...CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Carbohydrates are found as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates. They function in energy storage (starch&glycogen), signaling (glycoproteins and glycolipids, e.g. blood group determinants), fuel the nervous system and muscle (and virtually all cells, although there are distinct cell type specific differences in choice of primary fuel molecule), are parts of nucleic acids (genes, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes), and as cell surface markers and signaling in glycolipids and glycoproteins, are part of connective tissue (heteropolymers; glycosaminoglycans), cell wall components (cellulose, hemi-cellulose) made of polymers that are enzymatically inert for most mammals to digest (except ruminants that harbor a special digestive tract bacterium with the appropriate cellulase enzyme). The alpha glycosidic bonds found in glycogen and starch is metabolically available to humans. The major source of dietary carbohydrate for humans is starch from consumed plant material. This is supplemented with a small amount of glycogen from animal tissue, disaccharides such as source from products containing refined sugar and lactose in milk. Digestion in the gut converts all carbohydrate to monosaccharides which are transported to the liver and converted to glucose. The liver has central role in the storage anddistribution within the body of all fuels, including glucose. Glucose in the body undergoes one of three metabolic fates. First it...
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...The Atkins Diet: Pitfalls and Risks Millions across the world have benefited from the Atkins diet and have lost weight successfully. Weight loss is achievable through Dr. Atkin’s methods and diet plan. The primary concern that the Atkins diet focuses on is the intake of carbohydrates through the diet. Through the restriction and then gradual reintroduction of carbohydrates, the Atkins diet uses the body’s own mechanisms against itself to burn fat. By restricting the carbohydrate intake and then slowly introducing back into the diet; fat becomes the primary energy burner since glucose production is low due to lack of carbohydrates. The exclusion of carbohydrates while on the Atkins diet is an unhealthy manner to lose weight, one runs the...
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...what doctors mostly emphasize is on food intake. As the socioeconomic levels of most Americans rise, diets are increasingly having a higher proportion of sugars while work is shifting into a less physical nature. The high proportion of sugars in the American diet has a direct relationship to obesity and other related illnesses. Is sugar related to obesity and medical disorders associated in the American society? In order to become fully aware of the link between sugars and diabetes, we have to look at the features and nature of sugar. Sugar is a generalized name for a crystalline carbohydrate that is simple, edible and has a sweet flavor. The main types of sugar are sucrose, lactose, fructose and glucose. Glucose, also referred to as blood sugar is the one that circulates in the blood. Table sugar and fruits contain sucrose and fructose respectively. During the process of digestion, carbohydrates break down into glucose, which is the only form of sugar that the body absorbs. Sugars are involved in various body processes and intake should be per body requirements. An excess or a shortage of sugars usually leads to manifestation of a disease (Lustig, 2013). In this case, we will investigate the effects of over-consuming sugars and their contribution to obesity and related health illnesses...
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...body does not use insulin properly the body’s blood glucose is elevated. Since the liver does not respond to insulin, the liver causes a greater amount of glucose production causing hyperglycemia. Insulin helps store sugar in the liver. In type 2 diabetes, the body does not use the insulin causing the liver to push more glucose into the bloodstream. When the secretion of pancreatic beta cells are destroyed, hyperglycemia may occur. “Destruction of beta cells are caused by genetic factors, increased apoptosis, decreased regeneration of beta cells, or beta cell exhaustion due to long-standing insulin resistance”. The body cannot release insulin when there is less beta cells in the body causing an increase in blood sugar. These factors of metabolism in type 2 diabetes will cause...
