...common theme in the back ground of women with bulimia nervosa. This hypothesis has come under much scrutiny and as a result, has been tested and re-tested time and again. Studies have had findings stating everything from, there is no evidentiary support for this hypothesis, to there is a non-specific correlation and yet other studies claim that childhood sexual abuse is a direct risk factor for bulimia nervosa. More recent articles seem to point toward some type of relationship between bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse. The process of finding this information takes some digging. Many search engines (including Medscape, Proquest, and Google’s scholarly article search) were used. Much of the research in this area seems to have been done approximately ten years ago and therefore was not current enough to be used. These older studies also have a common theme in that they tended to lean toward the opinion that bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse are not directly related. The more current articles on this subject agree more with the school of though that bulimia nervosa is closely related to childhood sexual abuse. According to Pearlstein (2002) “Many older studies involved clinical rather than community samples” (p. 5) which may shed some light on why their results showed little to no correlation with bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse. If there is a relationship between childhood sexual abuse and bulimia nervosa, how does the abuse predispose one to becoming...
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...Anorexia nervosa is described by extreme thinness, relentless pursuit of thinness and unwillingness to maintain a healthy weight, extreme fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, severe low self-image that is skewed by their view of their own body weight and shape, lack of menstruation and extreme restrictions of eating (National Institute of Mental Health). According to the text “usually adolescents and three out of four times females – drop sufficiently (typically 15 percent or more) below normal weight” (Myers, 2010, p. 453). Bulimia however is different in that the person usually carries a normal or even healthy weight. “Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent and frequent episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food and feeling a lack of control over these episodes” (National Institute of Mental Health). The Bulimic will binge eat and then compensate by forcing themselves to vomit, they will often use laxatives and diuretics, they will fast, exercise excessively or a combination thereof. In today’s society of stick thin models, underweight actors / actresses and emerging focus on obesity, it is no wonder that more and more people have eating disorders. Hollywood focuses on being thin because the camera adds at least ten pounds. Models, believe they must be stick thin in order walk the runway for the top designers. Television plays an important role in this overall attitude of being thin, perfect example is the Victoria’s Secret versus Lane Bryant...
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...Part 1 Glossary Terms Define, in detail, each of these glossary terms from the realm of human biology, in general. If applicable, use examples to support your definitions. Consult your notes or course textbook(s) as references or the Internet by visiting Web sites such as: http://www.askjeeves.com or http://www.google.com (a) Bulimia Nervosa | (b) Anorexia Nervosa | (c) Binge Eating (BED) | (d) Self-Esteem | (e) BMI | (f) Pica | Part 2 Type I or Type II Diabetes??? 1. Describe the differences between Type I Diabetes and Type II Diabetes. 2. What is the name of the hormone produced by the pancreas that reduces blood glucose levels? What is the name of the hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels? 3. Is Type I or Type II Diabetes preventable? Support your answer. 4. What is “worse”: hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia? Part 3 What color is on your plate? 1. Visit the website http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/yf/foods/fn595w.htm#plate. Using the table below, list at least four of the fruits and vegetables per color that appeal to you. Color | Fruit Examples | Vegetable Examples | Red | | | Orange/Yellow | | | Green | | | Blue/Purple | | | White | | | 2. Go the site http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/ and enter your age, your sex, and the time amount of physical activity you perform per day. Click on Show Me to reveal how much...
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...Eating Disorders 2 Eating Disorders: It’s Affect on adolescents For many years now, eating disorders have affected many people in our society. Young people being the main target because of the publics’ idea of a person’s size and weight. In our world, society has made people think that people have to look a certain way to fit in. Most women are judge by their appearance and some still dream of the perfect measurement 90-60-90. This disorder affects both females and males, but the female population being the most talked about. Besides the eating disorders knowing that they lose weight or stop weight gain, they don’t knowledge about what the effects are. Researchers have come together to let the truth about eating disorders and what are their health complications. Some of the questions that everyone should have the answers to are: 1.What are the main points of having an eating disorder? 2.What are the medical complications? 3.Who can be at risk? 4.What are the outcomes of an eating disorder treatment right after discharge and about three months later? Journal of adolescent health, nutrition research and eating behaviors have dedicated their time to explain all the factors so they can be accessible to the public. The information is out there to prevent people from suffering of these disorders in the future. As a young woman I find that this topic is to be known about, so that way people know what they are about to deal with to look like some magazine...
