...This interaction leads to the Growth and Development of the child. The increasing of an organ or limb of the baby, in size and weight is Growth. Division of each cell and their growing into thousands in number, or their changing tissues, blood or bone, is part of the process of Development. The primary purpose of studying the growth and development of children is to understand them better. As a teacher or a parent, you, can manage children more effectively if you are aware of how they grow and develop in a systematic manner right from the moment of conception. An orderly pattern is found in the growth of every organ of the body and area of development. Although the development process is continuous, the rate or speed of development varies at different ages of the child. For example, children grow most rapidly during the first three years of life. In their middle childhood, i.e., from 6 - 12 years, their rate of growth is comparatively slow whereas it is accelerated again when they approach adolescence. A knowledge of the trends and patterns of growth and development will enable you to know how children grow and develop; when and what to expect from them, how to guide them in each stage and provide the environment for their optimum development. Let us first understand the meaning of these two important terminologies. ‘Growth’ and ‘Development’ are often used as synonymous terms. But, in fact, growth is different from development. Growth means an increase in size, height...
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...Acquisition and Development By: Name Institution Affiliation: Date Submitted: Introduction At infancy during child development, children tend to find ways of expression in order to communicate with the adults. They tend to have a sensitivity to grasp vocalizations, symbols and other expressions used by adults in communicating with each other. They try to figure out the causative sentences to understand the actions by the adult species. Previous research into child language development, the mechanism enabling children in segmenting syllables and words out of the strings of sounds they hear, and to acquire grammar to understand and produce language is still quite an enigma. In other words, Language acquisition is the transformation or process by which children acquire the adult like speech through utterances. Development of Language at early stages Previous research works have tried to explain language acquisition. Skinner (1957) argues that language acquisition and development is through environmental influence. This he terms as behaviorism. Based on his research, children learn language through reinforcement principles associating words with their meanings. Positive reinforcement is enhanced when the child comes to realize the value in his correct utterances in terms of words and phrases. An example is when a child utters a word like ‘milk’ ,the mother then smiles and offers the same thus this gives the child a rewarding effect enhancing language development (Ambridge...
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... Unit F922: Child development The portfolio work you produce for this assignment will be assessed to decide your mark for this unit. You need to produce evidence based on the study of a child up to the age of eight years. NB: To enable you to fully cover the requirements of this unit, the child you choose should be at least eight years old as it is difficult to project the development of the child. Your evidence needs to include: A description of two patterns (milestones) in each area of development of children, described from birth to eight years explaining two methods of monitoring development An explanation of the factors that have influenced the child studied and how they have affected his/her development, comparing their development with the norms Research relating to two roles of play and how they can be reflected in the development of the child studied Records of the planning of a learning aid for the child studied to use and an evaluation of the effectiveness of the aid and the benefits to the child studied. (You will use a different child under 8 years for AO4) PATTERNS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (AO1 A) Identify the key stages and describe in detail two patterns (milestones) of development for each of the following: Physical growth and development (suggest 1 dev & 1 growth, eg gross motor skills & teeth) Intellectual development (suggest cognitive & writing) Language development (have to do verbal & non-verbal) ...
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...basic issues) * Theories of development * Research methods in child development Introduction History Child development as a science Parental preoccupation with “expert” child rearing started in the early 20th century. Parents started turning to paediatricians and psychologists for advice. John Watson pushed for rigid feeding schedules for infants and an orderly approach to child rearing. Benjamin Spock’s urged parents not engage in conflicts over issues such as weaning and toilet training, and to display affection to their children. Today Watson’s views are seen as emotionally cold and excessively rigid, while Spock’s recommendations as overly indulgent. What does developmental psychology study? Developmental science seeks to identify variables that influence development and to explain how they work together to shape an individual’s life. Scientists develop theories and conduct research aimed at describing, explaining, and predicting age-related changes in behaviour, thinking, emotions and social relationships. Definition Orderly and relatively enduring changes over time in physical and neurological structures, thought processes, and behaviour. 3 broad goals in the study of 3 child development: * To understand changes that appear to be universal * To explain individual differences * To understand how children’s behaviour is influenced by the environmental context or situation. Perspective on development 1) Nature and nurture ...
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...The question about the kind of food we should eat attracts multiple answers and this manifests clearly from the various news information published on nutritional studies and individuals diets. In many cases, the best nutritional recommendation regarding what to eat daily is relatively straight forward. Nutritionist from all over the world advise individuals to eat diets that are rich in vegetables and fruits and whole grains as they play a crucial role in building the body and providing protection against diseases(Andersen, 2010). This work is going to cover the importance of eating healthy diets among young children. It will evaluate the nutritional value and how it helps in the development and finally the types of food children eat and how it influences their physical and intellectual development. General outlook The main importance of eating health diets is associated with the many problems of weight control. Following a balanced and health diet normally helps individual to lose weight in an easier way or it plays a crucial role in maintain a person’s healthy standards. Study has it that those who strictly follow a well- balanced and healthy diet have high chances of decreasing the chances of being affected by the chronic diseases. Chronic diseases in most cases relates to poor healthy conditions because of eating poor balanced diets that cannot sustain their bodies. The occurrence of heart disease, diabetes, and cancer normally arises through poor eating habits (Insel,...