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...INTRODUCTION In 1987, the Austrian, Dietrich Mateschitz, in partnership with Thai businessman, Chaleeo Yoovidya, invented an energy drink called Krating Daeng also known as Red Bull. In terms of market shares, Red Bull is the most popular energy drink in the world with 4.5 billion cans sold each year. And it holds 70% share of the world market for energy drinks or functional beverages a category it was largely responsible for building. Marketing is aimed to hip young people with active lifestyle. Over the years, Red Bull hits foreign market and expanded from the U.S. markets to the southern hemisphere via South Africa and Brazil. And in 2002, Red Bull opened a regional headquarters in Dubai. Red Bull’s worldwide sales were estimated at Eur. 1.4 billion ($1.32billion) in 2002. The company expanded into the neighboring countries like Hungary and Slovania in 1992. And in 1994 it was introduced in Germany and it’s claiming a quarter of the sports drink market there, putting ahead of Gatorade. It was priced as much as a can of coca-cola. Then it entered the U.K. where it marketed there as Red Bull stimulation after 1996. Background In 1984 Mateschitz founded Red Bull. Red Bull Energy Drink was first sold on the Austrian market in 1987. Red Bull reached its first foreign markets in 1989 in Singapore and in 1992 in Hungary. In 2008 Red Bull created its own cola, Red Bull Simply Cola. It created a market segment unlike traditional colas, by using only 100% natural ingredients...
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...CARBOHYDRATES (sugars, starches, cellulose) * Made from joining H2O and CO2 by plants during photosynthesis * Monomer: Simple sugars: CH2O (ratio of one carbon and one oxygen to every 2 hydrogen) * Three main functions: energy for cells, structural support, cell-cell communication * Three main sources of carbohydrate: starches, sugar and cellulose. 3 Kinds of Sugars A. Monosaccharides (Simple sugars) – Building blocks of more complex carbohydrates. * Glucose (dextrose or blood sugar) - grape sugar, corn sugar, dextrose * Fructose (fruit sugar) - honey * Galactose – (milk sugar) * Mannose - plant sugar: a six-carbon sugar found in many plant cell Molecular Formula: C6H12O6 B. Disaccharides (Double sugars) - Two simple sugars bonded together * Maltose (malt sugar) – made up of two glucose molecule * Lactose (milk sugar) – made up of one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule * Sucrose (table sugar) – made up of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule Molecular Formula: C12H22O11 C. Polysaccharides (Complex Sugars) – made up of many glucose molecules bonded together in a long chain. 3 Kinds of Polysaccharides: a. Starches – are stored in potatoes, beans and grains. b. Glycogen (animal starch) – stored in animal liver c. Cellulose – found in the cell wall of plant cells Lipids * They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. * They produce hormones for the body...
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...it is shown that less than 40 percent of Americans eat breakfast every day. Most people have very busy schedules leaving them with little time to eat breakfast. However, you should try your best to eat a nutritious meal before you start your day. There are a number of reasons to why you should eat breakfast. I’m going to tell you about 5 of those. The first reason why breakfast is so important is because its gives you an energy boost to start your day. What our bodies need in the morning is a meal that includes each of the three macronutrients: protein, good fats and complex carbohydrates. Protein’s role is to provide sustainable energy. It takes longer to digest than carbohydrates, so it will hold you over until lunchtime. A good protein breakfast would be eggs. Fats are equally important, as long as you stick to good fats like olive oil. Use olive oil in the pan when you make eggs. Complex carbohydrates provide glucose, our body’s main source of energy. Glucose is the brain’s sole source of energy. That’s where you get your sharp attitude and quick wit. Also, our muscles lean on glucose for sustained energy. Good sources of complex carbs are whole-grain bread, waffles or cereal. The second reason why you should eat breakfast is because it makes you smarter. You are more likely to have a better memory after eating breakfast. It has been proven many times that our memory is significantly poorer when we skip breakfast. The number of hours your body hasn’t had any food when you...
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...The Highs and Lows of carbohydrates How do foods affect blood sugar levels? The old myth that a sugary snack will cause a dramatic rise, and then a fall, in blood sugar levels has been overturned as researchers find out more about the physiological effects of foods on blood sugar levels. New ways to measure just how our blood sugar will react to various foods has provided insights into the prevention and control of conditions such as obesity, diabetes and heart disease and has also revolutionised diet in sport and the foods eaten in the hours before physical exertion in sport. The Glycaemic index (GI) The glycaemic index (GI) is a way of assessing measuring the effects of food on blood sugar levels. After a carbohydrate food is eaten there is a rise, and subsequent decrease, in blood sugar (glucose). This phenomenon is level known as the glycaemic response. The glycaemic response to the ingestion of carbohydrate-containing foods can be compared to the response to a standard food, such as white bread or glucose. This resulting value measurement is called the glycaemic index of that food. A ranking on a scale up to 100 rates the increase in blood sugar levels after eating a portion of food providing 50 grams of carbohydrate. A 50-gram portion of pure glucose is the standard that is now accepted for use as the basis of comparison. Foods that break down quickly during digestion, for example rice, have the highest glycaemic indices. They raise blood sugar levels higher and...