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...Body Fat and Eating Disorders Paper 1 Week 8 Assignment: Body Fat and Eating Disorders Paper Savanna Engstrom SCI/241 August 26, 2012 Dr. Mike Collins Body Fat and Eating Disorders Paper 2 Body composition is the comparison between muscle and fat in a person’s body. A person’s weight could be high because of either large muscles or having too much extra fat. When a person is overweight because of excess fat, they are at risk of coming down with a variety of very dangerous and life threatening diseases. Excess fat can also cause a person to have a weaker immune system which leads to infections, slower wound healing, and complications during surgery. Extra fat poses a danger to women especially while they are pregnant, and their baby could be threatened as well. There are also psychological aspects of being overweight which can harm a person over time such as becoming depressed, dependent on others, unable to take care of themselves, and possibly developing eating disorders. There are so many factors these days that contribute to the world’s obesity epidemic. The two leading factors, in my opinion, are not eating healthy and not getting the appropriate amount of physical activity. These two factors work together because they go hand in hand: unhealthy food causes people to feel lazy and lack energy, so they sit around and play video games and watch TV rather than go out to play. There is also the fact that many people were never taught how to shop for...
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...Bulimia in Teens Introduction Eating disorders can take a devastating toll on the lives of many people. This is especially true for teenagers. Many teens, especially girls, develop eating disorders. It is important to understand the causes, symptoms, consequences, and treatment for these types of illnesses’. One of the most common eating disorders in teens is bulimia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa (bulimia) is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder. People with bulimia nervosa may binge and purge, eating large amounts of food and then try to get rid of the extra calories in an unhealthy way. For example, someone with bulimia nervosa may force themselves to vomit or do excessive exercise. If you have bulimia nervosa, you are probably preoccupied with your weight and body shape, and may judge yourself severely and harshly for your self-perceived flaws. Causes The exact cause of bulimia is unknown. As with other mental illnesses, there are many possible factors that could play a role in the development of eating disorders such as bulimia. Genetic, psychological, trauma, family, society, or cultural factors may play a role. Eating disorders like bulimia are more likely to occur in people who have parents or siblings with an eating disorder. Girls and women are more likely to have bulimia than boys and men. Age may play a role in who is affected. Bulimia often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. The illness is more common in college students...
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...one of the many unspoken secrets that affect many families.” (Grohol, 2009) The author of this article, John Grohol, wanted to educate readers of the different types of eating disorders. He also wanted to inform his readers about the dangers of eating disorders and who all eating disorders affect. Eating disorders may be important to the author because eating disorders are becoming very relevant in today’s society. “Millions of Americans are afflicted with this disorder every year, and most of them, up to 90 percent, are adolescent and young women.” (Grohol, 2009) The targeted groups subjected to eating disorders are typically women. The types of eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. Anorexia is the name for simply starving yourself because you are convinced you are overweight. Bulimia is characterized by excessive eating, and then ridding yourself of the food by vomiting, abusing laxatives or diuretics, taking enemas, or exercising obsessively. Ridding yourself of food is also called purging. Binge eating is when one overly eats, often when that person is not hungry. The person also often eats alone because they are shamed about their excessive eating habits. Eating disorders should be taken very seriously. Most people with eating disorders do not admit to have a serious problem. A lot of the time people who have eating disorders think that something is wrong with their appearance. They are not happy with the way that they look, and without help, eating disorders...
