...the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells by comparing their structure and function: It will talk about the similar components they have and their function of the two cells (prokaryotic and Eukaryotic) and then it will talk about the different components and their function in the cell. It will relate the structure to function in two specialised eukaryotic cells and the structure of the cell membrane to its function of movement of substances into and out of the cell. Regarding to the cell theory all living things are made of cells and all organisms may be classified as prokaryotes (before nucleus) or eukaryotes (true nucleus). Prokaryotes was developed first, they are small (size 1 to 10um) and they consist of one cell (unicellular) and it has no nucleus but instead it as a nucleoid which contains the genome (DNA of the cell). (Boundless 2015) (Look figure1) Eukaryotes come from prokaryotic cells and they are large (size 10 to 100um), highly structured, they consist of many cells (multicellular), has a nucleus which is the brain of the cell and it is enclosed in a nuclear envelope. The prokaryotic and Eukaryotes both have a Cell Membrane, Ribosomes, Cell Wall (in Eukaryotic it is present only in Animals) and Cytoplasm. The cell membrane is a thin flexible bilayer round the outside of all cells and it's made by phospholipids and proteins. Its function is to separate the contents of the cells from the outside environment. (AQA Biology 2012) The Cell Wall is composed of PEPTIDOGLYCAN...
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...The World of the Cell Seventh Edition Wayne M. Becker Lewis J. Kleinsmith Jeff Hardin Gregory Paul Bertoni Chapter 1 A Preview of the Cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. Chapter 1--Cell The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms The smallest structure capable of performing the essential functions characteristic of life The study of cells •Began with the invention of microscopes in the 17th century •Using a microscope to look at cork, Robert Hooke described little box-like compartments and named them cellulae (little rooms) in 1665 (Micrographia) •Actually, the cellulae were dead plant cells •Limited by the microscope resolution Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Developed superior lenses that had 10-fold better resolution than Hooke’s. Looked at algae, protists, minerals, fossils, animals using a microscope. First to describe bacteria: "I then most always saw, with great wonder, "an unbelievably great there wereof living that in the said matter company many very animalcules, a-swimming more nimbly than little living animalcules, very prettily a-moving. any Ibiggest sort. . . up to this time. The The had ever seen had a very strong and biggest sort. .and shot through into water (or swift motion, . bent their body the curves in going forwards. . . does through the water. The spittle) like a pike Moreover, the other animalcules were in suchspun round numbers, second sort. . . oft-times enormous like a top. that allthese were.far more in number...
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...BIO 264 - Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 3 – Cell Biology and Genetics PART A 1. Describe the structure of a typical animal cell. Describe the structure and function of each of the cell parts labeled in Figure 3.1, plus cytosol, cytoplasmic inclusions, and flagella. * Plasma Membrane- Outer boundary of the cell, through which the cell interacts with its external environment. * Nucleus- It directs cell activities, most of which take place in the cytoplasm. * Flagellum- Extension of the plasma membrane containing doublets of parallel microtubules./ in humans, it propels spermatozoa. * Microvilli- Extension of the plasma membrane containing microfilaments. /increase surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption and secretion; modified to form sensory receptors. * Cilia- Extensions of the plasma membrane containing doublets of parallel microtubules./ Move materials over the surface of cells. * Cytoskeleton- * Proteasomes- tubelike protein complexes in the cytoplasm./ Break down proteins in the cytoplasm. * Peroxisome- Membrane bound vesicle/serves as one site of lipid and amino acid degradation; breaks down hydrogen peroxide. * Centrioles-pair of cylindrical organelles in the centrosome, consisting of triplets of parallel microtubules./ Serves as centers for microtubule formation; determine cell polarity during cell division; from the basal bodies of cilia and flagella. * Centrosome- * Cytoplasmic organelles- Ribosomal RNA...