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..."I want to convince you that the conventional wisdom about weight gain is wrong," declared Gary Taubes. The idea that eating too much and exercising too little is the culprit is, he said, "as obsolete as the belief that the sun rotates around the earth." Thus began the most revolutionary presentation in the five-year history of the Nutrition and Health Conference, an annual three-day event co-sponsored by the Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine (founded by Dr. Weil in 1994). Held most recently in Phoenix, Arizona in April of 2008, it attracted some 500 health care professionals from around the world, and the packed house at Arizona Grand Resort made it clear that Taubes was a headliner. The writer, trained in applied physics at Harvard and aerospace engineering at Stanford, specializes in parsing hot science controversies in articles and books (such as 1993's Bad Science: The Short Life and Weird Times of Cold Fusion). He is widely credited with kicking off the national low-carb diet trend with his July 2002 New York Times Magazine article, What If It's All Been a Big, Fat Lie? In 2007, he published Good Calories, Bad Calories: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control and Disease, a book that led the New York Times to assert that "Gary Taubes is a brave and bold science journalist" who shows that "much of what is believed about nutrition and health is based on the flimsiest evidence." Taubes' message: political pressure and sloppy science over the last...
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... | Student Response | Feedback | A. | biosynthesis. | | B. | anabolism. | | C. | photosynthesis. | | D. | glycogenesis. | | | Score: | 1/1 | | | 2. | | | Which of the following breakfasts would be highest in carbohydrate? | | | Student Response | Feedback | A. | Grapefruit half, 2 fried eggs, 3 bacon slices, 1 slice of toast with butter, coffee | | B. | 8 ounces orange juice, 2 cups Cream of Wheat with 2 tablespoons sugar, English muffin with jelly, 1 cup whole milk | | C. | 8 ounces orange juice, 2 bran muffins, 8 ounces nonfat yogurt, coffee | | D. | 1 cup whole milk, 2 ounces sausage, 2 fried eggs, 1 slice of toast with butter | | | Score: | 1/1 | | | 3. | | | fv | | | Student Response | Feedback | A. | glucose | | B. | fructose | | C. | glycogen | | D. | lactose | | | Score: | 1/1 | | | 4. | | | If you had the condition phenylketonuria, which should you not use? | | | Student Response | Feedback | A. | Acesulfame-K | | B. | Aspartame | | C. | High fructose corn syrup | | D. | Saccharin | | | Score: | 1/1 | | | 5. | | | In the U.S. diet, carbohydrate supplies approximately what percentage of total kcalories? | | | Student Response | Feedback | A. | 15% | | B. | 35% | | C. | 50% | | D. | 60% | | | Score: | 0/1 | | | 6. | | | Which of the following...
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...or.r_qf.&fp=4e753e884ed8bf36&biw=884&bih=537 A simple illustration of homeostasis is when we get really cold in winter, our body starts to shiver and by shivering the body maintains heat and warm us up. Another example may be that an individual may feel hot from doing an intense workout or simply walking in really hot heat, our bodies maintain homeostasis by sweating, this helps us to cool down and maintain body temperature. Negative feedback is the mechanism in which the body sustains conditions within specific perimeters. The body does this by conflicting an alteration that deviates from the norm. In other words, deviation produces negative responses to counteract the deviation. Metabolism is the amount of all the chemical reactions occurring in a specific order. When metabolism is broken down it is called biochemical reactions in which thousands of chemical reaction takes place, all in the same specific order. The cycle in which the reactions takes place is takes just under twenty four hours to complete, once completed; the cycle will just start from the beginning. In order for this cycle to arise in the exact order, the internal environment...
