby. I was curious if this experiment would give me new knowledge and improve my skills, or just confirm the information I have already gained during basketball practice. Background information That most balls bounces are something we learn from an early age, but why is that a universal phenomenon, why doesn’t the ball just stay on the ground when dropped? Physics, and especially the field...
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...Elasticity and Hooke’s Law: In physics, elasticity is the physical property of a material that returns to its original shape after the stress that made it deform is removed (Elasticity, para. 1). Elasticity was first studied in the late seventeenth century by the English scientist Robert Hooke (16351703). He made observations about elasticity using metal springs and eventually developed what is known as Hooke’s Law: The restoring force exerted by an elastic object is proportional to how far it has been distorted from its equilibrium state. Everything we associate with springs, has some place in the behavior of balls (Bloomfield, p.69). When a ball or a spring returns to its equilibrium state, it releases stored energy. Isaac Newton and the Law of Universal Gravitation: Isaac Newton (16431727) studied gravity and its effects on falling objects. He is most famous for the three laws of motion. Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every point mass attracts every single other point mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points. The earth’s gravity exerts a downward force on the ball, called the ball’s weight. Its weight causes the ball to accelerate downward (Bloomfield p. 10). Reasoning: What does elastic mean? When a rubber band gets stretched it returns to its original shape. What is something that is not elastic? When a piece of bubble gum gets stretched, it stays stretched. It does not return to its original shape. When a ball hits the floor, the energy...
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...Abstract Eight planets, fifty-eight moons, thousands of asteroids, and billions of meteoroids and comets and one dwarf planet named Pluto orbit the grand star, the Sun. Around and around they go. These planets and other object came from a huge explosion. The Big Bang Theory, which states that the universe began as a dense and hot point that was less than a fraction of an inch and has continued to evolve into what it is known as of today. The origin of the galaxy seems a mystery. But over time, the pieces of the puzzle are coming together. Scientists believe a supernova or star may have formed the universe. When the Earth first formed, it contained gasses which dissolved into the Earth’s molten planet. When this formation happened from the smaller bodies, these were called planetesimals. But not all planets are the same. The Jovian planets are shrouded by thick atmospheres that are rich in hydrogen and helium. These planets were formed away from the sun. A shooting star is what individuals think of when they see a vapor stream of dust and gas shooting across the sky. The sun helps make this spectacle possible and could be a reason why early astronomers were so curious about the skies. When an individual looks up at the night sky, he or she can get lost in the vast beauty. Who wouldn’t get mesmerized? Introduction Our solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets, the dwarf planet Pluto, fifty-eight moons, thousands of asteroids,...
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...Mysterious Places Mamyan Ann Our environment is full of magical, mystical, and mysterious places that defy explanation. There are treasures yet to be found, stone carvings we don't yet understand, and architectural feats to be explained. Even as we live in what we consider to be the most technologically advanced society in all history, there are currently no air-tight explanations for most of the true wonders of our planet and beyond. The Great Pyramids of Egypt are the oldest structures on earth, contain compelling evidence of a civilization far more advanced than ours, and most likely existed thousands of years before the great flood. With their original exteriors, they could probably be seen from the moon. The Mayan Civilization left behind incredible structures containing precise calculations and prophecies regarding the exact date of end of the world........Do you know that date? A site being studied on the side of Mt. Ararat in Turkey may be the remains of the Biblical Noah's Ark. Scientists are currently quietly investigating a site off the western tip of Cuba that some say may be part of the lost city of Atlantis. We know less about the bottom of our own seas than we do about outer space. There is a form on the surface of Mars that strongly appears to resemble an Egyptian face carving. Is there a link? These are just a few of the many fascinating and mysterious places we intend to visit on these pages. From sunken...
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...[pic] |TERM PAPER | |MODERN PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS | | | | | | | |COSMIC RAYS AND ITS EFFECTS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...
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...LARES 'mirror ball' sat will test Einstein's theory For similar stories, visit the Solar System , Spaceflight and Cosmology Topic Guides You don't have to be big to challenge Einstein. A pocked ball just 36 centimetres wide is the latest space probe tasked with measuring general relativity, one of the cornerstones of modern physics. The Laser Relativity Satellite, or LARES, is a tungsten sphere with reflectors mounted in 92 holes punched into its surface. It is due to launch from Kourou, French Guiana, on a new Eu ropean Space Agency rocket called Vega, designed to cheaply launch payloads of less than 2500 kilograms. The launch window opens on 13 February. LARES's orbit will be tracked by bouncing ground-based lasers off the reflectors. General relativity states that gravity arises from the curvature of space and time. If this is true, Earth should drag space-time around with it as it spins, slightly perturbing the orbits of satellites. Though general relativity is the accepted theory of gravity, it might break down if measured with greater accuracy. The beleaguered Gravity Probe B satellite achieved an accuracy within 19 per cent of the expected orbit change; earlier satellites got within 10 per cent. Researchers hope to achieve 1 per cent with LARES, built by the Italian Space Agency. Expect to see more launches from the Kourou spaceport, which is ESA-owned, in future. Vega is due to launch an experimental ESA craft in 2014 to test technologies – such as a heat shield...
