...Caffeine was isolated from tea by a sequence of solvent extractions of hot water and dichloromethane. The solid- liquid extraction, which involved hot water, removed the caffeine from the tea leaf and left behind cellulose and soluble organics. The lab actually began with the liquid- liquid extraction that involved dichloromethane and tea, and partitioned components in the layers based off their solubility in the two solvents. Since caffeine is moderately polar, it dissolves in hot water but more so in dichloromethane. Consequently, the dichloromethane extract contained the crude caffeine. Two grams of anhydrous sodium sulfate were added to the dichloromethane as a drying agent to remove water. The dichloromethane was distilled off and the...
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...London School of Engineering and Materials Science Laboratory report writing instructions DEN101 - Fluid Mechanics 1 Flow Rate Measurement Experiment A. Student Student Number: 1234567 Version 2.0, 27 November 2010 Template for Word 97-2003 Abstract This document explains what is expected in your Fluids 1 lab report. The sections that should be covered are outlined and a structure you could follow is proposed. Detailed advice on how to edit the report is given. The document concludes with the marking criteria for this lab report. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Writing 3 1.2. Editing and formatting 3 1.3. Content of the introduction 4 2. Background and theory 4 3. Apparatus 4 4. Test 4 5. Experimental procedure 4 6. Results 5 7. Discussion 5 8. Conclusions 5 9. References 5 10. Appendix A: Marking criteria 6 Introduction Before starting to write a report, you should think about what is your audience. Am I writing for colleagues who want a lot of detail how it is done, or am I writing for my boss who just wants an executive summary as he has no time for details? In general, there is not a single type of audience and we have to make our writing suitable for the detailed read, as well as the fast perusal. To understand what is required from you in this report, please have a look at the marking criteria in the Appendix. 1 Writing To limit...
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...The Daphnia magna is a small crustacean that was used for the experiment. The purpose of this lab experiment was to determine how both caffeine and alcohol would affect the heart rate of a Daphnia magna. The results showed that when caffeine was added to the Daphnia magna, its heart rate increased faster than when alcohol was added. In this lab report, the steps are explained on how we conducted the experiment. Also, any errors that happened during the experiment will be analyzed more in detailed in this lab report. Introduction Daphnia magna is a little crustacean that is found living in ponds. It duplicates by sexual reproduction, varying with the creation of asexual offspring (Roulin, 2013). The Daphnia magna is a transparent crustacean...
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...Biology 101 Dr. Siddiqui April 13, 2016 Cellular Respiration Lab Report Cells can’t grow, reproduce, maintain order or transport materials without a steady source of energy. In most organisms, the energy is provided by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In order to for these cells to reach their energy demands they must constantly produce ATP. In this lab, we will observe evidence for respiration in mealworms and investigate the effects of different temperatures and experimental variables such as caffeine, nicotine and DEET. The background information includes using nicotine and caffeine, which act lie insecticides. It also found in the soil of these plants. In humans it not only stimulants the central nervous system but increases our heart rate, blood pressure and makes us more alert. Ethanol comes from plants sugars and found in beer, wine and liquor. When humans drink too much they become impaired and their thought process in slowed down. Temperature is also an important factor for all living things environment. Improper temperature can affect interactions between enzyme and its substrate. DEET is a topical insect repellent. It locks insect’s sense of smell. Hypothesis Respiration rate will increase or decrease depending on the temperature Materials and Equipment 12 Beetle larvae Pasco Xplorer portable data logger nicotine ethanol DEET AC power Adapter for data logger forceps caffeine cotton balls Pasco C02 sensor 500 ml beaker ice...
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...The first step in our procedure was sitting up the baseline by using six different Daphnia’s putting in the room temperature water (25°C) and calculated their BPM and the average was taken. The next step was adding about two drops of caffeine to six Daphnis for each temperature of the five different temperatures we are testing, 15°C, 20°C, 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C. after adding the caffeine, we calculated the BPM for each Daphnia individually, then the average for each temperature was taken. The independent variables that we manipulated in this experiment were the amount of the caffeine that was added to the Daphnia’s and the temperature of the water. The dependent variable we measured was the heartbeat of Daphnia’s per minute. One of the confounding variables was the concentration of the water in which the Daphnia’s was in. however; the same environment was used for all the Daphnia’s, which eliminates the effect of this variable in the result. The same light source and the same room temperature (baseline) were used in the all measurement of the...