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...UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE MAY 2015 FHSC1214 FUNDAMENTALS OF CELL BIOLOGY TUTORIAL 1 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES I Student’s Guide for Tutorial: At university level, the tutor facilitates student learning without spoon-feeding. Therefore, you are expected to: * Read your textbook, attempt the questions before the tutorial * You may enter the class and sign your attendance after showing your tutor that all tutorial questions have been completed; even if you don’t know how to do, write something - you’re not advised to leave answers blank in the finals. * Write answers on board if you wish to receive tutor feedback (no answer, no feedback) * Be independent: consult textbooks or dictionaries on your own first before asking the tutor * All questions are compulsory. 1 mark may reflect 1 answer point. (No half mark is awarded in the finals marks) [Source: Final Examination for Jan 2015] Q1. (a) Figure 1.1 shows the structure of a polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. Figure 1.1 Based on Figure 1.1, answer the following questions. (i) Name the polysaccharide shown in Figure 1.1 and identify bond A and bond B respectively. (3 marks) (ii) State TWO(2) principle organs in human where the polysaccharide shown in Figure 1.1 is stored. (2 marks) (iii) Describe how the structure...
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...Cell biology 1. Eukaryotic cell has a true nucleus and well defined nuclear envelop, and is generally larger as compared to prokaryotic cells. In addition to this it has got a membrane bounded organelles. It contains linear DNA molecule combined in a protein to form a chromosomes ,while that of prokaryotic is in a form of circular DNA. 2. Insulin is a hormone, which is synthesised by the pancreatic beta cell and released into the blood in response to high level of blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) in a controlled way of secretion to maintain normal blood sugar level (Normoglycaemia), and its synthesis begin in the nucleus involved DNA unravel, transcript and translated in the RER and finally secreted through plasma membrane by a process of exocytosis....
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...SUMMARY CBH Ex I CELLS AND ORGANELLES Cell Membrane: consist of a lipid bilayer. Hydrophobic tails are located in the interior. Transmembrane protiens are anchored to the core of the bilayer and can be removed only by detergents that disrupt the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins are attatched to the cell surface electrostatically and are easily removed by altering the pH. Eucaryotic cells with outer- and intra- cellular membranes ~ half the cell’s total volume -separate intracellular organelles Nucleus- double membrane-bound organelle containing chromatin. Contains the genetic blueprint for every protein in the body. Nuclear Envelope- separates and mediates transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and is supported by intermediate filament proteins, the lamins. Nucleolus- dense non membrane bound structure. rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly. Ribosome-consists of 2 subunits of ribosomal RNA. Protein synthesis- formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to make polypeptide chains using messenger RNA as a template. Endoplasmic reticulum- (rER) Protein synthesis (sER)is involved in steroid synthesis and detoxification. Golgi apparatus- determines vesicle fate. Finaly assembly and glycosylation of proteins. Mitochondria – double membrane bound energy production mainly in the form of ATP Lysosomes- high acidity, killing of pathogenic organisms, and degradation of waste products. Endosomes- Peroxisomes – production of hydrogen peroxide...
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...Stephanie Freeman Developmental Biology Lab Video A dozen eggs, time-lapse microscopy of cell development Society of developmental biology The Video reviewed early development, and migration in different species of animals and plants. Early development was discussed in the video, with narration to the time-lapse microscopy. 1st cleavage involves nuclear envelope breakdown, spindle formation, nuclear division formation, and cytokines. Cleavage is synchronous occurring approximately every 30 minutes. Then there is blastocoel formation, and the blastomeres move to the periphery. Also basal blebbing of the cells can be seen. Primary mesenchyme cells migrate from inner cell mass, and the vegetal plate invaginates. Archencheron cell formation, primitive gut tube elongates, and contact the blastoceal roof. Spicule grows from primary mesenchyme, and the sea urchin embryo advances. Individual amoebas migrate on an agar plate. In a chemo tactic response to migration individual amoeba migrate to form large aggregates. They form moving streams, which flows into what appears to be one clump of amoeba. Migration of pseudoplasmodium, or crawling slug, leaves a visible slime trail. A large pseudoplasmodium splits, to form two pseudoplasmodia. When the pseudoplasmodium ceases migration it differentiates into a fruiting body, the posterior portion forms a stalk and the anterior form spore cells. When cut into pieces each differentiates and rearranges into a complete...
