...Lung growth Abnormal lung growth causes the COPD to occur. Baby who are born too early are more prone to have COPD. This is because baby born too early may not has a well develop respiration system. Thus, chance for them to get COPD in later life is higher. Explain the problems you identify in OPD patients Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder is mainly contributed by 2 different types of diseases that are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The symptoms of OPD are: 1. Dyspnea Dyspnea means shortness of breath. Patient who are suffering COPD initially feel dyspnea when doing physical activities such as strenuous exercise and climbing up the stairs. As the disease progresses, dyspnea is occur frequently even doing some simple head and arm activities such as dressing, combing and bathing1. Thus, this will reduce the interest of the patient in doing outdoor activity. 2. Coughing Long term cough is one of the symptoms of COPD. It helps to eliminate the sputum out. Coughing initially may be intermittent, but when the disease progress, coughing may present daily and throughout the day1. 3. Sputum...
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...Karim Hall Bronchitis Florida Technical College Abstract Bronchitis is one of the top 10 conditions for which most patients seek medical care for. Some physicians show considerable variability in describing the signs and symptoms when it is necessary to its diagnosis. A cough is also a most common symptom bringing patients to the primary care physician’s office, and bronchitis is usually the diagnosis in these patients. However, studies have indicated that many physicians treat bronchitis with antibiotics. These drugs have generally shown to become ineffective in patients with complicated bronchitis. A patient satisfaction with their treatment of bronchitis is related to the quality of the physician-patient interaction rather than to the prescription of an antibiotic. Bronchitis Bronchitis is an inflammation of the membrane that lines the air passages, or, bronchial tubes, of the lungs and results in the narrowing of these air passages. This disorder may be of either an acute or chronic type. Irritation of mucus-producing glands within the membrane results in the production of excess bronchial secretions. The main symptoms of bronchitis are cough and increased expectoration of sputum, with or without associated wheezing and shortness of breath. Men are more of a target to bronchitis then most women, men out numbering them 10 to 1 for reasons that are unclear. Acute bronchitis is a self-limited infection of the lower respiratory tract causing inflammation of the bronchi...
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...second case study that is required for the class. Please submit a paper (doesn’t have to be long; you could even give me bullet-point answers to the questions listed below) that answers all of the questions posed after Case Study 1. I have included an easy second case study which, if you complete it, will be worth extra credit. Answers to the first Case Study are worth 25 points and responding to Case Study 1 is required work for the course. The extra credit, which is not required, will be worth a total of 10 points. Both are due at the beginning of class on Tuesday, March 10, 2015. Case 1 R.S. has smoked for many years and has developed chronic bronchitis, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). He also has a history of coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial vascular disease. His arterial blood gas (ABG) values are pH = 7.32, PaCO2 = 60 mm Hg, PaO2 = 50 mm Hg, HCO3- = 30 mEq/L. His hematocrit is 52% with normal red cell indices. He is using an inhaled ß2 agonist and theophylline to manage his respiratory disease. At this clinic visit, it is noted on a chest x-ray that R.S. has an area of consolidation in his right lower lobe that is thought to be consistent with pneumonia. Discussion Questions 1. What clinical findings are likely in R.S. as a consequence of his COPD? How would these differ from those of emphysematous COPD? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is comprised primarily of two related diseases: Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema...
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...It is devastating to think about not having the right supply of air to help me to breath. How many times we have been told to take care of our body and lungs, and fell to do so. I have learn, not maintaining a healthy way of living dealing with your lungs will led to major problems in the long haul. The disease I will discuss is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease {COPD}. COPD is the resistance to airflow as a result of airway narrowing. Airway obstruction may result from accumulated secretions, edema, swelling of inner lumen of airway, bronchospasm, or destruction of lung tissue. There three cystic fibrosis that is related to COPD and they are Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, and Asthma. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease has a major impact on both physical and psychological well-being {Donna R. Falvo, 420.} Realizing that this is a life-changing condition, with one cure and treatment [makes you think] ‘what does that mean?’ A pulmonologist told me, “That any person that is face with COPD would have to have a lung transplant to get rede of the disease.” The etiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease {COPD} is that cigarette smoking is the number one reason in developing COPD and is ten times likely to develop this disease. Secondhand smoke exposure can also cause COPD. When this happen hyperplasia in our cells produce more mucous, reduced airway due to hyperplasia, reduce ciliary activity that bring up foreign bodies to cough things up. Cigarette smoke will cause...