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...S W I S S G E R M A N U N I V E R S I T Y INORGANIC & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT | Subject | : Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Laboratory | Lecturer | : Hery Sutanto S.Si | Instructor | : Tabligh Permana S.Si., Dian Sukmayanda S.Si | Faculty/Class | : Life Science/LS 2 A | Date of Experiment | : 11 April 2012 | Date of Lab. Report | : 18 April 2012 | Semester | : 2 | Time of Experiment | : 14.00-17.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Experiment: | Principle of Spectroscopy | NAME : Melisa Grace (14211043) Nur Ratih K. (14111005) Group : G | | Campus BSD CityBumi Serpong DamaiTangerang 15321 – Indonesia | Tel. +62 21 537 6221 Fax. +62 21 537 6201 sgu.info@sgu.ac.id www.sgu.ac.id | EXPERIMENT 5: Extraction of Caffeine From Tea Leaves 1. Objective: To demonstrate the extraction of Caffeine as natural substance by using organic solvent and distillation technique. 2. The Materials, Equipments and Procedures: A) Materials * K2CrO4(Potassium Chromate) * H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid) * Aquades B) Equipments * Beaker * Volumetric flask (50 ml and 25 ml) * Glass rod * Spatula * Watch glass * Graduated pipette * Pipette * Scale * UV-Vis spectrophotometer * Cuvette C) Methods 1. Equipment and materials necessary for the experiment were prepared on the working table. 2. Calculation...
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...Nursing Process Focus: Patients Receiving Phenelzine (Nardil) |Assessment |Potential Nursing Diagnoses | |Prior to administration: |Sorrow, Chronic related to | |Obtain complete medical history including allergies, neurological , |depressive state. | |cardiac, renal, biliary, and mental disorders including blood |Thought Processes, Disturbed related to | |studies: CBC, platelets and liver enzymes,. |effects of drug therapy | |Obtain patient’s drug history to determine possible drug interactions|Adjustment, Impaired related to inadequate | |and allergies |drug effectiveness. | |Obtain 24 hour dietary history to identify |Knowledge, Deficient, related to drug | |tyramine containing foods ingested |action and side effects. | |recently |Suicide, Risk for related to inadequate drug ...
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...Adult Cardiology 11th Floor POB Adult Cardiology at RUMC • Treat a variety of congenital and chronic cardiac conditions – Range in acuity • Has 8 specialized programs that focus on disease and prevention • Ranked 21st in the nation by U.S. News and World Report Clinical Staff • 20 Cardiology M.D.s at Rush – 2 Cardiology M.D.s at Rush Oak Park Hospital • 1 Nurse Practitioner • 2 Check-In Clinic Coordinators • 3 Discharge Clinic Coordinators • 5 Certified Medical Assistants • 2 Call Center Coordinators • 3 Registered Nurses – Coumadin Clinic – Phone Triage Physician Education • Medical Degree or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine • Residency in Internal Medicine – 3 years • Cardiology Fellowship Training – 3-4 years per ACGME guidelines 4 Outpatient Clinic Volumes • On average the clinic will see between 115-140 per day • Staffed with 5-7 Attending seeing patients per day • Roughly a patient volume of 29,000 outpatient visits per year – Monday-Thursday: 115-150 patients – Friday: 80 patients Outpatient Check-In Patients are greeted by two Clinic Coordinators • Verify patients appointment by asking for their name and date of birth • Scan a copy of patients insurance card • If the patient has not verified their insurance with hospital Registration prior to appointment, they would do so at this time • Patient is called to their clinic room by Medical Assistant Check-Out Cardiology utilizes 3-4 Clinic Coordinators who check out patients following...
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...| Mental Illness | General Anxiety Disorder | | Liza Ziglar | 10/10/2012 | HCA/240 Facilitator: Gioia Scoppa | Generalized anxiety disorder (or GAD) is characterized by excessive, exaggerated anxiety and worry about everyday life events with no obvious reasons for worry. People with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder tend to always expect disaster and can't stop worrying about health, money, family, work, or school. In people with GAD, the worry is often unrealistic or out of proportion for the situation. Daily life becomes a constant state of worry, fear, and dread. Eventually, the anxiety so dominates the person's thinking that it interferes with daily functioning, including work, school, social activities, and relationships. GAD affects the way a person thinks, but the anxiety can lead to physical symptoms, as well. Symptoms of GAD can include: * Excessive, ongoing worry and tension * An unrealistic view of problems * Restlessness or a feeling of being "edgy" * Irritability * Irritability * Muscle tension * Headaches * Sweating * Difficulty concentrating * Nausea * The need to go to the bathroom frequently * Tiredness * Trouble falling or staying asleep * Trembling * Being easily startled In addition, people...
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...methods used in the core studies. Research Methods and Techniques used in Psychological Investigations ------------------------------------------------- Methods and Techniques ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Experimental Methods: ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- The term experimental method refers to the method used to carry out the experiment. There are three main types of experiment – lab, field and natural/quasi. Research Method | Definition: | Advantage(s) | Disadvantage(s) | Laboratory experiment | A test under controlledconditions that is madeto demonstrate a knowntruth, examine the validityof a hypothesis, or determine the efficiency of something previously untried. | The research can better establish causality through reducing the number of confounds via a controlled environment like a lab setting. | The results may be artificial and not apply to the real world, there may be researcher bias or a social desirability affects, and the results may only apply to one situation and may be difficult to replicate or generalize. | Field experiment | 1. A field experiment applies the scientific method to experimentally examine an intervention in the real world (or as many experimentalists like to say, naturally occurring environments) rather than in the laboratory. | Less prone to demand characteristics.Can apply the results...
