...Terrence Graham was convicted in Florida as having committed armed robbery. Graham already had burglary and attempted robbery charges on his record. The Florida state court convicted him to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Graham appealed the decision, saying that this sentence was in violation of the Eighth Amendment in that it constituted cruel and unusual punishment. When the case went to the Supreme Court, they ruled that it was unconstitutional for a juvenile to be sentenced to life in prison without parole for a non-homicidal...
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...Ofek (1995) suggested that diversification reduces shareholder value. Both find that conglomerates are attributed with a lower market value than a portfolio of comparable focussed firms operating in the same businesses as the conglomerate. This finding seemed to suggest the hypothesis of a “diversification discount”. In line with this Scharfstein and Stein (2000) postulate "it has become almost axiomatic among researchers in finance and strategy that a policy of corporate diversification is typically value reducing.” Yet, subsequently financial scholars have challenged this dogma of a diversification discount. They did so with respect to the method used (Mansi and Reeb (2002); Glaser and Müller (2010)) and the causal interference (Graham et al. (2002); Campa and Kedia (2002); Villalonga (2004)). Taking these latest developments into account, the empirical evidence on the value effects of corporate diversification is mixed. The controversy that has evolved around these wealth effects provides a suitable setting to investigate the pitfalls associated with causal analysis and interference in empirical financial economics. The aim of this paper is to structure the discussion of the diversification discount with respect to causal interference and to lay out why the traditional methods upon which the hypothesis of a diversification discount is based, do not allow for a robust conclusion on the wealth effects of corporate diversification. 2 2 Casual analysis of diversification...
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...This report will present a discussion on the financial challenges and issues based on the Ruritanian Project case study. The report is concerned with analyzing the investment environment of the host nation, maximizing the investment return and minimizing the risks which could have a negative impact on the financial performance of the Ruritanian project. Firstly, the national economy environment will be discussed based on the national GDP growth and inflation rate; secondly, there is a discussion on the foreign exchange risks of Rutitania Crown against international currency; third, the issue of joining the Euro zone will be analyzed in terms of benefits and drawbacks; next, the taxation effect in the investment decision making will be accessed and finally there will be a discussion on the political environment. THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROJECT 2.1 The Relationship between National Economy and the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) The economic growth of the host nation has always had a positive relationship with the foreign direct investment decision making. The positive effect of host country economic growth on investment decision making has been supported by various studies (Ericsson and Irandoust, 2000; Dhakal, Kamal and Upadhyaya, 2007; Barrell and Pain, 1996; Grosse and Trevino, 1996; Taylor and Sarno, 1999; Trevino et al., 2002). Traditionally the economic growth of the host nation induces FDI inflow when FDI is seeking consumer markets, or when...
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...INTERNATIONAL MARKETING Case Study Report How Starbucks Corp. should improve its business Syndicate Group Number 1 24/08/2007 The following group assignment report was prepared for a business unit at Macquarie University, Sydney. The information given does not need to be correct. The suggestions given and conclusions drawn remain (as the whole report in itself does, too) the intellectual property of the authors. Do not use this report for plagiarism. Do not copy this report. Do not print this report. Do not hand this report in as your own! Authors and Copyright: Tanya Shahi Jorge Omar Martin Aufschläger Timo Schmerling Stefan Gassner tanyashahi@gmail.com canogeorge@hotmail.com martinaufschlaeger@gmail.com timo_schmerling@web.de mail@stefan-gassner.de 2 Case Study Report: Starbucks Corp. Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Company Profile ................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Case Summary.................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Current Situation .................................................................................................