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...behavioral components of eating, substance abuse, sex/gender/sexual, impulse-control, and personality disorders will be analyzed. Biological Eating Disorder Genetics and abnormalities in hormones, neurotransmitters, and brain structures are focused on to explain how eating disorders are developed. Studies have shown that identical twins are more likely to have anorexia and bulimia than fraternal twins. However, other studies show that eating disorder symptoms can be greatly influenced by nongenetic factors, such as obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder and depression. Eating disorders are seen as an extension of obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder by some clinicians because people may develop the compulsive need for dieting, exercising, or purging as a result of obsessional thoughts about being overweight (Hansell & Damour, 2008). As for hormonal abnormalities, two hormones (leptin and ghrelin) have been the main focus in recent research. Leptin is a hormone that suppresses appetite and ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates hunger. Lower than normal levels of leptin have been found in people suffering from bulimia, as well as ghrelin levels not dropping off after a meal. People with anorexia have abnormally high levels of ghrelin, but drop back down to normal levels when they gain weight which makes it unable to confirm that ghrelin abnormalities...
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...The Binge-Purge Cycle Bulimia Nervosa is a particularly disturbing behavioral health disorder because the individual is purposely making themselves ill. Bulimia is an eating disorder characterized by periods of eating huge amounts of food, referred to as bingeing, followed by some form of purging behavior to prevent weight gain. There are many different ways to purge, including forced vomiting, fasting, extreme exercise, and abuse of laxatives. The purging behavior can be harmful to their health and cause other health-related problems such as dehydration, tooth enamel erosion, imbalances in electrolytes, heart irregularities, digestion problems, andeven tears in the esophagus or stomach lining. Often bulimics engage in the binge and purge cycle several times a week and become tolerant of the disagreeable experiences of purging. Self-induced vomiting, in particular, causes damage to taste receptors which makes it easier to throw-up due to the insensitivity to many tastes. Many times patients with bulimia report purging gives them a sense of control, in an otherwise stressful or anxious state. It may also be brought on by a traumatic event, with many bulimics also being victims of sexual abuse (Illiades, MD, 2010). Populations and Cultures Effected by Bulimia Nervosa Young women are more likely to develop this disorder. The average onset of bulimia is 20 years old (Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, & Kessler, 2007). The typical bulimic is a young Caucasian female of upper or middle class...
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...Eating Disorders What do you imagine when you think of a celebrity? What comes to mind when you imagine a magazine cover or a television commercial? The media is plagued by images of glamorous, beautiful, happy people who have perfect bodies. Anorexia is the third most common mental health disorder affecting teenagers, and close to half of the American population personally knows someone who is battling an eating disorder. Cases of eating disorders are on the rise and many blame the media for the increase. With eating disorders becoming so prevalent it is important to know the classifications, signs, and symptoms associated with this mental health disorder. Eating disorders can be classified into four categories Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (ED-NOS). Eating disorders are a serious issue that one should be knowledgeable about. Anorexia Nervosa is what many people think of when they hear about eating disorders. According to the DSM IV-TR anorexia nervosa is classified as “Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height, for example, weight loss leading to maintenance of body weight less than 85% of that expected or failure to make expected weight gain during period of growth, leading to body weight less than 85% of that expected, intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight, and disturbance in the way one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence...
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...Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa Comparison Essay Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are eating disorders that involve serious eating practice that are considered to be very dangerous and even fatal if not corrected. These disorders normally occur as a result failure to lose weight through regular dieting and a desperate desire to lose weight. It is believed that eating disorders are caused by a lack of confidence and satisfaction with one’s self-image and an abnormal desire to fit into the modern day profile of perfect body shape and size. Although they are two separate disorders they share many commonalities and differences. They both are believed to have biological, sociocultural and psychological implications that motivate or stimulate the development of eating disorders (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011). A maladaptive perception of body size and shape is evident in persons suffering from both anorexia and bulimia who believe that they weigh too much and are too fat or too heavy regardless of their actual weight or appearance (Shisslak, Crago, & Pazda, 1990). The major difference between the two disorders is the criteria established by DSM-IV-TR that defines each disorder; for example with anorexia nervosa, the patient refuses to maintain body weight at or above the minimally weight based on their age and height. They have an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though they are underweight. They are in denial of the seriousness of their low body weight...