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...Cell Biologist Essay This essay is about a female biologist. Her name is Carol W. Greider.Carol W. Greider discovered how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomeres. She is an incredible woman for finding something new. I believe that it is great that more women are now coming out and doing more, and proving that we are better than boys. Carol W. Greider was born April 15, 1961 in Davis, California. She has a husband named Nathaniel C. Comfort. She went to the University of California, Berkeley for college. Carol also got a Nobel prize in medicine and physiology. She has gotten many other different prizes but another prize she has gotten is a Louisa Gross Horwitz. The field she is in as a biologist is, molecular biology....
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...There are two types of cell transport mechanisms. These types of transports are passive and active transport. The difference between active and passive is that passive does not require energy and active does require energy. The reason passive does not require energy is because it travels down a concentration gradient. On a concentration gradient molecules naturally move from high to low concentration. In active transport, molecules move from low to high concentration. There are three different types of transports for passive and two types of transports for active. The three types of passive transports are diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. The two types of active transports are endocytosis, and exocytosis. Passive transport does not require ATP, also known as energy. The reason it does not require energy is because it travels down a concentration gradient. This means molecules naturally travel from high to low concentration. The first type of passive transport is diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecule across the membrane from high to low concentration. Diffusion naturally occurs until equilibrium is reached. Only very small molecules can cross the membrane in diffusion. These include ions, gases, alcohols, and small lipids. The next type of passive transport is osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane. Three examples of osmosis are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. A hypertonic solution is a solution that has a higher...
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...Photosynthesis is the process by which plant cells capture and process the suns energy to make this energy available to all living things (Audesirk T, Audesirk G, Byers G, 2008). Photosynthesis controls all tropic chains and food on Earth. The photosynthesis process is described by the following equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2. This equation means carbon dioxide from the air and water combine in the presence of sunlight to form sugars: oxygen is released as a by-product of this reaction (Wessels & Hopson, n.d.). The first step in Photosynthesis is the “light reaction”. This is when the electromagnetic energy of sunlight is converted into the chlorophyll (the pigment that absorbs the sunlight) containing cells of photosynthetic organisms (Audesirk T, Audesirk G, Byers G, 2008). Chlorophyll is packed into stacks of membranes called grana where the sunlight is absorbed. The sunlight is then converted into chemical energy or Oxygen. This is then converted into sugars or glycolysis. If oxygen is present when the glycolysis process is complete, a type of cellular respiration called aerobic respiration is created. During the aerobic respiration a process called TCA is administered. The TCA cycle releases energy store in pyruvate. This energy is called ATP, which is the energy source that is used for nearly every task in the human body and other organisms. Anaerobic respiration is the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration begins with the same...
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...Many pathogenic bacteria do not grow well on solid culture medium, making identification by traditional means difficult. (Why?) Even poorly growing bacterial cultures, however, can be identified with the methods used in this lab. In this lab, you will act as a pathologist or perhaps a pathology lab technician at a well-equipped research hospital. Your task is to identify a bacterial sample received from a clinician. Assuming that you have managed to grow bacterial colonies on a solid medium culture dish, the first step is to pick up a single colony and drop it into a microcentrifuge tube. The process of extracting bacterial DNA consists of dissolving the cell wall with a digestive buffer (in the white-capped bottle) available as a commercial kit. The buffer contains proteolytic enzymes that "eat" the cell wall. This step may take several hours. Since we will be using other enzymes in the next step, we need to get rid of the proteolytic enzymes before we can proceed. The enzymes are denatured by heating the sample in a water bath at 100°C. Next, the cellular debris is spun down in the centrifuge and appears as a solid deposit (pellet) at the bottom of the tube. The DNA is contained in the supernatant (the liquid), which is then transferred to the PCR tube. Why / Back to Part 1Note: Limitations of the traditional methods of identification Over the years, a battery of tests has been developed to categorize and identify bacteria. Tests include staining and growing...