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...general term that refers to the two types of polygamous marriages. Polygyny refers to the marriage of one man to two or more women, which is the type of polygamous marriage this paper will cover. Polyandry refers to a rare type of marriage in which one woman marries two or more men. Some other societies view polygamy as an acceptable and sometimes necessary form of marriage. One of these societies is the Bedouin-Arabs in Israel, where polygamous marriages are common. These polygamous families are Muslim. The Islamic faith encourages men to have two or more wives if they can sufficiently support them (Al-Krenawi & Graham, 2006). Islamic faith also implies that there is great strength in blood bonds over any other types of bonds (Lev-Wiesel & Al-Krenawi, 2000). Often, parents arrange these marriages. They are based on a trade (Al-Krenawi, Graham, & Izzeldin, 2001). This demonstrates the hierarchical order maintained by the families in which the elders have control over the younger...
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...The Non-Obvious Problem: How the Indeterminate Nonobviousness Standard Produces Excessive Patent Grants Gregory Mandel∗ The dominant current perception in patent law is that the core requirement of nonobviousness is applied too leniently, resulting in a proliferation of patents on trivial inventions that actually retard technological innovation in the long run. This Article reveals that the common wisdom is only half correct. The nonobviousness standard is not too low, but both too high and too low. It is indeterminate. Three principal factors produce nonobviousness indeterminacy: a failure to identify the quantum of innovation necessary to satisfy the standard, a failure to define the baseline level of ordinary skill against which to measure an innovation, and the epistemic infeasibility of requiring a technologically lay decision maker to judge from the perspective of a more highly trained and educated person of ordinary skill in the art. This Article introduces a mathematical model of innovation and patenting to analyze the effects of nonobviousness indeterminacy. Based on the model, indeterminacy in nonobviousness decisions has several unexpected consequences. First, indeterminacy results in an excessive total number of patent grants, and in many patent grants on obvious inventions. Second, indeterminacy leads to too many patent applications on obvious inventions and too few applications on non-obvious inventions. ∗ Professor of Law, Temple University — Beasley School of...
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...serial monogamy), polygamy, polyandry, communal living, and “open” pair-bondings, where sexual or sexual-emotional relationships outside of the primary one are tolerated to a greater or lesser degree (cf. Robinson, 1997). Polygyny has been defined as “the marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time” (Moorehead, 1991: 311), or the “practice of plural marriage” (Altman and Ginat, 1996: 3). The term polygamy has also been used synonymously with polygyny, although it could also be used to encompass polyandry (Welch and Glick, 1981). Polyandry refers to the marriage of one woman to two or more husbands, while polygynandry contemplates a situation in which two or more women are simultaneously married to two or more men (Al-Krenawi, Graham, and Slonim-Nevo, 2002). Polygynandry has also been used to refer to group marriage (Anon., 2004). The term informal polygamy has been used to describe relationships characterized by the simultaneous existence of a legal marriage of one man to one woman and an affair with a second woman that has become a stable feature of the family structure (Rivett and Street, 1993). In contrast, polyamory refers to “group marriage” or the existence of one or more sexual 27 28 • Multi-Bonding: Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyamory relationships inside or outside of marriage (Munson and Stelboum, 1999). The incidence of polygamy, used here to refer to bonded relationships between one man and multiple women or one woman and multiple men entered into in a...
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...monogamy), polygamy, polyandry, communal living, and “open” pair-bondings, where sexual or sexual-emotional relationships outside of the primary one are tolerated to a greater or lesser degree (cf. Robinson, 1997). Polygyny has been defined as “the marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time” (Moorehead, 1991: 311), or the “practice of plural marriage” (Altman and Ginat, 1996: 3). The term polygamy has also been used synonymously with polygyny, although it could also be used to encompass polyandry (Welch and Glick, 1981). Polyandry refers to the marriage of one woman to two or more husbands, while polygynandry contemplates a situation in which two or more women are simultaneously married to two or more men (Al-Krenawi, Graham, and Slonim-Nevo, 2002). Polygynandry has also been used to refer to group marriage (Anon., 2004). The term informal polygamy has been used to describe relationships characterized by the simultaneous existence of a legal marriage of one man to one woman and an affair with a second woman that has become a stable feature of the family structure (Rivett and Street, 1993). In contrast, polyamory refers to “group marriage” or the existence of one or more sexual 27 28 • Multi-Bonding: Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyamory relationships inside or outside of marriage (Munson and Stelboum, 1999). The incidence of polygamy, used here to refer to bonded relationships between one man and multiple women or one woman and multiple men entered...
