...2 Course and Section_______ Names ___________________________ Date___________ _________________________________ CAPACITORS EXPERIMENT Short description: In this experiment you will determine how voltages are distributed in capacitor circuits and explore series and parallel combinations of capacitors. Equipment: − − − − AC power supply (set to 10V) Three 0.1µF capacitors, one 0.01µF capacitor, one unknown capacitor Multimeter 4 cables Theory: Capacitors are electronic devices which have fixed values of capacitance and negligible resistance. The capacitance C is the charge stored in the device, Q, divided by the voltage difference across the device, ∆V: C = Q/∆V (1) The schematic symbol of a capacitor is has two vertical (or horizontal) lines a small distance apart (representing the capacitor plates) connected to two lines representing the connecting wires or leads). There are two ways to connect capacitors in an electronic circuit - series or parallel connection. Series: In a series connection the components are connected at a single point, end to end as shown below: C1 C2 For a series connection, the charge on each capacitor will be the same and the voltage drops will add. We can find the equivalent capacitance, Ceq, from Q · 1/Ceq = ∆V = ∆V1 + ∆V2 = Q/C1 + Q/C2 = Q [1/C1+1/C2] 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 (2) (3) Parallel: In the parallel connection, the components are connected together at both ends as shown below: C1 C2 For a parallel connection, the voltage drops...
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...Phys261-203, the Capacitor Author:. 09/24/2015 Instructor: Swabir Silayi Abstract: In this experiment, we are going to investigate the relationship between the distance between two parallel plates and the capacitance, and the how the material of the plates impact the capacitance of the capacitor. In the first part, we are going to set vary the distance between two plates at interval of 0.5cm from 0.25cm to 4 cm to get sufficient data. In the second part of this experiment, we are going to change the material between two parallel plates in order to change the dielectric constant. Introduction: 1. We use a large parallel-plate capacitor in this experiment. It has two conductors and separated by an insulator. Because it stores capacitance, we call it capacitor. We connected one side of the capacitor with positive pole and the other side with negative pole. The amount of the charge on the capacitor is about the difference V and the magnitude of the capacitance on this capacitor: Q=CV 2. A simple parallel plate capacitor consists of two parallel conductors and is split by a distance. We also have a formula to descript the relationship between capacitance and some constants and variables. C= κεA/d Where κ is the dielectric constant, ε is the permittivity of free space (8.85*10^-12 C2/Nm2), and A is the cross sectional area of the parallel plates. Meanwhile, different sorts of material have different dielectric constant. With the increasing of distance...
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...voltage divider bias, * measure the input and output voltage and current of a common-emitter amplifier, * measure the phase-shift between the input and output voltages, * calculate the voltage, current, and power gains of a common-emitter amplifier, and * investigate the use of a BJT as a switch. THEORY The biasing of a transistor is purely a dc operation. The purpose of biasing is to establish a Q-point about which variations in current and voltage can occur in response to an ac input signal. In applications where small signal voltages must be amplified— such as from an antenna or a microphone—variations about the Q-point are relatively small. Amplifiers designed to handle these small ac signals are often referred to as small-signal amplifiers. Three amplifier configurations are the common-emitter, the common-base, and the common-collector. The common-emitter (CE) configuration has the emitter as the common terminal, or ground, to an ac signal. CE amplifiers exhibit high voltage gain and high current gain. * common-emitter amplifier with voltage-divider bias and coupling capacitors C1 and C3 on the input and output and a bypass capacitor, C2, from emitter to ground. The input signal, Vin, is capacitively coupled to the base terminal, the output signal, Vout, is capacitively coupled from the collector to the load. The amplified output is 180° out of phase with the input. Because the ac signal is applied to the base terminal as the input and taken from...
