...Introductory Chemistry Introduction Instructor: Dr. Tao Tao Course Section: CHEM1405.6013-6014 Meeting Time: TTh 6:00pm-9:10pm Bldg 13-629 Office Hours: TTh 5:30 pm-6:00 pm Contact: tao.tao@lonestar.edu Introductory Chemistry 2 Course Material Requirements • Textbook – Introductory Chemistry, by Nivaldo J. Tro 5th edition • Chapters 1-4, 6-10, 14 • Sections, 5.6-5.10, 12.4-12.8, 13.6-13.8 • Scientific Non-programmable Calculator • Safety Goggles for Lab • Lab Coat/Apron (Optional) Introductory Chemistry 3 Evaluation and Grade • Tests: 45%; 4 tests, best of 3, no make-up unless good excuses (documented, in advance notice) • Open-book Quizzes: 10%; best n-2, no make-up • Laboratory: 25% • Final Exam: 20% • Homework: Encouraged but not mandatory • Problem Set: Provides but not mandatory • Final withdrawal day: Nov. 10th, 2014 Introductory Chemistry 4 Lab Report/Grade Guideline • Pre-lab write-up (30%): Complete before lab starts, will be checked and signed for completeness – – – – Title/Date Aim/Purpose Introduction Procedures • Lab Performance and Quality of data (25%): will be checked and signed when leaving lab – Observations – Collect and record data • Post-lab (40%) – Result (Calculations, Graphs, Interpretations etc), – Discussions/Conclusions – Post-lab questions if any • Overall Report Neatness (5%) • Report due one week after the completion of experiment for full credit; after two weeks, no report will be accepted, and no credit...
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... |College of Natural Sciences | | |CHM/110 Version 3 | | |Introductory Chemistry | Copyright © 2010, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course will examine the basic principles of chemistry conceptually and specifically. The course will apply chemical concepts to address relevant issues ranging from atomic structure and chemical reactions to organic and biological chemistry. The course topics include matter and energy, chemical bonding, intermolecular forces, chemical equilibrium, and nuclear, organic, and biological chemistry. Students will apply these concepts using practical examples, facilitated discussions, and experiments conducted through a virtual laboratory. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different...
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...Just a few months ago, I was arguing with my mother about how chemistry is pretty much everywhere and no one seems to appreciate it. People do not get curious about how we are always using chemistry. It is like if people give for granted that things are the way they are because it is just the way it is. I have listened to the same phrase over and over again every time that I take a chemistry class, “why should we even have to take chemistry? It is not like I am using it every day!” The truth is chemistry is everywhere. Chemistry is even in the smallest and insignificant things like the glow sticks. How they work? What makes them glow? How is chemistry present in them? Glow sticks have plenty of uses. They are used for camping, diving, as a decoration, or just for fun. The only thing that needs to be done in order to make them glow is bend them. But there is something more deeply than just bending the glow stick. These glow sticks involve chemical reactions. The reaction of these chemicals causes a constant release of energy. Atoms in the materials are stimulated, causing electrons to get a higher energy level and then return to their normal levels. When they do this, they release energy as light. This process is better known as chemiluminesence (Harris, 2015). Moreover, light emitting...
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...THE CHEMISTRY OF AGING Thesis statement: The science behind aging includes both biological and chemical factors. The Oxidative Damage Theory and Free Radical Theory are two important theories that theorize why organisms age. Researchers have done experiments that discovered chemicals that speed up or slow down aging. A. Introduction 1. Topic sentence: Has anyone ever wondered why we age? Is it because of religious reasons, or are we genetically engineered to do so, or does the everyday changing world affect how we age. 2. The definition of aging and what humans characterize aging by. 3. How the chemistry of the human body leads to the biological changes which causes humans to age. B. Scientists base their theories off of others and have found...
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...Biology and chemistry are complimentary to each other; one cannot be studied in its entirety without the firm understanding of the other. Interactions between chemicals are what make up biological life, which makes up organisms. Organisms are living structures made up of cells that consist of animals, plants, and bacteria. They are biologically engineered yet composed of a multitude of chemical reactions. By examining organisms, their premise of living is based off of their ability to create energy. Chemistry is vital to the understanding of biology as seen with the chemical interactions that make up thermodynamics. Thermodynamics pertains to the change in energy and heat that occurs in all of matter. It is divided into categories of isolated...