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...I chose the case study of the effects of cigarette smoking in the respiratory system. Normal Functioning of Organ Systems Cigarette smoking causes several different type of cancer. These include cancer of the mouth, nasal cavity, throat, stomach, kidney, bladder, and acute myeloid leukemia. Cigarette smoking has caused an estimated 443,000 deaths per year along with an estimated 49,000 deaths due to second hand smoke. (CDC 2012). Along with all these deaths, the estimated cost to the United States $96 billion in medical bills and $97 billion in lost productivity per year. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute people that smoke are six times more likely to suffer from heart attacks. Smoking can also cause cases of chronic obstructive lung disease which includes emphysema and bronchitis. Smoking also put people at a greater risk for having a stroke. Cigarettes that offer low-tar and low-nicotine are not a safe alternative to smoking and have the same effects as normal cigarettes. According to the World Health Organization, reconstituted tobacco is the main ingredient of modern cigarettes. This is referred to as sheet and is made up of recycled stems, dust, stalks, scraps, and floor sweepings. These materials are ground up and nicotine is extracted and chemicals, glue and other fillers are added. Cigarette smoking causes Chronic Obstructive...
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...second case study that is required for the class. Please submit a paper (doesn’t have to be long; you could even give me bullet-point answers to the questions listed below) that answers all of the questions posed after Case Study 1. I have included an easy second case study which, if you complete it, will be worth extra credit. Answers to the first Case Study are worth 25 points and responding to Case Study 1 is required work for the course. The extra credit, which is not required, will be worth a total of 10 points. Both are due at the beginning of class on Tuesday, March 10, 2015. Case 1 R.S. has smoked for many years and has developed chronic bronchitis, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). He also has a history of coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial vascular disease. His arterial blood gas (ABG) values are pH = 7.32, PaCO2 = 60 mm Hg, PaO2 = 50 mm Hg, HCO3- = 30 mEq/L. His hematocrit is 52% with normal red cell indices. He is using an inhaled ß2 agonist and theophylline to manage his respiratory disease. At this clinic visit, it is noted on a chest x-ray that R.S. has an area of consolidation in his right lower lobe that is thought to be consistent with pneumonia. Discussion Questions 1. What clinical findings are likely in R.S. as a consequence of his COPD? How would these differ from those of emphysematous COPD? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is comprised primarily of two related diseases: Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema...
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...Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 452±467 Printed in UK ± all rights reserved Copyright #ERS Journals Ltd 1999 European Respiratory Journal ISSN 0903-1936 SERIES "CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY" Edited by S.L. Hill and B. Webber Number 3 in this Series Effects of drugs on mucus clearance E. Houtmeyers, R. Gosselink, G. Gayan-Ramirez, M. Decramer Effects of drugs on mucus clearance. E. Houtmeyers, R. Gosselink, G. Gayan-Ramirez, M. Decramer. #ERS Journals Ltd 1999. ABSTRACT: Mucociliary clearance (MCC), the process in which airway mucus together with substances trapped within are moved out of the lungs, is an important defence mechanism of the human body. Drugs may alter this process, such that it is necessary to know the effect of the drugs on MCC. Indeed, agents stimulating MCC may be used therapeutically in respiratory medicine, especially in patients suspected of having an impairment of their mucociliary transport system. In contrast, caution should be taken with drugs depressing MCC as an undesired side-effect, independently of their therapeutic indication. Since cough clearance (CC) serves as a back-up system when MCC fails, the influence of drugs must be examined not only on MCC but also on CC. Ultimately, the clinical repercussions of alterations in mucus transport induced by drug administration must be studied. Tertiary ammonium compounds (anticholinergics), aspirin, anaesthetic agents and benzodiazepines have been shown to be capable of depressing the mucociliary transport system...
