Leslie Meyer
12/03/2015
Week 4
Case study Max
1. When the urine is yellow it means that high Na+ are released and ADH is secreted high. If the urine has no color then it is diluted. Increases in specific gravity may be associated with renal failure, and excessive fluid intake.
2. When Max was at rest his gravity rate was good. When he started to work out the gravity rate was showing very high. After he got done working out the rate was still high, not at a normal rate. The higher the number is the more likely a person is dehydrated.
3. When experiencing a high specific gravity, there is more secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH will cause more tubular water to be re-absorption and lowers the urine volume. Right after exercising Max experienced very high gravity readings and his urine had a dark color as you would expect from increased ADH.
4. The reason why proteins and blood cells aren’t found in the urine is because of the molecules are too large to be able to pass through the capillary walls of the glomerus. Since they don’t enter the glomerular filtrate, they are not able to be part of the urine. Small amounts of proteins are in the urine, however, the protein will not be detected when a dipstick test is performed. When the kidney is diseased, the proteins will appear in the urine, even if the blood proteins are at a normal level.
5. Glucose showed up in Max’s urine because he exceed the capacity for the kidneys to be able to reabsorb the glucose how they should. When this happens large amounts of glucose are able to pass into the urine.
6. While doing intense exercise, there is a chance that there may not be enough oxygen available to complete the process, so lactate is made. The body converts this lactate to energy, but without using oxygen. However, this lactate or lactic acid can build up in your bloodstream faster than you can burn it off. The point when lactic acid starts to build up is called the "lactate threshold." Kidneys will regulate during acidosis by high secretion of H⁺ into the tubules. H⁺ in the tubular system is buffered before it is excreted. First it combines with the filtered HCO₃ in the tubular system to produce water until all HCO₃ is used up. Next the H⁺ combines with filtered phosphate in the tubules and the H₂PO₄⁻ then produced to excrete in the urine. Once all phosphate buffer in urine is used up, the NH₃ that was produced from amino acid glutamine will combine with H⁺ & NH ₄+ to be excreted in urine.
Tracey should use the pH readings to determine what the kidneys defense is as kidneys regulate pH by adjusting the H⁺ , HCO₃, and NH₃; it will remove H⁺ created by any source and remove HCO₃.
7. Each body is different, therefor only suggests can be made with how much a person should drink while working out. The reason why is because of sweat rate, heat and humidity around you, as well as how long and how often you work out. Tracey should look at the American Council on Exercise suggestion for drinking water before, during, and after working out. Some suggestions would be to drink 17 to 20 ounces of water at least two to three hours before working out. Drinking water before working out. Making sure to drink while working out. Lastly drink water after the work out.
8. Angiotensin II also has vasoconstrictive effects in multiple organs. Increased total peripheral resistance helps to return blood pressure back to normal. The reduced perfusion of the kidneys allows the blood to be diverted to the brain and heart. The constriction of the efferent arterioles also reduces hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries, increasing reabsorption of water and salt and helping to restore the extracellular fluid (ECF) and normalizing blood pressure. The amount of waste excreted is linked to the GFR. Maintaining GFR, permits the excretion of waste products such as urea to be maintained.