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..._____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE UNIT 1. FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMSITRY Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Applications of Chemistry • Energy and the Environment • Fossil fuels • Solar energy • Nuclear energy Health and Medicine • Sanitation systems • Surgery with anesthesia • Vaccines and antibiotics Materials and Technology • Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals • Room-temperature superconductors? • Molecular computing? Food and Agriculture • Genetically modified crops • “Natural” pesticides • Specialized fertilizers • • • Classification of Matter A substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties. An element is a substance that is composed of tiny particles called atoms. A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Compounds can only be separated into their pure components (elements) by chemical means. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities. Physical means can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components. Homogenous mixture – composition of the mixture is the same throughout. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not uniform throughout. 1 |P a g e _____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE PROPERTIES OF MATTER...
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... Molecules can be either organic or inorganic. In chemistry terms, organic means a molecule has a carbon backbone, with some hydrogen’s thrown in for good measure. Living creatures are made of various kinds of organic compounds. Inorganic molecules are composed of other elements. They can contain hydrogen or carbon, but if they have both, they are organic. An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; therefore, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and elementary carbon are not organic. An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that is not an organic compound. Inorganic compounds come principally from mineral sources of non-biological origin. The modern definition of inorganic compounds often includes all metal-containing compounds, even those found in living systems. Although most carbon compounds are classed as organic, cyanide salts, carbon oxides and carbonates are usually considered to be inorganic. The terms "organic" and "inorganic," as applied to the various kinds of matter of which the universe is composed, had, to begin with, a very definite signification; the latter being applied to all those forms of matter which exist independently of the operation of living beings, whilst all kinds of matter produced by the vital chemistry of living beings were grouped together under the former title. "Inorganic" Chemistry. At the present day, the term "organic" has...
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...Lab Report Chemistry 341L: Preparation of Cyclohexene Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to prepare an alkene, cyclohexene, by the dehydration of an alcohol, cyclohexanol. In this experiment cyclohexanol is dehydrated to prepare cyclohexene, using phosphoric acid as a catalyst. Unsaturation tests are then done to ensure cyclohexene was prepared. Experimental Scheme: The procedure for the Preparation of Cyclohexene lab started with first having to add 10mL of cylcohexanol (clear liquid with strong odor), and 2.5mL of phosphoric acid (clear liquid) to a 50-mL round bottom flask. These liquids were mixed together well; a boiling stone was added to the flask in order to allow for a smoother and gentle boil. Below is the equation for the reaction that took place in this lab. Equation 1: Formation of the product cyclohexene, from the reactant cyclohexanol with the aid of a catalyst phosphoric acid4 Next a distillation apparatus had to be assembled, using a 25-mL round bottom flask as a receiving flask, this flask was then placed into a beaker of ice water refer to figure 1. Figure 1: Distillation apparatus5 Distillation is used in order to dehydrate the cyclohexanol. After the apparatus was assembled we circulated the cooling water in the condenser, while heating the mixture in the flask. The flask was heated until the product started to distill, and collect into the receiving flask in the ice water bath. We continued to heat the mixture...
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...There are many ways to examine the subject of alchemy, including alchemy as a source of symbolism, psychology, and mysticism. It has also been an influence on the world view of various writers, artist, and musicians. The focus of this report is alchemy as a pre-chemistry, which gave a new impulse towards the preparation of medicinal remedies and also was a major influence on today's scientific investigations. Alchemy is an ancient art, practiced in the Middle Ages. The fundamental concept of alchemy stemmed from Aristotle's doctrine that all things tend to reach perfection. Because other metals were thought to be less perfect than gold, it was reasonable to believe that nature created gold out of other metals found deep within the earth and that a skilled artisan could duplicate this process. It was said that once someone was able to change, or transmute a "base" chemical into the perfect metal, gold, they would have achieved eternal life and salvation. In this way, alchemy turned into not only a scientific quest, but a spiritual quest as well. Although the purposes and techniques were often times ritualistic and fanciful, alchemy was in many ways the predecessor of modern science, especially the science of chemistry. The birthplace of alchemy was ancient Egypt, where, in Alexandria, it began to flourish during the Hellenistic period. Also at that time, a school of alchemy was developing in China. The writings of some Greek philosophers may be considered to be among the very...
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...Atoms, Molecules, and Elements Michelle Faunce-Carroll CHM/110 - INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY BSDT1HX1M4 WILLIAM DE VORICK AUGUST 10, 2015 Atoms, Molecules, and Elements Atoms, Molecules, and Elements are a part of everything we do in life. Most people don’t recognize the extent that chemistry plays in our everyday lives. From the foods we eat, to the products we use for cleaning ourselves, our homes, our cars; atoms, molecules, and elements are a part of all of these things. Dmitri Mendeleev began studying elements in the early 1800’s. Through his learnings he found that elements are sortable, have similar properties, and are even predictable. In addition to this his research also led to his coming up with the periodic table. Thanks to Dmitri Mendeleev we can now know the way molecules are formed. Because of this we know the charge of the elements, which in turn helps us to know how they will react with each other when combined, we are able to predict if this will be a good or bad reaction. Grouping elements into families was first taught by Dmitri Mendeleev. He began by studying their atomic weight, charge, and reactivity. And then grouping the elements with similar properties within the same family. Within these families we can look at how they would react with other elements on the periodic table. Take hydrogen for example when this is paired with oxygen to form H2O, you have to have 2 hydrogen...
