...2016 Annotated Bibliography- Choline Penry, J. T., & Manore, M. M. (2008). Choline: An Important Micronutrient for Maximal Endurance-Exercise Performance?. International Journal Of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 18(2), 191-203 This review article summarized multiple studies regarding choline and exercise. There have been mixed results on the effects of exercise on choline concentrations, but most individuals experience a decrease in choline concentrations after ultra-endurance and arduous exercise. When measuring the effects of supplementation of choline on performance, most studies increased choline concentrations about what is normally found in the body and...
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...Fat and water Soluble Vitamins LaShonda Alexis SCI/241 September 07, 2013 Summer Groff Fat and water Soluble Vitamins Vitamins are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds essential for the growth and maintenance of animal life. The majority of vitamins are not synthesized by the animal body or at a rate sufficient to meet the animal needs. They are distinct from the major food nutrients (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) in that they are not chemically related to one another, are present in very small quantities within animal and plant foodstuffs, and are required by the animal body in trace amounts(Taber, 1993, pg. 2141). Vitamins are a necessary component of a healthy diet. They are considered essential nutrients because our bodies either do not make them, or do not make enough of them. Your body uses vitamins for a variety of biological processes, including growth, digestion, and nerve function. There are 13 vitamins that the body absolutely needs: vitamins A, C, D, E, K, and the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and folate). AAFP cites two categories of vitamins. They are essential for normal body functions like cell growth, blood cell production, hormone and enzyme synthesis, energy metabolism, and proper functioning of body systems, including the immune system, nervous system, circulatory system, and reproductive system. Fat- Soluble vitamin which is vitamin A, D, E, and K. Fat- Soluble is not...
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...body. Eggs contain choline, which helps to reduce inflammation in the brain and lowers the chance of developing Alzheimer’s. They also have protein that protects the bones. Beets dilate blood vessels and improve blood flow. Blueberries combat tumor growth and fight free radicals that cause cancer Tomatoes contain lycopene, which lowers the risk of heart disease, cataracts, and macular degeneration. Change your habits Sometimes our everyday lives are the culprits of aging. We often engage in activities that age us without us realizing it. Some of the easiest ways to reverse the aging process include Quitting smoking - There has been overwhelming evidence for decades that smoking accelerates aging. Smoking promotes heart disease, lung disorders, and wrinkles the skin to name just a few ways it can harm the body and increase its age. Moderate your drinking - Alcohol gets into the body’s cells, damages genes, and inflames the liver. Limiting alcohol to one drink a day or three drinks per occasion can do wonders for your body. Get enough sleep - Getting enough sleep at night can repair cells and give your organs the rest they need. It also gives you time to dream, which helps you stay sane. Watch your diet - Limiting saturated fats and increasing healthy fats are essential ways to reverse aging. Drink enough water - Water helps to keep the skin young and wrinkle-free. It also helps keep your body lubricated and working properly. Supplementation Most people do not...
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...REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS BY NUTRIENTS Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Nutrition Yun-Zhong Fang, Sheng Yang, and Guoyao Wu, PhD From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China; the Division of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and the Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA Radiation hazards in outer space present an enormous challenge for the biological safety of astronauts. A deleterious effect of radiation is the production of reactive oxygen species, which result in damage to biomolecules (e.g., lipid, protein, amino acids, and DNA). Understanding free radical biology is necessary for designing an optimal nutritional countermeasure against space radiation–induced cytotoxicity. Free radicals (e.g., superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals) and other reactive species (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and hypochlorous acid) are produced in the body, primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism. Antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, arginine, citrulline, taurine, creatine, selenium, zinc, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, and tea polyphenols) and antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidases) exert synergistic actions in scavenging free radicals. There has been growing evidence over the past three decades...
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...Water Soluble Vitamins and the Bodily Functions They Promote Vitamins and mineral supplements are items that most people would think are good for their bodies. Unfortunately, this is only a half truth. There are many people that are not aware of the full ramifications of vitamins, minerals, and other non-energy yielding nutrients. You need vitamins and minerals, but in excess they can be poison. Vitamin literally means “life, containing nitrogen.” (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 321). The first vitamins contained nitrogen, however vitamins that do not contain nitrogen are just as important to life. Vitamins, as well as minerals, are very important to living beings because they are the substances which assist in the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients or the development of bodily structures. In the absence of vitamins, there is a wide variety of symptoms that can occur. These things are including, but not limited to, blindness, dementia, and the improper development of bodily structures. The assistance that is provided by vitamins is of high importance, but that is not the only function of vitamins. Vitamins prevent deficiency symptoms, but if the proper dosage is taken they also help your body perform optimally. Your bodily system stays healthy as a result. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are not like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. First of all, vitamins do not provide any energy to the body. (Rolfes, Pinna, Whitney 322) Vitamins are also individual...