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...Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: Good Carbs Guide the Way ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form What Are Carbohydrates? Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of foods—bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, and cherry pie. They also come in a variety of forms. The most common and abundant forms are sugars, fibers, and starches. The basic building block of every carbohydrate is a sugar molecule, a simple union of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Starches and fibers are essentially chains of sugar molecules. Some contain hundreds of sugars. Some chains are straight, others branch wildly. Carbohydrates were once grouped into two main categories. Simple carbohydrates included sugars such as fruit sugar (fructose), corn or grape sugar (dextrose or glucose), and table sugar (sucrose). Complex carbohydrates included everything made of three or more linked sugars. Complex carbohydrates were thought to be the healthiest to eat, while simple carbohydrates weren’t so great. It turns out that the picture is more complicated than that. The digestive system handles all carbohydrates in much the same way—it breaks them down (or tries to break them down) into single sugar molecules, since only these are small enough to cross into the bloodstream. It also converts most digestible carbohydrates into glucose (also known as blood sugar), because cells are designed to use this as a universal energy source. Fiber is an exception. It...
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...infectious materials into the abdominal cavity. This can lead to peritonitis, a serious inflammation of the abdominal cavity's lining (the peritoneum) that can be fatal unless it is treated quickly with strong antibiotics. 2. Estrela, age 7, has cereal with milk and sugar for breakfast, then walks to school. Explain the relationship between eating and walking, and remember that Estrela is breathing. Metabolism is the effort of the body that is the breakdown of substances to form energy. One source of energy is glucose. When glucose is broken down, the body synthesizes glucose and then stores it to use it in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). Carbohydrates are another source of energy our body uses. Carbohydrates are similar to glucose in the way they are broken down and stored to be synthesized later to be used when energy is needed. Estrela’s body will be in need of energy when she begins her walk to school. The body will begin the process of cellular respiration, which involves the use of ATP which then converts into the proper breakdown of glucose and simple carbohydrates...
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...NS 201-Biological Science A. Y. 2013 – 2014 Project #1 What you Eat is What you Get Name: Daniel C. Monares Year and section: 1A7 Date of submission: August 2, 2013 Submitted to: Table of Content Page Number Page Number 1.) Argentina Meatloaf 3 3.) PureFoods Liver Spread 7 Ingredients 3 Beef or Pork Liver 7 Sodium Nitrite 3 Water 8 Phosphates 3 Starch 8 Sodium Erythorbate 3 Flour 8 MSG 4 Sugar 8 Vegetable Protein 4 Iodized Salt 8 Cornstarch 4 Vegetable Protein 9 Sugar 4 Spices 9 Water 4,5 MSG 9 Iodized Salt 5 Flavor 9 Pork 5 Sodium Nitrite 9 Beef 5 4.) Heinz Tomato Ketchup 10 Mechanically Separated Chicken 5 Ingredients 10 Water 10 2.) PureFoods Corned Beef 5 Tomato Paste 10 Ingredients 5 Sugar 10 Cooked Beef 6 Vinegar 10 Beef Broth 6 Salt 11 Iodized Salt 6 Onion Powder 11 Sugar 6 Spice 11 Phosphate 6,7 Spice Extracts 11 MSG 7 5.) Mang Tomas 12 Sodium Nitrite 7 Ingredients 12 1.) Argentina Meatloaf Ingredients: sodium nitrite, phosphates, sodium erythorbate, msg, vegetable protein, cornstarch, sugar, water, iodized salt, pork, beef, mechanically separated chicken Sodium Nitrite: -A white to yellowish crystalline that is very soluble in water and is hygroscopic. It is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula of NANO2 -It is usually used...
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...What is its role in the cells? Cells use carbohydrates as their main source of energy; however, glucose is the only form that can enter the cell and actually gets used. Other types of carbohydrates, such as fructose, lactose, sucrose… must first be broken down into glucose before being used by the cell. To maintain a constant supply of energy, the level of glucose in the blood must be balanced. Too many carbs can lead to obesity and blood pressure spikes. Some of the carbohydrates that aren't used up, are stored as glycogen and the rest are converted into fat. At the cell level, all carbohydrates are exactly the same, either getting used, stored as energy or used for cell processes. The other things you eat determine how many carbohydrate gets...
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