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...Chapter 1 1. Analytical Chemistry- study that focuses on the composition of matter Physical Chemistry- Area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change Biochemistry- study of the process that take place in living organisms Organic Chemistry- study of all chemicals containing carbon Inorganic Chemistry-study of chemicals that do not contain carbon 2. A Teory is a well tested explanation, but a hypothesis is a well educated guess 3. Dependent Variable 4. Independent Variable Chapter 2 1. Intensive depends on the type of matter in a sample, but extensive depends on the amount of matter 2. Extensive 3. Mass- measure of amount of matter the object contains 4. Volume- measure of amount of space occupied by an object 5. Liquid- indefinite shape, yet fixed volume Gas- takes shape and volume of container Solid- definite shape and volume 6. Gases exist in the gases state at room temperature, vapor describe the gaseous state that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature 7. Physical change- some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material doesn’t 8. Mixture- a physical blend of two or more components 9. Homo-Composition uniform throughout Hetero-not uniform 10. Solution- homogeneous mixture 11. Filtration and distillation 12. water to gas, back to water 13. Element- simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties -Compound- a substance...
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...Chemistry “Chemical Reaction and the PH Scale” Chemical reactions are the heart of chemistry. People have always known that they exist. The Ancient Greeks were the firsts to speculate on the composition of matter. They thought that it was possible that individual particles made up matter. As you might imagine, it's useful to be able to measure the acidity of solutions. Scientists have come up with the pH scale for determining the concentration of acid in a solution so we can distinguish between solutions with varying acidity. A Chemical reaction is the outcome of two or more elements together results in the formation of a chemical bond between atoms and compound. Chemicals react together due to participating atoms. The reason why atoms react with each other is to reach a state in which their valence shell is filled. Reactions occur at different speeds, they have different rates of reaction. There are some things that must be considered in a chemical reaction. There are a few things that decide the course and speed of the reaction. One thing about chemical reaction is that, there is now known that there are three types of chemical reactions. They are classified into three types: exoergic (exothermic), endoergic (endothermic), and aergic (athermic). In these cases, energy is supplied, but the different types of reactions initiate the energy differently. First of all, Exoergic, or exothermic, reactions release energy during the reaction. ...
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...In the 4th quarter of 9th grade science we continued our study of chemistry with a focus on chemical formulas, chemical reactions, and stoichiometry. Formative assessments included practice questions on how to write proper names and formulas for chemical compounds, balancing equations, converting between chemical units, and titration problems. The lab experiments for the quarter consisted of a freezing point experiment, chemical flame test comparison, the activity series of four metals, production of hydrogen, and the titration of an unknown concentration of acid. Summative assessments for the quarter were an evaluation of the freezing point experiment, written exploration of the flame test experiment, and two unit exams on chemistry topics. In 10th grade students will study science topics related to biology, environmental science, and some...
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...Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics. * Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the study of rates of chemical processes. Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about thereaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction. * Chemical physics is a subdiscipline of chemistry and physics that investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. * Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (theelectrode: a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). * Femtochemistry is the area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10–15 seconds (one femtosecond, hence the name). The steps in some reactions occur in the femtosecond timescale and sometimes in attosecond timescales,[1] and will sometimes form intermediate products. * Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles...
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...and a job after school. The type of college the student goes to is very important too. It can affect where their job is or how much money they make. A veterinarian’s job is a good one and anyone with a passion for animals should try it including me. The education of a veterinarian is very important. In college and in high school education is important. In high school to get into a good college with veterinarian programs the student must take many courses. They include biology, chemistry, physics, calculus, trigonometry, statistics, environmental/earth science, English, computer science, history, and languages. The student must not only take these classes, but the student must get above a 3.0 GPA average to even think about getting into a veterinary college. Once the student gets into a college you must take many courses to get a job after words. In the first year the student must take English, zoology, and general chemistry. In the second year the student must take organic chemistry, general physics, and calculus. In the third year the student must take biochemistry and microbiology. Education as the student will now see is very important to the student’s future. The school the student goes to is very important for them to move on to a successful job in the future. One school that is out of the state of Georgia that is a college with veterinary programs is Cornell University. How the student gets into Cornell is complex, but...
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