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...to drape the patient and square off surgical area with sterile towels to absorb excess solution. The incision site is where the prep begins and proceeds outward from that point. Iodine soap or scrub, wet the skin with sterile water the iodine scrub will be added to the point of lather, the site is to be scrubbed for 5 minutes. Excess solution is to be blotted with sterile towels or sterile gauze. When iodine paint is used the iodine paint will be applied and allowed to dry before first incision. This practice of surgical skin preparation has been a standard for many years. At this facility povidone-iodine is used predominantly however a few surgeons do use chlorhexidine, it has typically been surgeon choice for skin preparation. Studies have shown that Chlorhexidine-alcohol is a superior product to povidone-iodine to reduce skin colonization and reduce surgical site infection, (Darouiche, Wall, Itani, Otterson, Webb, Carrick, & ... Berger, 2010). No specific use for either product was found in the policy and procedures for the hospital on the hospital web site. There were no available protocols involving the products that were found. It is not apparent that there has been any evidenced based practice involved. Recent changes in hospital administration and the desire to obtain magnet status has brought changes to the hospital that has incorporated evidenced based practice in the areas of nursing. The hospital has evidence based practice committee that...
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...Critical Factors The major players in this case are George, Paul, and the company management. The case reveals three critical issues, two of them are organizational issues and the third one is related to human character and integrity. The critical issues are as follows: a) the company had lack of quality control system, b) the company had lack of inventory control and management system, and c) Paul showed unethical behavior and influenced George to follow the same. Detailed analyses of each of the critical issues are discussed below with appropriate references. Quality Control The company did not seem to have an effective quality control system in place. The night shift employees were asked to complete the job without putting any emphasis on the quality of the product. The management was happy as long as the assigned job was completed within the period of night shift. The company provided no training to the employees (as evidenced by the instant hiring and putting George at work immediately with no training) on how to establish, monitor, and assure the quality of the product that they produced. The night-shift employees had no idea about the harmful effects of the polluted product on the consumers and the possible consequences the company would have to face for it. Not to mention that if the consumers get sick due to their poor milk product, the company could be sued and might even go bankrupt. The night shift employees could not see the big picture and were...
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...Christopher Pittman’s Adult Trial Verdict Name Professor Institution Date Just to quote Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. words, “injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere”. Human beings are not entirely fit. Thus judges just like any other human being are bound to make mistakes in dispensing justice. However, Judges are obliged to be ever watchful and mindful in their endeavors of delivering justice. Every day, all over US judges dispense justice to convicted persons and defendants. However, absolute justice ideally is hardly realizable across board since its effectiveness demands human infallibility. Although it might be even harder to reap justice, justice is achievable and pursuit for justice remains a noble order. In this case, a 12 years old boy, Christopher Pittman from the state of South Carolina on February 15, 2005 shot his two grandparents using his father’s shotgun while they lay on their beds, he then set the house on fire, drove his grandparents truck and fled with cash and weapons in his possession. The petitioner, Pittman was only 12 years of age when he committed this malicious acts. He was charged with premeditated murder and put on an adult court for trial. Christopher Pittman’s defense team claimed that young Christopher Pittman remained an innocent child because he still could not differentiate what was right or wrong while under influence of Zoloft, an antidepressant. The defense urged the court to consider Pitman a child thus unable to plan...