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...Lab Report Chemistry 341L: Preparation of Cyclohexene Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to prepare an alkene, cyclohexene, by the dehydration of an alcohol, cyclohexanol. In this experiment cyclohexanol is dehydrated to prepare cyclohexene, using phosphoric acid as a catalyst. Unsaturation tests are then done to ensure cyclohexene was prepared. Experimental Scheme: The procedure for the Preparation of Cyclohexene lab started with first having to add 10mL of cylcohexanol (clear liquid with strong odor), and 2.5mL of phosphoric acid (clear liquid) to a 50-mL round bottom flask. These liquids were mixed together well; a boiling stone was added to the flask in order to allow for a smoother and gentle boil. Below is the equation for the reaction that took place in this lab. Equation 1: Formation of the product cyclohexene, from the reactant cyclohexanol with the aid of a catalyst phosphoric acid4 Next a distillation apparatus had to be assembled, using a 25-mL round bottom flask as a receiving flask, this flask was then placed into a beaker of ice water refer to figure 1. Figure 1: Distillation apparatus5 Distillation is used in order to dehydrate the cyclohexanol. After the apparatus was assembled we circulated the cooling water in the condenser, while heating the mixture in the flask. The flask was heated until the product started to distill, and collect into the receiving flask in the ice water bath. We continued to heat the mixture...
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...There is an almost daily report of one sports figure or another involved in a “doping” scandal of some type or another. Even the rumor of a sports figure using performance enhancing drugs (PED’s), often brings dishonor and disgrace to the athlete. Are these accusations appropriate or warranted? Perhaps there is a new point of view that would suggest that PED’s should not be banned but only regulated. For a variety of reasons, I propose that athletes should be allowed to use performance enhancing drugs because they already are, and legalization would level the playing field. Performance enhancing drugs should be permitted as long as the effects are understood. When I chose this topic, the first people I discussed it with were two certified athletic trainers. Based on the observations and discussions with Jeremy Bowman ATC, PES (J. Bowman, personal communication, October 21, 2014), and Jamie Stanley ATC, (J. Stanley, personal communication, October 21, 2014), they immediately stated their beliefs were based on the fact that by definition many athletes were already using PED’s. Both thought that athletes who used caffeine, HGH, any ADHD prescription medication, and lab shifting devices such as blood doping were by definition using PED’s. In particular they had observed that athlete’s using ADHD...
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... may be overlooked. This report describes a case of enoxaparin-induced hepatotoxicity in a 57-year old man who was started on the drug for a DVT. Within three days of taking enoxaparin, elevated transaminases were noted and the drug was discontinued after six days. Similar to other published reports, the patient’s transaminases peaked a day after discontinuation of the drug and then trended down to normal over thirty-two days....
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...within, acute stress of living, poor working condition, extreme anxiety and fear, financial instability may cause the primary types of headaches. It is due to muscle contraction in the head, neck, shoulders and face. They are typically linked to stress, fatigue, emotional conflicts, depression or repressed hostility. The most common sources of stress relates to family, social relationships, close friends, work condition and school environments. Headache can last from 30 minutes to an entire week. Nearly 90% of women and about 70% of men experience it at some point. They are easily treated with over-the-counter (OTC) medications, including aspirin. If the frequency is more than 15 days a month, then they are considered as chronic and needs lab tests and suitable treatment for the underlying conditions. When acute treatment is needed, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin may be effective. However, chronic tensions and occasional serious tension-type headaches that do not respond to OTC may require treatment with prescription medications. Regular lifestyle habits like quit smoking, reduced stress, getting enough sleep, eating a healthy diet, and having a regular exercise, all help to reduce tension-type headache risk. Cluster headache happens rarely to less than 1% of the population. The unique feature of cluster headache is that the attack occurs in cyclical patterns, or in clusters – which give the condition its name. The period generally lasts from 1 to 12 weeks...
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...choices if the person’s actions endanger someone else or pose a significant threat to other human being. Here are some facts about marijuana use; marijuana does not cause brain damage, genetic damage, or damage the immune system. Marijuana does not cause serious health problems, tobacco or alcohol can or will cause cancer, heart problems, birth defects, emphysema, and liver damage. It is impossible to overdose and die from smoking marijuana. The United States Government; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Bureau of Mortality Statistics; The Annual American Deaths Caused by Drugs Statistics for the year broke down to this; Tobacco = 400,000 deaths; Alcohol = 100,000 deaths; All Legal Drugs = 20,000 deaths; Illegal Drugs = 15,000 deaths; Caffeine = 2,000 deaths; Aspirin = 500 deaths; Marijuana = 0 deaths. Tobacco and alcohol are the largest killer’s and there Legal. (legalizationofmarijuana.com) How expensive is it to keep marijuana illegal? A lot more than people think and it keeps are jails and prisons over crowded. They need to be over crowed with murders, rapist, and child molesters, not pot smokers. Taxpayers are paying out billions of dollars to persecute, prosecute, house, and feed incarcerated people. However, if marijuana were legal and regulated like alcohol and tobacco, there would be tax revenues from marijuana sales. You have to be twenty-one to buy alcohol, eighteen to buy tobacco and if they made marijuana legal, they would have to put a legal age to buy that to...
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