...Pulmonary Disease also referred to as COPD is the name that identifies a group of lung diseases. These diseases consist of bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory asthma. An individual can have COPD for years and not know it. When the disease is in the early stages the symptoms are not completely mature and are barely discernible. As the disease matures and progresses the symptoms become more noticeable. Although millions of individuals are living with COPD, this disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States; and smoking, second-hand smoke, air pollutants, occupational dust, chemicals, and genetics are factors that can cause the disease for which there is no cure; however numerous treatments are available to help live an active and healthy life (COPD Foundation, 2010). Many people who have COPD are undiagnosed with the disease. Undiagnosis could derive from several reasons, which may include no health insurance, afraid to seek medical attention, or belief that the symptoms are of another illness such as a cold that will not go away. However, most cases of COPD are undiagnosed because of a lack of education concerning the disease. Many communities and employers fail to educate the public concerning diseases like COPD.I was surprised to find that the Dobbins Heights Community, Hamlet North Carolina in, which I reside, has no existing education program concerning COPD. The only source of COPD education and awareness offered to the public...
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...Creating Shared Value Wednesday, October 17, 1.15pm Moderator Dr. Robert S. Kaplan Marvin Bower Professor of Leadership, Emeritus, Harvard Business School Panellists Gustavo Hernandez Executive Vice President, Pemex Exploration & Production John W. Walsh Founder & President, COPD Foundation Michael Kavanaugh Director, Respiratory Boehringer Ingelheim Sikha Singh Director of OSM & HR, Executive Ship Management Creating Shared Value: A Short Overview Bob Kaplan Marvin Bower Professor of Leadership Development, Emeritus Copyright © President & Fellows of Harvard College Amanco: Triple Bottom-Line Reporting We must generate economic value while operating in a framework of ethics, eco-efficiency and with social responsibility to improve people's quality of life. Regions: South America MEXICO CENTRAL AMERICAN REGION (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama) BRAZIL COLOMBIA ANDINAR (Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela) 3 Amanco’s Strategy Map 4 From CSR to Shared Value Shared Value Sustainability Corporate Social Responsibility 5 How Companies Create Shared Value Definition: Companies create shared value when they enhance their competitiveness while advancing economic and social conditions in the communities in which they operate Examples of creating shared value: (Amanco illustrates #’s 1 and 2.) 1. Introduce new products and markets to meet societal needs (nutrition, energy and water conservation...
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...Pulmonary Disease also referred to as COPD is the name that identifies a group of lung diseases. These diseases consist of bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory asthma. An individual can have COPD for years and not know it. When the disease is in the early stages the symptoms are not completely mature and are barely discernible. As the disease matures and progresses the symptoms become more noticeable. Although millions of individuals are living with COPD, this disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States; and smoking, second-hand smoke, air pollutants, occupational dust, chemicals, and genetics are factors that can cause the disease for which there is no cure; however numerous treatments are available to help live an active and healthy life (COPD Foundation, 2010). Many people who have COPD are undiagnosed with the disease. Undiagnosis could derive from several reasons, which may include no health insurance, afraid to seek medical attention, or belief that the symptoms are of another illness such as a cold that will not go away. However, most cases of COPD are undiagnosed because of a lack of education concerning the disease. Many communities and employers fail to educate the public concerning diseases like COPD.I was surprised to find that the Dobbins Heights Community, Hamlet North Carolina in, which I reside, has no existing education program concerning COPD. The only source of COPD education and awareness offered to the public...
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...Background: - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common disease state in the elderly. It occurs most commonly among smokers. It is estimated that by the year 2020 it will be the third leading cause of death in the world. Also, COPD is the third most frequent cause for readmission to hospitals within 30 days after discharge. The high readmission rates for COPD patients forced the Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) to reduce reimbursement rates for hospitals that has a high readmission rate in conjunction with lack of reimbursement for any subsequent readmission prior to the 30 day bench mark. Pulmonary rehabilitation, education, self-management, nutritional advice, and medications have all been shown to improve quality...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease that affects 14 percent of our population that is over the age of 40 years old (Casey, 2016). COPD happens when airflow is decreased, or limited, which impairs the gas exchange in the alveoli, which are the sacs within our lungs. This is considered a progressive disease that continues to get worse over time and this disease makes it hard for a person to breathe (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, n.d.). This illness can produce wheezing, mucus and chest tightening. This paper will discuss some of the factors that could cause COPD and three health promotion ways to help manage and control some of the symptoms while educating the patient and their family. Factors that cause...
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...behavioral risk contribute to family health risks for those objectives noted by Health People 2020. The two objectives that will be discussed include smoking, to include health related problems that result in this behavior, and respiratory illnesses, including Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Within the paper, prevention of exacerbation will also be noted as it relates to each illness. Tobacco Use Scientific knowledge about the health effects of tobacco use has increased greatly since the first Surgeon General’s report on tobacco was released in 1964. The most successful interventions of many clinical trials incorporated elements of social or organizational change to modify individual behavioral risk factors, such as alcohol and tobacco consumption, diet, and physical activity. Most behaviors are not randomly distributed in the population, but rather are socially patterned and often cluster with one another. Thus, many people who drink also smoke cigarettes, and those who follow health-promoting dietary practices also tend to be physically active. People who are poor, have low levels of education, or are socially isolated are more likely to engage in a wide array of risk-related behaviors and less likely to engage in health-promoting ones. Tobacco use has been proven to causes illnesses such as Cancer, Heart disease, Lung diseases (including emphysema, bronchitis, and chronic...