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...EXPERIMENT 4 AMPLITUDE DEMODULATION OBJECTIVE: * To Study AM detection using an envelope detector * To build an AM envelop detector. Theory and Background: Diode detector is simplest and most effective types of detector. The output of this circuit is almost linear and therefore harmonic outputs are limited. The abrupt non linearity occurs for the negative half cycle. The modulated carrier is introduced into the tuned circuit made up of LC1. Since the diode only conducts only during the half cycles and gives the result. Although the average input voltage is zero, the average output voltage across R always varies above zero. The low pass filter, made up of capacitor C2 and resistor R, removes the RF (carrier frequency) which so as far as the rest of the receiver is concerned serves no useful purpose. Capacitor C2 charges rapidly to the peak voltage through the small resistance of the conducting diode, but discharges slowly through the high resistance R. the sizes of R and C2 normally form a rather short time constant at the intelligence frequency and a very long time constant at the radio frequencies. The resultant output with C2 in the circuit is a varying voltage that follows the peak variation of the modulated carrier. It is so far this reason often termed an envelope detector circuit. Diagonal clipping: Careful selection of component part is necessary for obtaining optimum efficiency in diode detector circuits. One very important fact to consider is the value of...
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...resonant converters for battery chargers, including fast response, low switching losses, easy of the control scheme, simplicity of circuit configuration, and low electromagnetic interference (EMI), among others, have led to their increasing attraction. This work develops a highly efficient battery charger with a parallel-loaded resonant converter for battery charging applications to improve the performance of traditional switching-mode charger circuits. The charging voltage can be regulated by varying the switching frequency. The switching frequency of the parallel-loaded resonant battery charger was set at continuous conduction mode (CCM). Circuit operation modes are determined from the conduction profiles. Operating equations and operating theory are also developed. This study utilizes the fundamental wave approximation with a battery equivalent circuit to simplify the charger circuit analyses and presents an efficient, small-sized, and cost-effective switched-mode converter for battery chargers. A prototype charger with parallel-loaded resonant converter designed for a 12V-48Ah battery is built and tested to verify the analytical predictions. The maximum charging efficiency of the proposed battery charger topology is as high as 90.9%. Satisfactory performance is obtained from the experimental results. Keywords- battery charger, parallel-loaded resonant converter, softswitching converter. I. INTRODUCTION Batteries are commonly used in renewable generation systems, electrical...
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...Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to investigate voltage variations in the processes of charging and discharging a capacitor. We will demonstrate how variations in the value of resistance and capacitance in an RC circuit effect the charge time of the capacitor. We will also study time constant of a RC circuit. A circuit containing a resistor connected in series with a capacitor is called a RC circuit. When a charged capacitor discharges through a resistance, the potential difference across the capacitor decreases exponentially. The RC time constant is equal to the product of the circuit resistance and the circuit capacitance. It is the time required to charge or discharge the capacitor, through the resistor. Equipment: Two resistors Two capacitors Power Amplifier One DMM Interface box Computer Theory: When a uncharged capacitor is connected across a DC voltage source, the rate at which it charges up decreases as the time passes. At first, the capacitor is easily charged because there is very little charge present on the plates, but as charge accumulates on the plates, the voltage source must do more work in order to move additional charges onto the plates since the plates already have charge of the same sign on them. As a result, the capacitor charges exponentially, quickly at the beginning and more slowly as the capacitor becomes fully charged. The charge on the plates at any time is given by the equation shown below: q = q0 (1 - e^ -t/RC)...
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...Electrical Components of Shop Unit Electrical for HVACs Southern Technical College Abstract A working overview of our Goodman Package Units located in the lab. The overview will show comprehensive knowledge of the electrical and electronic components associated with our lab equipment. Electrical for HVACs The electrical systems of an air conditioning unit are easier to understand if a technician breaks the complex schematic into individual circuits. This will provide an efficient method for diagnosing and repairing systems. The narrative covers the major loads in the system which is the compressor, compressor fan, and evaporator fan. On heat pump units, when the room thermostat set to the cooling mode, 24Vac is supplied to terminal “O” of the defrost board and to the reversing valve. As long as the thermostat is set for cooling, the reversing valve will be in the energized position for cooling. The constant 24Vac at the “O” terminal of the defrost board signals the board that the unit is in cooling. On a demand for cooling, the room thermostat energizes “Y” and “G”. This supplies 24Vac to terminal “Y” of the defrost board, the compressor contactor and the “G” terminal in the unit. The compressor starts in the cooling mode and the indoor blower motor starts. The contactor closes and turns on the compressor and condenser fan. When the cooling demand is satisfied, the room thermostat removes the 24Vac from “Y” and “G”. The contactor opens and turns off the compressor...