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...David Hrobochak Biology 1740 Kirstin Purcell Common Book Assignment 2 The reasons you can get more proteins from the genes are because each gene is individual, and each protein has a different function. Some proteins are responsible for structural support while others are responsible for defense against germs; others are involved in bodily movement. There are 4 levels of protein structure. The first is primary, which is the sequence of amino acids that make up protein. Different proteins will have different sequences of amino acids. Secondary structures are the coils or folds in the helix due to hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structures are just further folding of the polypeptide and quaternary structures are 2 or more polypeptide units folding together. The folding of all these amino acids causes the multiplication of proteins. I agree that nature plays a part of our development. Look at the scientific theory of evolution. Are we really descendents of apes? From a scientific perspective this is conceivable. The outbreak of Malaria is tolerated in most countries, but in Africa it is a widespread pandemic. This is an example of genetic variation. I believe 100 percent of us are genetic. We are created through genetic variation and the inheritance of variation. Natural selection is how we can cope with environmental changes. This is why certain individuals can deal with extreme temperatures better than others. The ability for each individual to go longer without water during times...
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...Te c h n i c a l M a n u a l Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF PRODUCTS E1910 AND E1960. INTEGRATED S OLUTI ON S u se m e w i th G LO M A X ® INST RUMENTS world-class INTEGRATED S O LUTIO N S SERV ICE & SUPPORT PRINTED IN USA. Revised 6/11 Part# TM040 Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System All technical literature is available on the Internet at: www.promega.com/tbs/ Please visit the web site to verify that you are using the most current version of this Technical Manual. Please contact Promega Technical Services if you have questions on use of this system. E-mail: techserv@promega.com. 1. Description..........................................................................................................2 A. Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay Chemistry...................................................3 B. Format of the Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay .............................................5 C. Passive Lysis Buffer .............................................................................................6 2. Product Components and Storage Conditions ............................................8 3. The pGL4 Luciferase Reporter Vectors .........................................................9 A. Description of pGL4 Vectors ..............................................................................9 B. Important Considerations for Co-Transfection Experiments ........................9 4. Instrument Considerations...
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...this experiment, we use different concentration of sucrose solution to control the variable of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic. From the results obtained, I can conclude that when the molarity of sucrose is below 0.3M, the potato will increase in length and thus making it into a turgid form feeling hard. From this, we can reason that any sucrose solution with a molarity of less than 0.3M is hypotonic compared to the potato cell. The water molecules will travel from sucrose solution to potato cell. When we used a sucrose solution with a molarity of 0.3M, there were no changes in the length of the potato. The potato remains flaccid. According to the results, 0.3M is an isotonic solution to the potato cell. For this result, the net movement of water molecules across the semi permeable membrane is zero. The potato feels softer when touched with finger. When we used sucrose solution with a molarity above 0.3M the potato shortens in length. The cell is now plasmolysed. This happens because the sucrose solution is now hypertonic compared to the potato cell. The water molecules from the potato will travel to the sucrose solution. The potato strip feels very soft when touched with finger. From all of this above, I can conclude that as the concentration of sucrose solution increases, the length of the potato strips decreases. Therefore, the...
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...Cell Biology Exam 3 Exam is due APRIL 30th at midnight. – NO EXCEPTIONS. Late exams will not be accepted. To complete the exam you will need to download the exam into MS Word. Complete the exam in MS Word then save it. Each question is worth the points indicated. Answer the questions using your own words. When you are done with the exam submit the exam (word doc) to Turnitin on Blackboard. Turnitin will check your exam for originality. Any paper with more than 30% similarity to either another student or internet source will receive and F (failure) on the exam and the entire course. Explain the following terms and indicate why they are important in the cell, in other words what is their cellular function and how would the cell be effected if they were mutated. 4 pts each Separase Is a protein that is used to degrade cohesin during anaphase-promoting complex’s activation. This process proceeds with the degradation of securin, which activates separase allowing the degradation of cohesin, breaking the connection between sister chromatids and allowing them to be separated and pulled to opposite sides of the poles. If the separase were to be mutated, it is possible for premature cleavage or possibly no cleavage or uneven distribution of sister chromatids between resulting daughter cells. However, what is for certain...
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