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...Nutritional Needs Theresa Cooper SCI/220 (BSDF1ICOY4) 10/6/2015 University of Phoenix Nutritional Needs Nutrition is the major intrauterine environmental factor that alters expression of the fetal genome and may have lifelong consequences. This phenomenon, termed “fetal programming,” has led to the recent theory of “fetal origins of adult disease.” Namely, alterations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, physiology, and metabolism of the offspring, thereby predisposing individuals to metabolic, endocrine, and cardiovascular diseases in adult life. Animal studies show that both maternal undernutrition and over nutrition reduce placental-fetal blood flows and stunt fetal growth. Impaired placental syntheses of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator and angiogenesis factor) and polyamines (key regulators of DNA and protein synthesis) may provide a unified explanation for intrauterine growth retardation in response to the 2 extremes of nutritional problems with the same pregnancy outcome. There is growing evidence that maternal nutritional status can alter the epigenetic state (stable alterations of gene expression through DNA methylation and histone modifications) of the fetal genome. This may provide a molecular mechanism for the impact of maternal nutrition on both fetal programming and genomic imprinting. Promoting optimal nutrition will not only ensure optimal fetal development, but will also...
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...The 24-Day Challenge Instruction Manual “Remember, there are EXCUSES, or there are RESULTS, but never BOTH!” 24-Day Challenge (overview) Ready to Kick-Start Your Fat-Burning Furnace A GUARANTEED way to drop those unwanted pounds and better your health... The AdvoCare 24 Day Challenge is a revolutionary program designed by leading fitness and nutrition experts, built around good, solid nutrition and convenience, in order to help you enhance your immune system and increase your energy levels while leaning you out and melting away fat. It’s not a gimmick!! It’s not a fad!! It’s a program that will enhance your overall health and well-being, while educating you on simple, realistic lifestyle changes that fit into any schedule! The program fills the nutritional gaps, cleans out the system and kick-starts your metabolism through some of the same amazing AdvoCare solutions used by elite amateur and professional athletes for over 19 years! Just so you know, we choose AdvoCare solutions because... There is industry leading science in every formulation They are backed and formulated by a world-class Science/Medical Board They are driven to creation by an elite advisory council They are endorsed by hundreds of UNPAID World Class athletes and entertainers They create truly unmatched and amazing testimonies from around the country They are tested and certified by Informed Choice They carry a 100% satisfaction guarantee Want to know what the Challenge...
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...Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. Research advances have enabled detailed understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of the hallmarks of the disease-ie, plaques, composed of amyloid β (Aβ), and tangles, composed of hyperphosphorylated tau. However, as our knowledge increases so does our appreciation for the pathogenic complexity of the disorder. Familial Alzheimer's disease is a very rare autosomal dominant disease with early onset, caused by mutations in the amyloid precursor protein and presenilin genes, both linked to Aβ metabolism. By contrast with familial disease, sporadic Alzheimer's disease is very common with more than 15 million people affected worldwide. The cause of the sporadic form of the disease is unknown, probably because the disease is heterogeneous, caused by ageing in concert with a complex interaction of both genetic and environmental risk factors. This seminar reviews the key aspects of the disease, including epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as recent developments and controversies. 100 years ago, Alois Alzheimer gave a lecture at a congress in Tubingen, Germany, on the first case of the disease that Kraepelin some years later named Alzheimer's disease.1 In this single case. Alzheimer described typical clinical characteristics with memory disturbances and instrumental signs, and the neuropathological picture with miliary bodies (plaques) and dense bundles of fibrils (tangles), which we today...
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...Nutrition test 1 Nutrition- study of nutrients in food and how body handles them: ingestion, digestion, absorption, metabolism, storage, excretion Diseases that have a strong correlation with diet: heart disease, malignant neoplasm, cerebrovascular diseases, DM, aspiration pneumonia Nutrient- substance obtained from food that is needed by the body for growth, maintenance, and/or repair Energy providing nutrients (provide calories): * Carbohydrate – 4 Kcal * Protein – 4 Kcal * Fat – 9 Kcal *alcohol – 7 Kcal Non energy providing nutrients (just as important): * Vitamins * Minerals * Water Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI): * Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)- 2 % margin of error, used as a goal for individual, intake sufficient to meet/exceed nutrient requirement for 98% of healthy ppl in a particular stage of life and gender group * Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)- highest amount of nutrient intake that will not pose a risk for adverse health effects, higher doses likely to cause toxicity, not available for every nutrient * Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) – level that indicates that the needs for 50% of those consuming that amount will be met; needed to set RDA * Adequate Intake (AI) – average amount a group of healthy ppl consume, not scientifically based, cannot provide EAR or RDA Dietary guidelines for Americans – based on ages 2 +, promote health and prevent chronic diseases. Done by the ISDA and USDHHS every 5 years 6 principles...