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...Chapter 01 1.1 Introduction: A storage device may be used to store energy from renewable energy source in DC form which can be converted to AC power by using power inverter. Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) technique may be used to control output rms voltage of the inverter. As the load is variable, the power consumed by the load (PL) may be smaller than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR). Therefore a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Controller may be used to supply the additional power (PR – PL) from the renewable energy source to the grid. On the other hand if the power consumed by the load (PL) is greater than the power generated from the renewable energy source (PR) therefore the same FACTS controller may be used to absorb the additional power (PR – PL) from the grid to the load. In this case the FACTS controller must allow bi-directional power flow. If all the active houses are connected to the grid in the same way (proposed way), the active houses that generate more power than the load can be supplied to the active houses that generate less power than the load. Therefore a suitable FACTS controller should be designed in such a way that it can control the power flow in both directions. The idea is illustrated in the following figure. 1.2 Objectives: • Study on different FACTS controllers • Study on different renewable energy sources • Study on different...
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...V11.3.00 Preface Notice The company reserves the right to revise this publication or to change its contents without notice. Information contained herein is for reference only and does not constitute a commitment on the part of the manufacturer or any subsequent vendor. They assume no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in this publication nor are they in anyway responsible for any loss or damage resulting from the use (or misuse) of this publication. This publication and any accompanying software may not, in whole or in part, be reproduced, translated, transmitted or reduced to any machine readable form without prior consent from the vendor, manufacturer or creators of this publication, except for copies kept by the user for backup purposes. Brand and product names mentioned in this publication may or may not be copyrights and/or registered trademarks of their respective companies. They are mentioned for identification purposes only and are not intended as an endorsement of that product or its manufacturer. ©July 2011 Trademarks AMD® is a trademark of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. I Preface R&TTE Directive This device is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant provisions of the R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC. This device will be sold in the following EEA countries: Austria, Italy, Belgium, Liechtenstein, Denmark, Luxembourg, Finland, Netherlands, France, Norway, Germany, Portugal, Greece, Spain,...
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...So what constitutes a badly-built app? Verizon recently started rating apps on three key criteria: battery consumption, data usage and security risks. For now it is only concentrating on the Top 50 Android apps, but the guide provides useful insight into what Verizon considers best-practice standards for the key criteria. mobiThinking acknowledges there are more key criteria to creating a quality app, in terms of usability, device compatibility, stability etc – and that’s true – but arguably, problems with battery consumption, data usage and security risks are some of the most important of all quality assurance (QA) criteria because: a) they are mostly hidden from consumers; b) they are more easily overlooked by developers; c) the consequences are far reaching. Bad apps affect the performance of the device, battery and network; inflate the phone bill; and most consumers blame the device, operator… anyone except the real culprits. If the user interface (UI) is rubbish or the app keeps crashing, there’s little doubt the app is to blame and users will happily broadcast their verdict in their app reviews. 1) Battery consumption Some mobile applications use a lot of energy, causing unnecessary drain on the (already heavily taxed) device battery. There are numerous reasons why this occurs and, where it is caused by bad, ignorant or devious development practices, it can and should be rectified. Causes of battery depletion include: • Apps that run without the user’s permission...
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...Applications The “wonder material”, known as grapheme holds many superlative qualities allowing for it to be integrated into a huge number of applications. At the start, grapheme will be used to help improve the performance and efficiency of current materials and substances, but soon after it will be developed in conjunction with other two-dimensional crystals to create more amazing compounds to suit a wider range of applications. The following are a few science fields where grapheme may be used in the future. Biological Engineering graphene offers a large surface area, high electrical conductivity, thinness and strength, it would make a good contender for the development of fast and efficient bioelectric sensory devices. The bioelectric sensory devices would be able to monitor such things as glucose levels, haemoglobin levels, cholesterol and even DNA sequencing. Eventually graphene would be used as an antibiotic or even anticancer treatment. Furthermore, due to its molecular make-up and potential biocompatibility, it could be utilized in the process of tissue regeneration. Optical Electronics Graphene will soon be used on a commercial scale in optoelectronics, including touchscreeens, liquid crystal displays (LCD). In order for graohene to be used in the optical electronics field, it must be able to transmit more than 90% of light, offer high electrical conductive properties with low electrical resistance. Graphene being nearly transparent, being able to transmit 97...