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...Pulmonary Function Testing Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a "preventable, treatable disease" with "airflow limitation" that is "progressive" and "not fully reversible" (Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2013, p. 445). The paper will review COPD diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies that can be implemented into a clinical setting. A case scenario will be utilized as an example of this application. COPD: Diagnosis, Management, and Preventions Strategies According to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) (2017), consideration for the diagnosis of COPD is based on clinical findings that include "dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum production" and a "history of exposure to the risk factors" (p. 1). According to Buttaro et al. (2013), some of the risk factors include "age, smoking history, a family member with COPD, occupational exposures, and poor nutrition" (p. 445). When all of these factors are present, further exploration into the progressive nature and associated characteristics of these symptoms must be considered. Spirometry can confirm the diagnosis of "persistent airflow limitation" and is defined as "FEV1/FVC < .70" (GOLD, 2017, p. 1). Once confirmed, the degree of limitation can be categorized and an individualized treatment plan developed. Management...
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...burdens of the public related to disease and the effects of long term conditions that can result from the mismanagement of some conditions. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD is one of these conditions that if not managed correctly can lead to financial burden. COPD is a blanket term used for people that are diagnosed with multiple lung dysfunctions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. “Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is now the third leading cause of death in Western countries” (Cope, 2014, p. 372). According to the center for disease control (CDC) in 2011 the highest COPD prevalence was in the areas of the Ohio and lower Mississippi rivers. (Data for COPD, n.d).These states include Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama to just name a few. Kentucky and Alabama rank the highest in prevalence most likely due to the farming of tobacco. To help decrease the cost of COPD and the effects of it health promotion has to be provided. So what is the nurse’s role within the health promotion levels? The nurse’s role in the primary level of health promotion regarding COPD is to provide patients early with the health education on how to prevent COPD. Smoking cessation, reducing amounts of environmental hazards, flu vaccinations, nutritional advice and education on long term complications will assist the nurse in this level. Screenings need to be conducted to...
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...Respiratory Diseases at a Closer Glance Respiratory Diseases at a Closer Glance Emphysema, like any other disease, affects millions of people all around the world. Researchers each year conduct more studies to better understand these diseases and how treat them. Researchers look at what populations are most vulnerable, if the environment plays a role, and how the community either promotes prevention or worsens conditions. First, it is important to understand what this disease is, the etiology, transmission, how outside factors affect it, and ultimately, why men are more vulnerable than women. Emphysema, which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), affects the respiratory system. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are the two diseases that fall under COPD (Demirjian, 2012, para. 1). The most common known cause of emphysema is from cigarette smoking due to the pollutants in tobacco. Studies show that while cigarette smoking is the major cause, other possible causes are air pollutants, chemical irritant exposure, chronic bronchitis, and genetics (Zelman, 2010, p.197). The pollutants in tobacco release chemicals from within the lungs that cause damage to the alveoli. As time passes, this continues to do more damage to the alveoli. The chemicals that cause the alveolar walls to break down also cause the lungs to lose elasticity which prevents them from inflating and deflating correctly. Since the lungs are not able to deflate as normal, they fill over time with carbon...
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...most likely the reason for you getting chronic bronchitis also if you have been exposed for a long time to other things that irritate their lungs, such as chemical fumes, dust and other substances, can also develop chronic bronchitis (FamilyDoctor.org, 2014). If chronic bronchitis does not get the treatment needed it can turn into emphysema and the two diseases form together to be called Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD. It is common that the signs of Chronic Bronchitis can be ignored and most likely recognized when it worsens. The longer you wait to get treatment, the worse your lungs are get. After doing research, I found that Chronic Bronchitis alone is neither primary, secondary, nor tertiary but is actually described in each form. Primary prevention is accomplished by elimination of exposures that cause these diseases. Secondary prevention involves early detection and intervention among asymptomatic persons. Tertiary prevention is the management of symptomatic disease (NCBI, 2011). Since this disease is widespread, a lot of education as well as social groups have been created to help manage things that can lead up to chronic bronchitis. Counseling with you and a provider is provided...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD; Emphysema) Pathophysiology Abakyereba Kwansemah June 4, 2014 Abstract D.Z.is a 65-year-old man admitted to medical ward with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; emphysema). Past medical history (PMH) indicates hypertension (HTN), well managed with enalapril (Vasotec) past six years, diagnosis (Dx) of pneumonia yearly for the past three years. D.Z. appears cachectic with difficulty breathing at rest. Patient reports productive cough with thick yellow-green sputum. He seems anxious and irritable during subjective data collection. He states, he has been a 2-pack-a-day smoker for 38 years. He complains of (c/o) insomnia and tiredness. His vital signs (VS) are 162/84, 124, 36, 102° F, SaO2 88%. Admitting diagnosis is chronic emphysema with acute exacerbation. Admitting orders includes: diet as tolerated; out of bed with assistance; oxygen (O2) to maintain SaO2 of 90%; maintenance IV of D5W at 50 ml/hr.; intake and output (I&O); arterial blood gases (ABGs) in AM; CBC with differential, basic metabolic panel (BMP), and theophylline (Theo-Dur) level on admission; chest x-ray (CXR) q24h; prednisone 60 mg/day PO; doxycycline 100 mg PO q12h x10 days, azithromycin 500 mg IV piggyback (IVPB) q24h x2 days then 500 mg PO x 7 days; theophylline 300 mg PO bid; heparin 5000 units SC q12h; albuterol 2.5 mg (0.5 ml) in 3 ml normal saline (NS) and ipratropium 500 mg by nebulizer q4-6h;...