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...NFL Player Safety and the Effects of Concussions An increasingly popular topic in the realm of sports fans has begun to unravel. The National Football League recently has begun to introduce new rules and regulations for their athletes to start abiding by to ensure the continued safety of the player’s health. Although most find this change in the game of professional football as a positive step forward, others see this as a diminishment of the sanctity of NFL football. New rules and regulations that have been introduced into NFL are vital to athletes involved in the sport and help them to play with lowered risks of long term injuries that could possibly affect not only them but also the league in the future as well. The reasons for these changes of rules in the NFL come from various points of emphasis. Legal actions taken by former NFL athletes have plagued the league and its reputation as of late, prompting this proactive approach to reduce the risk of long term effects on players. With all of the legal actions being performed on the NFL some felt that these changes that needed to happen would solely be kick started because of the legal aspect of it as represented by this quote, “"I don't think it'll be driven by public opinion, but by lawyers and insurance companies," David Meggyesy, who played linebacker for the St. Louis Cardinals in the nineteen-sixties.” (McGrath, 2011). One of the main concerns by the NFL is the long term affects that concussions have been shown to have...
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...Introductory Physics I Elementary Mechanics by Robert G. Brown Duke University Physics Department Durham, NC 27708-0305 rgb@phy.duke.edu Copyright Notice Copyright Robert G. Brown 1993, 2007, 2013 Notice This physics textbook is designed to support my personal teaching activities at Duke University, in particular teaching its Physics 141/142, 151/152, or 161/162 series (Introductory Physics for life science majors, engineers, or potential physics majors, respectively). It is freely available in its entirety in a downloadable PDF form or to be read online at: http://www.phy.duke.edu/∼rgb/Class/intro physics 1.php It is also available in an inexpensive (really!) print version via Lulu press here: http://www.lulu.com/shop/product-21186588.html where readers/users can voluntarily help support or reward the author by purchasing either this paper copy or one of the even more inexpensive electronic copies. By making the book available in these various media at a cost ranging from free to cheap, I enable the text can be used by students all over the world where each student can pay (or not) according to their means. Nevertheless, I am hoping that students who truly find this work useful will purchase a copy through Lulu or a bookseller (when the latter option becomes available), if only to help subsidize me while I continue to write inexpensive textbooks in physics or other subjects. This textbook is organized for ease of presentation and ease of learning. In particular, they are...
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...PHYSIC AL CONSTANTS CONSTANT Speed of light Elementary charge Electron mass Proton mass Gravitational constant Permeability constant Permittivity constant Boltzmann’s constant Universal gas constant Stefan–Boltzmann constant Planck’s constant Avogadro’s number Bohr radius SYMBOL c e me mp G m0 P0 k R s h 15 2p"2 NA a0 THREE-FIGURE VALUE 3.003108 m/s 1.60310219 C 9.11310231 kg 1.67310227 kg 6.67310211 N # m2/kg 2 1.2631026 N/A2 1H/m2 8.85310212 C 2/N # m2 1F/m2 1.38310223 J/K 8.31 J/K # mol 5.6731028 W/m2 # K4 6.63310234 J # s 6.0231023 mol21 5.29310211 m BEST KNOWN VALUE* 299 792 458 m/s (exact) 1.602 176 4871402 310219 C 9.109 382 151452 310231 kg 1.672 621 6371832 310227 kg 6.674 281672 310211 N # m2/kg 2 4p31027 (exact) 1/m0c2 (exact) 1.380 65041242 310223 J/K 8.314 4721152 J/K # mol 5.670 4001402 31028 W/m2 # K4 6.626 068 961332 310234 J # s 6.022 141 791302 31023 mol21 5.291 772 08591362 310211 m *Parentheses indicate uncertainties in last decimal places. Source: U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2007 values SI PREFIXES POWER 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101 100 1021 1022 1023 1026 1029 10212 10215 10218 10221 10224 THE GREEK ALPHABET PREFIX yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca — deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto SYMBOL Y Z E P T G M k h da — d c m μ n p f a z y Alpha ...