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... Sarah Enston. Understanding Child and Young Person Development. 3.1. Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods. • Assessment Frameworks. There are frameworks in place to asses a child’s development, especially their academic performance. • Observation. Observations can be made at any time to record what a child is doing. The observer can either participate or not. • Standard measurements. Standard measurements are used by many different professionals. They include reasoning tests, Cognitive Aptitude Tests, auditory assessments and health assessments. • Information from carers and colleagues....
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...Growth and Development Paper ECE 205 February 20, 2012 The first years of life are the most important stage of human development. During the early childhood years, the brain goes through drastic changes that are influenced by our genes, as well as our environment. It is the responsibility of adults in our society to take care of their children’s emotional and cognitive needs of children in order to see the progress in each child individually. In this paper I will describe how the concept of development differs from the concept of growth. I will summarize the domains of development and analyze each developmental milestone and the purpose of each. Finally I will identify and explain the factors that might contribute to atypical development. “An understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood” (Cherry, 2012). Infants, toddlers, and children all have particular capabilities and needs. Even though it may not seem like it, growth and development are two different things. There are no similarities between growth and development, and it is easy to distinguish the two. Development “relates to qualitative basis while growth is to quantitative measurement”. In other words, development takes place mentally and in the knowledge and skills children produce. Children with developmental...
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...The first years of life are the most important stage of human development. During the early childhood years, the brain goes through drastic changes that are influenced by our genes, as well as our environment. It is the responsibility of adults in our society to take care of their children’s emotional and cognitive needs of children in order to see the progress in each child individually. In this paper I will describe how the concept of development differs from the concept of growth. I will summarize the domains of development and analyze each developmental milestone and the purpose of each. Finally I will identify and explain the factors that might contribute to atypical development. “An understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood” (Cherry, 2012). Infants, toddlers, and children all have particular capabilities and needs. Even though it may not seem like it, growth and development are two different things. There are no similarities between growth and development, and it is easy to distinguish the two. Development “relates to qualitative basis while growth is to quantitative measurement”. In other words, development takes place mentally and in the knowledge and skills children produce. Children with developmental difficulty because of a disorder, special needs, etc., can gain from participating in a program with a...
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...Describe the characteristics and signs of high-quality education in elementary school. Describe the U.S. No Child Left behind Act, and discuss the pros and cons of high- stakes testing. High quality education in elementary schools depends on different things, first the class size, a class of no larger than 18 is the perfect size so that each child can get the quality education that is needed. The physical setting of the class is also important such as an activity center, for reading, writing, games, working on computers and playing the child needs that perfect setting to learn. The curriculum is also important; it plays a part in helping the children achieve their academic standards and helps them to understand what they are learning. Daily activities is also important, it helps the children become independent while having small group with their class mates. Groups are put together based on the children’s learning needs. The children are evaluated regularly and given a progress report through written observations that help children and parents decide on how to improve in what areas that needs improvement. Seeking information on from parents on how they children are learning includes the parent’s view’s in evaluation and the teacher parent relationship , such as holding conferences to encourage parents and encouraging parents to visit the classroom anytime and become involved. The attitude of the staff is very important, when you walk into a school...
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...Children’s Literature and Cognitive Development Children’s literature is an important part of a child’s development. “We are born with the ability to organize, classify, and impose order on our environment, resulting in the construction of our own unique theory of the world. Very little of the content and order of our theory is the result of direct instruction; rather , it is the interaction of biological, cultural and life experiences that greatly affects the substance of our theory and the way we organize our experience” (Johnson, 2003, para. 2). It is critical that children are provided with a range of experiences in order to develop cognitively. Literature provides children with experiences that help to strengthen their cognitive skills. Piaget’s Theory of cognitive development identifies four stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. At each stage of development, children’s literature can provide support to that can encourage cognitive development in children. At the sensorimotor stage of development, children begin to understand how things work using their five senses and motor activity (SNHU, 2014). Children’s books that offer tactile illustrations and interactive activities are essential to developing the cognitive skills of children. Because children in this stage of development have an increased interest in play, books that require participation and touch tend to be appealing to them and help to...
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...patohyChapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Bodily Growth and Change Sleep Patterns and Problems ● Sleep terror: The abrupt awakening of a child or adult from deep sleep in a state of panic, usually about one hour after falling asleep. The person typically remembers nothing about the episode in the morning. Also known as a night terror. Enuresis: Repeated urination in clothing or in bed. ● Brain Development Motor Skills ● ● ● Gross motor skills: Physical skills that involve the large muscles. Fine motor skills: Physical skills that involve the small muscles and hand-eye coordination. Systems of action: Increasingly complex combinations of skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment. Handedness ● Handedness: Preference for using a particular hand. Artistic Development ● ● ● ● Scribble: In the first stage of children’s artistic development, the vertical and zigzag lines drawn in patterns by young children. Shapes: Circles, squares, triangles, and other figures drawn by young children in the second stage of artistic development. Designs: The stage of artistic development in which children combine shapes into more complex designs. Pictorial: The stage of artistic development in which children draw actual depictions of objects, such as houses and trees. HEALTH AND SAFETY Nutrition: Preventing Obesity Malnutrition Deaths and Accidental...