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...Hyperammonemia Ammonia is a normal constituent of all body fluids. At physiologic pH, it exists mainly as ammonium ion. Reference serum levels are less than 35 µmol/L. Excess ammonia is excreted as urea, which is synthesized in the liver through the urea cycle. Sources of ammonia include bacterial hydrolysis of urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the intestine, the purine-nucleotide cycle and amino acid transamination in skeletal muscle, and other metabolic processes in the kidneys and liver. Increased entry of ammonia to the brain is a primary cause of neurological disorders associated with hyperammonemia, such as congenital deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes, hepatic encephalopathies, Reye syndrome, several other metabolic disorders, and some toxic encephalopathies. Ammonia is a productof the metabolismof proteinsand other compounds,and itis required for the synthesis of essential cellular compounds. However,a 5- to 10-fold increase in ammonia in the blood induces toxic effects in mostanimal species, withalterations in the functionof the central nervous system. Bothacuteand chronic hyperammonemia result inalterationsof the neurotransmitter system. Based onanimal study findings, the mechanismofammonia neurotoxicityat the molecular level has been proposed.Acuteammonia intoxication inananimal model leads to increased extracellular concentrationof glutamate in the brainand results inactivationof the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.Activationof this receptor mediatesATP...
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...Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: Good Carbs Guide the Way ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form What Are Carbohydrates? Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of foods—bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, and cherry pie. They also come in a variety of forms. The most common and abundant forms are sugars, fibers, and starches. The basic building block of every carbohydrate is a sugar molecule, a simple union of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Starches and fibers are essentially chains of sugar molecules. Some contain hundreds of sugars. Some chains are straight, others branch wildly. Carbohydrates were once grouped into two main categories. Simple carbohydrates included sugars such as fruit sugar (fructose), corn or grape sugar (dextrose or glucose), and table sugar (sucrose). Complex carbohydrates included everything made of three or more linked sugars. Complex carbohydrates were thought to be the healthiest to eat, while simple carbohydrates weren’t so great. It turns out that the picture is more complicated than that. The digestive system handles all carbohydrates in much the same way—it breaks them down (or tries to break them down) into single sugar molecules, since only these are small enough to cross into the bloodstream. It also converts most digestible carbohydrates into glucose (also known as blood sugar), because cells are designed to use this as a universal energy source. Fiber is an exception. It...
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...Dear nutrition student, Thank you for inquiring about my RD/DTR study guide. And yes, there is no catch, the study guide is COMPLETELY FREE! All I ask for is some feedback. So feel free to shoot me any questions/comments! A little background: This study guide is the culmination of years of my own research. And after careful thought, I put into the study guide what I feel are the most important concepts you need to know for the RD/DTR exam. If you notice, I spent much time teaching you in detail the concepts you need to know, not just “spitting” you questions with little or no explanation. I believe this is important. I know you might be thinking “oh, how am I going to absorb and learn all this material?” I say, just read and answer the questions at your own pace. Simply test yourself and of course take some breaks along the way. Just take it one concept at a time. After you have mastered one concept, then move on to the next. I know if you study whole-heartedly what I have outlined in this study guide, you are sure to pass! GOOD LUCK! YOU CAN DO IT! ϑ Your nutrition friend, -Jonathan Brown, B.S, DTR THE “NO FLUFF” RD/DTR STUDY GUIDE *Updated as of July 2011 The “NO FLUFF” RD/DTR STUDY GUIDE Tips for taking the RD/DTR exam 1. PERIODICALLY CHECK THE CLOCK TO MAKE SURE YOU’RE GOOD ON TIME! If you wish, get a basic digital watch with a timer for...
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...62118 0/nm 1/n1 2/nm 3/nm 4/nm 5/nm 6/nm 7/nm 8/nm 9/nm 1990s 0th/pt 1st/p 1th/tc 2nd/p 2th/tc 3rd/p 3th/tc 4th/pt 5th/pt 6th/pt 7th/pt 8th/pt 9th/pt 0s/pt a A AA AAA Aachen/M aardvark/SM Aaren/M Aarhus/M Aarika/M Aaron/M AB aback abacus/SM abaft Abagael/M Abagail/M abalone/SM abandoner/M abandon/LGDRS abandonment/SM abase/LGDSR abasement/S abaser/M abashed/UY abashment/MS abash/SDLG abate/DSRLG abated/U abatement/MS abater/M abattoir/SM Abba/M Abbe/M abbé/S abbess/SM Abbey/M abbey/MS Abbie/M Abbi/M Abbot/M abbot/MS Abbott/M abbr abbrev abbreviated/UA abbreviates/A abbreviate/XDSNG abbreviating/A abbreviation/M Abbye/M Abby/M ABC/M Abdel/M abdicate/NGDSX abdication/M abdomen/SM abdominal/YS abduct/DGS abduction/SM abductor/SM Abdul/M ab/DY abeam Abelard/M Abel/M Abelson/M Abe/M Aberdeen/M Abernathy/M aberrant/YS aberrational aberration/SM abet/S abetted abetting abettor/SM Abeu/M abeyance/MS abeyant Abey/M abhorred abhorrence/MS abhorrent/Y abhorrer/M abhorring abhor/S abidance/MS abide/JGSR abider/M abiding/Y Abidjan/M Abie/M Abigael/M Abigail/M Abigale/M Abilene/M ability/IMES abjection/MS abjectness/SM abject/SGPDY abjuration/SM abjuratory abjurer/M abjure/ZGSRD ablate/VGNSDX ablation/M ablative/SY ablaze abler/E ables/E ablest able/U abloom ablution/MS Ab/M ABM/S abnegate/NGSDX abnegation/M Abner/M abnormality/SM abnormal/SY aboard ...
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