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...Strobist Lighting 101 (all text by David Hobby, taken from http://strobist.blogspot.com/2006/03/lighting-101.html, version 05/06/07) Intimidated by the idea of off-camera lighting? Don't be. We are pretty much starting from scratch, so no worries. The first posts will be about what kind of gear you will need to do the minimalist strobe thing. When we are done having our way with your wallet (remembering that light gives you far more bangfor-the-buck than does fast glass or the latest digital camera or 300/2.8) we'll move into basic technique. And after that, we'll keep it going with periodical essays and ideas on how to improve (or refresh) your lighting ability. When you've worked your way through the basics of designing your light kit and learning how to use it, make a point to browse some of the examples in the "On Assignment" section. Those will be updated constantly, too. So keep checking back. You will likely have some questions along the way. Sadly, it is not possible for me to take the time to personally answer all of the one-to-one lighting questions that pop up. So try to resist asking them in the comments section. The only people reading this behind you are the people who are, well, behind you. You will find the one-to-one knowledge bank you seek in the Strobist Group on Flickr. There, you can ask away and get the diversity of response that you need. These are the lighting grad students, so to speak. They know this stuff, and are very enthusiastic about sharing...
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...1 UNIT 1 Living Things and Their Environment DRAFT April 29, 2014 Photo Credit: http://www.flyingfourchette.com/2013/05/25/around-ubud/ 2 UNIT 1: Living Things and Their Environment Introduction At this point, students have already learned in Grade 8 how the body breaks down food into forms that can be absorbed through the digestive system and then transported to each cell, which was on the other hand discussed in Grade 7 to be the basic unit of life. The learners have also discovered that cells divide to produce new cells by mitosis and meiosis. They have understood that meiosis is an early step in sexual reproduction that leads to variation. Students have been introduced to genetics to be able to appreciate evolutionary differences among species. Learners have also found out that biodiversity is the collective variety of species living in an ecosystem, and by studying the ecosystem; they have come across the various cycling of materials and energy transformation. DRAFT April 29, 2014 All modules in Grade 9 Unit 1-Living Things and Their Environment present student-centered activities that will allow the learners to discover and develop concepts that they may consider useful to their everyday life. At the end of each lesson, key concepts are provided for the students to grasp ideas and information that they will remember even after they have left school. Instructional activities are designed to build up the students’ knowledge, understanding, skills, and ability to transfer...
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...Everythin ™ heory tring T S Learn: • The basic concepts of this controversial theory • How string theory builds on physics concepts • The different viewpoints in the field • String theory’s physical implications Andrew Zimmerman Jones Physics Guide, About.com with Daniel Robbins, PhD in Physics Get More and Do More at Dummies.com® Start with FREE Cheat Sheets Cheat Sheets include • Checklists • Charts • Common Instructions • And Other Good Stuff! To access the Cheat Sheet created specifically for this book, go to www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/stringtheory Get Smart at Dummies.com Dummies.com makes your life easier with 1,000s of answers on everything from removing wallpaper to using the latest version of Windows. Check out our • Videos • Illustrated Articles • Step-by-Step Instructions Plus, each month you can win valuable prizes by entering our Dummies.com sweepstakes. * Want a weekly dose of Dummies? Sign up for Newsletters on • Digital Photography • Microsoft Windows & Office • Personal Finance & Investing • Health & Wellness • Computing, iPods & Cell Phones • eBay • Internet • Food, Home & Garden Find out “HOW” at Dummies.com *Sweepstakes not currently available in all countries; visit Dummies.com for official rules. String Theory FOR DUMmIES ‰ by Andrew Zimmerman Jones with Daniel Robbins, PhD in Physics String Theory For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright...
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...Answers to Conceptual Integrated Science End-of-Chapter Questions Chapter 1: About Science Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions 1 The era of modern science in the 16th century was launched when Galileo Galilei revived the Copernican view of the heliocentric universe, using experiments to study nature’s behavior. 2 In Conceptual Integrated Science, we believe that focusing on math too early is a poor substitute forconcepts. 3 We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong. 4 Nonscientific hypotheses may be perfectly reasonable; they are nonscientific only because they are not falsifiable—there is no test for possible wrongness. 5 Galileo showed the falseness of Aristotle’s claim with a single experiment—dropping heavy and lightobjects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. 6 A scientific fact is something that competent observers can observe and agree to be true; a hypothesis is an explanation or answer that is capable of being proved wrong; a law is a hypothesis that has been tested over and over and not contradicted; a theory is a synthesis of facts and well-tested hypotheses. 7 In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis—a statement that hasn’t been tested. 8 Theories grow stronger and more precise as they evolve to include new information. 9 The term supernatural literally means “above nature.” Science works within nature, not above it. 10 They rely on subjective personal experience and do not lead to testable hypotheses. They lie outside...
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