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...Define growth and development.2. Discuss principles of growth anddevelopment.3. Describe need for monitoring growthand development.4. Discuss pattern of normal growth anddevelopment.5. Provide tips of promoting growth anddevelopment. The most dramatic events in growth and developmentoccur before birth. Increase in physical size andweight of the body (Height and Weight) Increase in Mental, Physical,Social and Emotional abilitiesof the child. It meansfunctional and physiologicalmaturation. Average level of development of a child which is decidedthrough the scientific study of physical, mental andnervous system of children. Prenatal:Conception to the Birth•Infancy:Birth to 12 months•Neonatal period:Birth to 28 daysEarly neonatal period: Birth to 7 daysLate neonatal period: 7 days to 28 days•Infancy Period:29 days to 12 months•Early Childhood:1 year to 6 years•Toddler Period:1-3 years•Preschool Period:3- 6 years•Middle childhood:6- 12 years•Late Childhood or Adolescent:12-18 years•Puberty Period:Male: 12-14 yearsFemale: 11-13 years There are definite and predictable patternof growth and development that arecontinuous, orderly and progressive.•CrawlCreep Walk•BabblesWordsSentences•ScribbleWriting 1. Directional Pattern: –Cephalocaudal Pattern ( Head to Tail) –Proximal to Distal (Midline to peripheral) –Mass to specific (Differentiation) 2. Sequential Pattern: Involves a predictablesequence of Growth and Development stagesthrough which a child normally proceeds. –For...
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...Biological Basis: Neonatal Development or Infancy Explanation of Neonate Development: Neonate development or infancy is a period of postnatal. An infant is a child in the first period of life from zero to two to three years. It is the shortest period of all developmental stages or periods. The infant or the period of the neonate occurs from the cutting of the umbilical cord to the end of the second week of postnatal life. An infant is a child that must adjust to the new environment outside the mother’s body. Growth is still very rapid during this period. Characteristics: This stage is characterized by rapid growth and development. The survival of the child depends on physiological, social, psychological, digestive and physical adjustments that must be made at this stage of development. Physiologically, the child’s survival depends on the adjustment of outside the womb body in terms of breathing in and breathing out of oxygen. Psychologically the result of complaints during birth is completed when the infant beings to show signs of development progress in behavior (Hurlock,1972); the digestive adjustment of the child boarders on proper feeding and elimination of excretory waste products in order to determine the amount of sleep and comfort of the child. This feeding, sleeping and crying are process of adjustment of the child which determines developmental changes in size, weight and structure of the infant. This stage is also characterized by stoppage or half in growth and...
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...physical needs of a child; they need sensitive care. I have always thought that there is no substitute of a mother for a baby because no one else can care for baby like mother herself. Though, researches and studies have given me a broader picture of the concept of sensitive mothering, mother and child bonding and their impacts on the social and emotional development of a child. In this essay we will discuss sensitive mothering in relation to attachment theory of John Bowlby together with Ainsworth patterns of attachment. Also, link the concept with Erik Erikson psychodynamic theory and will look into researches on the impact of early attachments on social and emotional development over a life span. Sensitive mothering as explained (Ainsworth et al. (1971) in Meins et al. 2001) is mother’s sensitivity and her positive attitude towards a child. Sensitive mother is able to understand a child’s specific behaviour and respond to his/her needs on time in a proper manner. She is able to establish mother- child communication and can arouse child senses without obstructing child’s own interest and always puts her child first. Sensitive mothering allows emotional attachment, and enables mothers to read child’s emotions and respond to them accordingly. In contrast, in sensitive mother is the one who gives priority to her own schedule and her care is based on her own wish. Thus, she ignores the child’s needs and as a result unable to have an attachment to her child which leads to insecurity...
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...CHILD PSYCHOLOGY (First part) Module 1 Q.No: 1.What is the six sensitive periods? Write seven or eight lines on each of them. Answer: A child from the conception time has a various developments such as learning a language, developing a culture or mathematical mind. At certain periods of time, these aspects become vibrant and highly active. Dr. Maria Montessori describes this periods of time as the sensitive periods. These sensitive periods are the blocks of time in a child’s life. A child has different sensibilities which enables him to choose what is necessary for his growth from his surroundings. The child has an interest in repeating some actions in order to make it perfect because practice makes a child perfect in all the actions that he does. These periods can be seen in a child only till a particular time of his growth. If the right assistance and environment is not given during this period then the mental development of the child is retarded. The child will start losing his interest towards the procedure of learning new things. That’s the reason Dr. Maria Montessori insists that the adult should help the child according to each stages of growth, development and the period of sensitivity. Dr. Maria Montessori observed six sensitive periods in a child’s growth. They are · Period for sensitivity to order · Period for Refinement of senses · Period of sensitivity to Language · Period of sensitivity for Walking · Period of sensitivity for Small Objects · Period of sensitivity...
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