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...Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an umbrella term for people with chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both. With COPD the airflow to the lungs is restricted (obstructed). COPD is usually caused by smoking. Symptoms include cough and breathlessness. The most important treatment is to stop smoking. Inhalers are commonly used to ease symptoms. Other treatments such as steroids, antibiotics, oxygen, and mucus-thinning (mucolytic) medicines are sometimes prescribed in more severe cases, or during a flare-up (exacerbation) of symptoms Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a general term which includes the conditions chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is the preferred term. • Chronic means persistent. • Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (the airways of the lungs). • Emphysema is damage to the smaller airways and air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. • Pulmonary means 'affecting the lungs'. Chronic bronchitis or emphysema can cause obstruction (narrowing) of the airways. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema commonly occur together. The term COPD is used to describe airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis. Furthermore COPD is an ongoing and a terminal disease that can have effect on patient daily living (Blackler et al. 2007). In this project, the topic chosen is Developing Self management plans to help people with COPD to control their condition. The key intervention innovating on is the development of COPD care checklist. This is due to how patients...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Health and Physical Education Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease There are many kinds of chronic illness and each with it on characteristics, symptoms, causes, some chronic illness affect people of any age or ethnic background, and others are more likely to appear in a particular age or ethnic group. Some are present at birth while others develop later in life. Some chronic illnesses are caused by environmental factors such as exposure to pollutants. The definition of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is one of the most common lung diseases which makes it difficult to breathe and causes damage to the lungs over many years, usually from smoking that leads to a combination of two diseases, Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema. Chronic Bronchitis are airways which carry to the lings become inflamed and make a lot of mucus, and a long term cough with mucus. Emphysema involves destruction of the lungs over time, and the air sac are damaged and loses their stretch and less air gets in and out of the lungs. The lifestyles factors that leads to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is smoking, air pollution, genetics, age, occupational dust and chemicals. Smoking, COPD, and the immune system. “Although the immune system is designed to protect the body from harm, it may actually worsen the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease” according to University of Cincinnati...
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...exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. She has a 66 pack-year history, meaning she smoked the equivalent of 365 packs of cigarettes for 66 years, and occasional drug and alcohol use. LaToya is divorced and lives alone in an older apartment building. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease that limits your airflow. COPD may include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both. Chronic bronchitis is the production of increased mucus caused by inflammation. Bronchitis is considered chronic if you cough and produce excess mucus most days for three months in a year, two years in a row. Emphysema is a disease that damages the air sacs and/or the smallest breathing tubes in the lungs. COPD is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe and the symptoms will get worse over time. Most cases of COPD occur as a result of long-term exposure to lung irritants that damage the lungs and the airways. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. One of the greatest challenges for LaToya is to stop smoking. According to the Center for Disease Control (2012), the most important step a smoker can take after getting a COPD diagnosis is to quit. Not only will it make breathing easier, but it will cut down on the risk of severe exacerbations. Health History A health history contains both the subjective and objective data. Obtaining the subjective data is an important first step in treating the patient. The subjective...
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...nursing theories during the scope of their day. These theories guide how nurses treat their patients, how tasks are performed and assessments or interventions are carried out. Critical thinking skills start by studying nursing theory. Nursing theory is theoretical practices to gain insight and knowledge on a particular concept. The theory I have selected to use is the Roy adaptation model which is a grand theory. The purpose of this assignment is to identify a nursing theory which is the Roy adaptation theory, analyze the importance of the selected theory to the nursing profession and summarize key concepts and relationships among the concepts of the selected nursing theory. I will analyze how the Roy Adaptation Theory relates to nursing education. Importance of Nursing Theory Nursing theories were developed to help define the unique practice of nursing as its own separate profession. If it wasn’t for early theorists like Florence Nightingale, the nursing profession wouldn’t be what it is today. Nursing theorists provide us with explanation and focus within the nursing practice. Nursing theories have contributed and continue to contribute to the nursing profession. Theories enhance the ability of nurses to practice in a purposeful manner. Nursing theory is significant to the nursing profession because it serves...
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