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...ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS – K Hinds Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams which show how a circuit is connected together. The actual layout of the components is usually quite different from the circuit diagram. To build a circuit you need a different diagram showing the layout of the parts on stripboard or printed circuit board. Wires and connections Component Circuit Symbol Wire Function of Component To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another. A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be staggered slightly to form two Tjunctions, as shown on the right. In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even though they are not connected. I prefer the 'bridge' symbol shown on the right because the simple crossing on the left may be misread as a join where you have forgotten to add a 'blob'! Wires joined Wires not joined Power Supplies Component Cell Circuit Symbol Function of Component Supplies electrical energy. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+). A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together. Battery DC supply AC supply Fuse Transformer Earth (Ground) Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+). Supplies electrical energy. DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction...
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...microcontroller III. 4x4 Hex keypad IV. 7 – segment display V. Keil program software VI. 5 volt power supply VII. 330 ohm resistor pack VIII. 1 resistor (8.2K ohm) Progress Update Although our circuit is not built, we have made progress. We have to order a part in order for the project to work. We have to order the 4x4 hex keypad. Once the keypad arrives, we can wire it to our breadboard or the trainer. In order for this project to work, we must make sure that our circuit chips have power (VCC) and are grounded. After that is done, we will take our 33pF capacitors and connect them to our 11.0592MHz oscillator, which is connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 on the 8051 trainer. We will then tie R1 – R4 and C1 – C4 on our hex keypad to ports 1.0 through 1.7 together on the 8051. Ports 0.0 – 0.7 on the 8051 will have a 330 ohm resistor pack connected to the 7 segment display. We will then have our 10uF capacitor tied together with the 8.2k ohm resistor, which should be connected to our reset. Test Plan To troubleshoot the circuit, we first must know how it is supposed to work. If the keypad is not working, we must check all connections and we can use a logic probe to see if we are getting an output at certain pins. We can also use the logic probe if our 7 – segment display is not lighting up or not showing the desired number. Another issue can be that the wires are not in the correct place. That is something that we have to avoid in order for the circuit to...
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...NFC technology uses the following smart devices: • NFC – enabled mobile phone: NFC enabled mobile phones, which also are referred to as NFC mobiles, are the most important NFC devices. Currently, integration of NFC technology with mobile phones creates a big opportunity for the ease of use, acceptance and spread of NFC ecosystem. • NFC reader: An NFC reader is capable of data transfer with another NFC component. The most common example is the contactless point of sale (POS) terminal, which can perform contactless NFC-enabled payments when the NFC device is touched against the NFC reader. • NFC tag: An NFC tag is actually an RFID tag that 8. How Does The NFC Technology Work : NFC works in an intuitive way. The touching action is taken as the triggering condition for NFC communication. Two NFC devices immediately start their communication when they are touched. The NFC application is designed so that when the mobile or the device touches some other NFC component that contains the expected form of data, it boots up. Hence, the user does not need to interact with the mobile device anymore but just touches one appropriate NFC device, which may be an NFC tag, an NFC reader, or another NFC-enabled mobile phone, because the coupling occurs intuitively and immediately. When you consider ubiquitous computing requirements, this is a useful property of NFC communication. For each NFC communication session, the party who initiates the communication is called the initiator, whereas...
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...according to three criteria: Correctness, completion, and clarity. On the cover page you must clearly state which group member had the main responsibility for the prelab, for the lab measurements, and for the report writing. All group members need to be knowledgeable for all three parts, but each member has a specific role in the group. The responsibilities must be rotated for future labs so that each group member will have experienced all three roles. Prelab An inductor is a passive device that can store energy in its magnetic field. Two examples of inductors (solenoid on the left, toroid on the right) are shown in the figure below. The i-v relationship for an inductor is: Compare this to the i-v relationship for a capacitor: We say that inductors and capacitors are duals of each other since the roles of voltage and current are exchanged between them. Inductance L is measured in henry (H). Typically, L of an inductor made from a wire-wound coil is proportional to number of turns N squared. For a solenoidal inductor wound (in a single layer) on a core with permeability u, L can be...
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