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...Case Study – Chronic Bronchitis Admitting History A 68 year old retired geologist arrived in the emergency room with his daughter. Well known to the respiratory care consult team, he has a 40 year history of smoking 1.5 packs of cigarettes a day, is widowed, lives alone, and has difficulty managing his daily activities. For the past week the man has experienced increased dyspnea and cough and has been unable to care for himself. On observation, his personal hygiene appeared to have deteriorated. The man stated that he has been unable to get his breath or inhale deep enough to cough up secretions. He complained of mild nausea without abdominal pain or vomiting. His physician had given him an unknown oral antibiotic 3 days before this admission. The man was diagnosed with severe chronic bronchitis approximately 6 years ago and had an acute myocardial infarction 2 years ago. His pulmonary function studies 1 year before this admission showed severe airway obstruction and air trapping. He has a history of high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, chronic dyspnea on exertion, and chronic cough and he experienced two episodes of pneumonia within the last year. In recent months, according to a neighbor, he has become increasingly depressed. According to his daughter, his physical activity is minimal. He generally spends most of his days watching television, smoking, and napping. All his children, none of whom live in the immediate area, have tried to coax...
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...Nursing Care Plan The patient is , a 72 year old man who has been admitted for dyspnea or shortness of breath. reported that he has been coughing for the past week and his coughing has accompanied sputum discharge. His past medical history includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. He used to smoke but has stopped since a year ago for economical reasons as well as it is also bad for his asthma. His bowel movements have also been irregular since his admission. He also reported that he is feeling depressed and fearful about the future. Further examination revealed that he has crackles in his left lower lobe with diffuse expiratory wheezing throughout his chest. Chest percussion also revealed his left lower lobe to be dull. Needs / Problems Goals Interventions Evaluation Dyspnea or shortness of breath Use the visual analog scale (VAS) to make an objective assessment of dyspnea. The VAS is a 100-mm vertical line with end points of 0 and 10. zero is equated with no dyspnea and 10 is equated with the worst brethlessness the client has experienced ( & , 2004) Dyspnea is difficult to quantify and to treat (Potter & Perry, 2004). Interventions need to be individualized for each patient, and more than one therapy is usually implemented. The underlying process that causes or worsens dyspnea must be treated and stabilized initially. Three additional therapies have to be implemented: pharmacological measures, physical techniques,...
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...Case Studies Weeks 1-4 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology Name: Robert Mixon Student ID#: 4321101 Case Studies – Instructions: Type your answers IN RED and use your textbook and other resources such as the ones listed below to help you answer the questions. Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy: http://www.merck.com/mmpe/index.html MedlinePlus: Medical Dictionary: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html E-medicine from WebMD: http://emedicine.medscape.com/________________________________________ Case #1: Jim and Jane Magnolia have tried for years to conceive a child, with no success. So instead, they have decided to adopt a child. They have found a beautiful little girl named Emma who has been given up by her mother....
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...It is not absolutely reversible. COPD is not directly a "smoker's cough" but an under-diagnosed, life-threatening lung disease. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are earlier terms used for different types of COPD. The main symptoms include shortness of breath and cough with sputum production. COPD centers on the common feature of altered lung function but recognizes both the systemic nature and the heterogeneity of COPD. Its pulmonary component is characterized by airflow limitation that is not absolutely reversible. The adverse of COPD can aftereffect from several etiologies; a lot of frequently cigarette smoking that affects the mucociliary barrier and phagocyte activity, triggering an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs.7 Besides smoking, added accident factors includes ageing, infections, toxic air pollutants, childhood respiratory infections...
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...Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory infections In our laboratory, we offer tests for the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections-pharyngitis, sinusitis, ocular and ear infections, and lower tract infections including pneumonia and bronchitis. Today we will focus on the diagnosis of common bacterial causes of pharyngitis and lower respiratory tract infections. Dr Miller will cover mycobacterial, fungal, and viral causes of lower respiratory tract infections with a special emphasis on the use of molecular methods to detect these organisms. Upper respiratory tract infections Pharyngitis- Group A streptococci is the most important bacterial cause of pharyngitis. Although pharyngitis is typically a self-limited disease, the diagnosis of group A streptococci may be attempted. The reasons may be to prevent the overuse of antimicrobials to treat pharyngitis (GAS negative patients are not treated) and to prevent ping-ponging of GAS in family with susceptible children. 1. GAS diagnostic strategy- Rapid Antigen Detection Test (RADT)- can be used in adults; test has high specificity (99%+) but sensitivity ranging from 80-90% (dependent upon test used and quality of specimen collection). Antigen positive patients would be treated but antigen negative patients would not. a. What about back-up culture- pro-can detect other agents of pharyngitis including Group C and G strep which is a common cause of bacterial pharyngitis as well as Arcanobacterium. ...