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...Eating Disorders The image of true beauty has been tanted by what society views beauty to be. In America today, more than half of the population of teenage girls suffer with body issues. Based on this, young women are usually unaware that having a disfigured image of how they precieve their bodies as apposed to how it actually is, can often can often reslut in a potential eating disorder to emerge. The media has two main purposes; to entertain as welll as inform the public. This is usually done through many ways from magazines to music videos, a great deal of the time women who are displayed on television and in magazines are often seen as being fairly thin, easy on the eyes, and happy individuals. As a result of this, girls who suffer from low self-esteem set these women on pedistals of perfection. They then start to become consumed by the idea of being just like their idol and begin to self harm them selves by not eating right or not eating at all. This often results in the developement of many eating disorders. In the video “ The Ten Myths About Anorexia” it is often stated that someonee who suffers from anorexia is easy to spot. In many cases, anorexia is difficult to spot nor does it have a clear cut criteria of what it looks like, it can be found in many women of all shapes and sizes. My intial reaction to the video was pure shock, many of the myths that were stated in video I believed to be true. All of the facts that were stated reagarding...
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...Body image is an individual’s perception of his or her own body in terms of sexual attractiveness. Human society has emphasized on beauty of the human body for a long time. However, an individual’s perception of their own body may differ from society’s standards, thus, causing body dissatisfaction. As a response to body dissatisfaction, every year, millions of people in the world succumb to potentially life threatening eating disorders. Eating disorders are a group of conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits that may involve excessive or insufficient food consumption, thus, affecting an individual’s physical and psychological health. Some common types of eating disorders include bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge eating, and obesity. This paper has explored six published articles that conducted research on various factors contributing to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. The articles have examined the influence of society and media, gender and ethnic differences, development of depression, and some protective measures for body dissatisfaction and the development of eating disorders. In today’s society, both men and women are pressured to obtain an unrealistic body size and shape. This has plagued even children...
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...Eating disorders have been linked to many biological components such as genetic factors, hormonal and neurotransmitter abnormalities, and damage or abnormalities to certain structures in the brain. Research conducted on twins has shown that genetic factors play an enormous role in whether one will develop an eating disorder. Many individuals who have eating disorders also seem to suffer from other disorders that have genetic factors involved. Eating disorders have been linked to people who also have obsessive compulsive disorder. Individuals who have hormonal or neurotransmitter abnormalities tend to have no control over their eating habits. People who have hormonal abnormalities tend to have unlevel amounts of hormones related hunger. Bulimia nervosa is linked to low hormone amount of the hormones that suppress appetite cause the individual to feel excessively hungry. The reverse is the case for anorexia nervosa. Endorphins play a key role in the body’s feelings of pleasure and people who suffer from eating disorders tend to have endorphins secreted when they are completed measures to prevent weight gain such as self-induced vomiting. Lastly, some people who have been diagnosed with eating disorder have been found to have smaller brain structures. All of these components keep the disorder propelling ahead. Therefore it is very important to treat this condition from the inside out. These individuals don’t feel that they are beautiful and that is what needs to be treated. Substance...
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...Unlike the eating disorder of bingeing and purging (bulimia), where the person induces vomiting or ingests large amounts of laxatives in order to get rid of the food, bingeing is a psychological disorder that manifests itself by loss of control in which emotion and thinking patterns cause a person to take on dangerous eating habits, such as overeating. Usually, these habits are a way of coping with depression, stress or anxiety. Food, being the commodity of which the sufferer has lost complete control, becomes more of an enemy than a lifeless object. Binge eating is new to the long list of traditional eating disorders and is said to affect millions of people around the world. Persons suffering with this disorder are not immediately recognized, because they are quite masterful at hiding their actions. For the purpose of this essay, specific clinical issues such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy and treatment programs for binge eating disorder will be analyzed. What causes binge eating disorder? Although we do not know the exact cause of binge eating disorder, researchers have found that it is a combination of biological, psychological and social and cultural factors. 1. Biological causes of binge eating disorder Binge eating is caused by genetic irregularities in the hypothalamus, (a small piece of tissue in the brain) which controls body weight and appetite. When not working properly it transmits incorrect messages about hunger and fullness. Studies also show that food...
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