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...[pic] International Market Selection – Issues and Methodologies A Global Marketing Paper Conducted by Kai F. Mahnert, 03113060 Sarah McGauley, 00359157 Laura McGrath, 00453340 Liz McGrath, 03113094 Conducted for Dr Aidan Daly, Lecturer in Global Marketing, NUI Galway Date 22nd March 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 3 Introduction 3 Objectives 5 Limitations 5 Rationale for International Trade 6 Objectives of an organisation 6 The creation of stakeholder value 6 Internal factors in Foreign market selection 7 Personnel 7 Management 8 Customers 8 Capital requirements 8 Social assessment 9 Corporate social responsibility 9 Time and research 11 Methodologies 11 Preliminary screening 12 In-depth screening 12 Final selection 13 external factors in foreign market selection 14 Market potential 14 Market size 14 Market growth 15 Competitive intensity 15 Competitive entry 15 Entry barriers 16 Political environment 16 Political issues for consideration in market selection 17 Risk assessment 17 Legal environment 19 Legal systems 19 Economic environment 20 Economic development 20 Culture 22 Infrastructure 23 Conclusion 23 References 26 International Market Selection Issues and Methodologies Kai F. Mahnert, Sarah McGauley, Laura McGrath & Liz McGrath MBS in Marketing, NUI Galway Abstract International market selection is one of the...
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...Paraphrasing Practice Decriminalization of Marijuana Author: Lucia Pizzo Throughout the early 2000s, many states decriminalized marijuana. Levels of decriminalization varied with regard to the amount of marijuana in possession and whether the drug was for personal use, cultivation, or distribution. By 2010, marijuana had been at least partially decriminalized in Arkansas, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin. In Alaska and Massachusetts possessing one ounce of marijuana was deemed legal. Various groups supported decriminalization and pushed for state reform. These groups included National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (commonly known as NORML), Americans for Safe Access, and Law Enforcement Against Prohibition. Advocates of the legalization of marijuana argued from the standpoint of freedom of choice, with supporters clamoring against unnecessary government interference. Promoting the therapeutic aspects of cannabis, some groups presented marijuana access as a human-rights issue and proposed that the drug be available for medical purposes. As more states decriminalized marijuana, and as proponents of decriminalization argued widely against prohibition, the argument for protecting “cherished values” began to weaken. “Charles Kelly’s Paraphrase...
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...A case of a patient, Miss. Tracy Rewini, of age 66 years, suffering from advanced stages of cervical cancer which is already spread to her liver, pancreas and bowel has been presented for us to do critical analysis, case study and to prepare a plan of palliative care for her. Miss. Rewini has been suffering with this disease since three years. Cervical cancer is special type of cancer which is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) that affect cells of the cervix- lower part of the uterus which connects vagina (Bosch, Manos, Munoz, Sherman, Jansen, Peto, & Shan, 1995). It is caused when abnormal cells grow out of control on cervix (Stewart, & Kleihues, 2003). The care plan is discussed in following part of essay. As Miss Rewini is Maori women,...
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...statistic shows the growing popularity of the cruise industry. This course aims to study the essential feature of cruises and how it contributes to the Tourism Industry. IV. COURSE OBJECTIVES By the end of the course, students should be able to: 1. Analyze the past, present and future of the cruise industry; 2. Analyze the services of the cruise industry from a traveler’s perspective. Identify routes, schedules, fare specials, and vacation packages; 3. Reflect on the issues affecting the cruise line industry and explain the psychology of selling cruises to prospective clients; 4. Observe the importance of capitalizing in the sale of cruise vacation packages to a much wider audience; and 5. Exert effort in producing cruise brochures in relation to the travel. V. COURSE CONTENT UNIT 1. Contemporary Cruise Operations 3 hours – June 16-17, 2011 A. Specific Learning Objectives: At the end of the unit, the students should be able to: 1. Define elements of cruising. 2. Identify the history of cruising. 3. Critically reflect on the image of cruising and consider different types of cruises. 4. Discuss the scale and scope of the cruise market. B. Topics 1. The Elements of Cruising 2. A History of Cruising 3. The Image of Cruising 4. The Cruise Market 5. Cruise Brands Reference Gibson, pp. 1-21 Graham, pp. 9-19 Mancini, pp. 1-13 Vladimir,...
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