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...Respiratory Diseases at a Closer Glance Respiratory Diseases at a Closer Glance Emphysema, like any other disease, affects millions of people all around the world. Researchers each year conduct more studies to better understand these diseases and how treat them. Researchers look at what populations are most vulnerable, if the environment plays a role, and how the community either promotes prevention or worsens conditions. First, it is important to understand what this disease is, the etiology, transmission, how outside factors affect it, and ultimately, why men are more vulnerable than women. Emphysema, which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), affects the respiratory system. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are the two diseases that fall under COPD (Demirjian, 2012, para. 1). The most common known cause of emphysema is from cigarette smoking due to the pollutants in tobacco. Studies show that while cigarette smoking is the major cause, other possible causes are air pollutants, chemical irritant exposure, chronic bronchitis, and genetics (Zelman, 2010, p.197). The pollutants in tobacco release chemicals from within the lungs that cause damage to the alveoli. As time passes, this continues to do more damage to the alveoli. The chemicals that cause the alveolar walls to break down also cause the lungs to lose elasticity which prevents them from inflating and deflating correctly. Since the lungs are not able to deflate as normal, they fill over time with carbon...
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...Adult Client with Childhood Disease-Cystic Fibrosis Candace Tiley GCU RN-BSN Health Assessment NRS-434V Kathy Karlberg August 01, 2013 Adult Client with Childhood Disease-Cystic Fibrosis CLC GROUP ASSIGNMENT-SPEAKER NOTES Candace Tiley #1- A clinical description and definition of the disease Definition: Cystic Fibrosis is one of the major life-threatening disorders that affect vital organs such as the lungs, pancreas, liver, and intestines. It is a genetic disorder of the exocrine glands, also called the secretory glands, which are the glands that produce and secrete mucus and sweat. CF affects all races but primarily affects Caucasians of European descent. This disease affects about 30,000 people in the United States and 70,000 people worldwide. In the U.S. nearly 5% of the population carries the defective CFTR gene. There are a high number of asymptomatic carriers. (Scott, 2013) Cystic Fibrosis causes severe damages to cells of the body that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. Under normal conditions, these secretions from the body are usually thin and slippery. However, in people diagnosed with CF, the defective gene causes the secretions to become thicker and stickier. This leads to a plugging up of tubes, ducts and passageways, particularly in the lungs, sinuses, pancreas, intestines, hepato-biliary tree, and the vas deferens. (Hopkin, 2009) Cystic Fibrosis is characterized by abnormal movement of chloride and sodium ions across the epithelial...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease that makes it hard for someone to breath by limiting the airflow of oxygen in and out of the lungs. COPD is a deteriorating disease that worsens as time goes on that affects over 12 million people in the United States (U.S.). It is characterized by inflammation and severe limitation of airflow in and out of the lungs. COPD is an umbrella term used to describe a group of breathing conditions. Most people age 40 and older with a history of smoking (either current or former smokers) are more likely to suffer from COPD, although in some cases one out of six people with COPD have never smoked. (GICOPD 2001) The most common types of COPD are Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, and Emphysema. Many people diagnosed with COPD may have two types Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema while a few may only have Asthma. COPD is the third most common cause of death in the United States. Of the major causes of death in the U.S., it is the only to have risen in numbers since the year of 2007 while the leading causes (Heart Disease and Cancer) numbers have slightly gone down. COPD is also the second leading cause of disability in the U.S. In 2010, the cost to the nation for COPD was projected to be approximately $49.9 billion, including $29.5 billion in direct health care expenditures, $8.0 billion in indirect morbidity costs and $12.4 billion in indirect mortality costs. ((COPD) Fact Sheet 2014) In a set of normal functioning lungs...
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