...financial reporting by the Government Finance Officers Association. This certificate is awarded when the reports meet in the standards of accounting and reporting of the Government Finance Officers Association. B) The key issues addressed in the letter of transmittal are; * The overview of City’s government and economic condition and economic outlook. * Major initiatives; Waller creek Tunnel Project, Zero Waste Initiative Redevelopment of Green Water Treatment Plan & Austin Climate Protection Plan. * Others; Financial Policies, Internal Controls, Budgetary Control, Cash Management, Risk Management and Pensions. * Certificate of Achievement for Excellence in Financial Reporting. * Acknowledgements 3. A) Yes, the city received an unqualified audit opinion. B) Yes, the report contains management’s discussion and analysis. The key issues are: Financial Highlights, Overview of the Financial Statements, Financial Analysis of the Government-Wide Statements, Financial Analysis of the Government’s Fund Level Statements, and Other Information. C) The report does provide reconciliation between total governmental net assets per the government-wide statement of net assets and total governmental fund balances per the governmental fun balance sheet. The main reconciliation items are; capital assets that are capitalized on the government-wide statements but are not reported in the funds, Other long-term assets reported on the government-wide statements but not on...
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...Transmittal letters often accompany reports and inform readers of a report's context. Typically, the letter includes information not found in the report. For example, the letter contains information about the particular project and/or due dates. A Transmittal Letter is a business letter and should be formatted accordingly; that is, you should include the recipient's address, your address, a salutation and closing. Depending on the project, you may also need to include contact information. Always check with your instructor to determine whether or not you should attach a transmittal letter to your report. In Finance, a Letter of Transmittal is a document used by a security holder to accompany certificates surrendered in an exchange or other corporate action. A Letter of Transmittal may also be a distribution list with the recipients of a memo, report or contract. A transmittal letter accompanies a document and explains what the document is, why it should receive the reader's consideration, and what the reader should do with it. A transmittal or cover letter accompanies a larger item, usually a document. The transmittal letter provides the recipient with a specific context in which to place the larger document and simultaneously gives the sender a permanent record of having sent the material. Transmittal letters are usually brief. The first paragraph describes what is being sent and the purpose for sending it. A longer transmittal letter may summarize key elements...
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...Abstract The City of Troy’s Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for 2011 is analyzed. It is content the evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness of the CAFR, comparison of the current year result and performance with the prior result and performance, assess of financial condition, assess of financial operations, compliance with the budget, and overview of Management Discussion and Analysis. Also discussed in this analysis, the auditor’s comments and recommendation about independence, scope, and opinion; and also my recommendation. At the end of this analysis, included the City of Troy’s last 2 year’s performance analysis. Evaluation of Efficiency and Effectiveness At the end of 2011, The City of Troy had $330.4 million invested in a broad range of capital assets including land. Building, police and fire equipment, water and sewer lines, roads, sidewalks, and other infrastructure, net of debt. The increase in capital assets during the year was attributing to the excess of additional in streets, drains and water/sewer systems over the recognition of depreciation. The City of Tory’s debt rating is excellent. The City maintains a AAA rating on unlimited tax general obligation bonds by Standard and Poor’s. The City of Troy’s bond indebtedness totaled $42.8 million at June 30, 2011 a decrease of $4.4 million from the prior year resulting from debt retirement payments. The General Fund receives all City of Troy revenues not designated for special uses by statutes or the City Charter...
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...Megacities or Suburbs? Urbanization and growth rely on each other like cause and effect. However; when one asks does urbanization trigger economic growth and development, or is economic growth and development the result of urbanization is like asking which came first the chicken or the egg? Urbanization and growth rely on each other, however; does there come a point in which the diseconomies start to outweigh the benefits of agglomeration? Annez and Buckley state in Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context that “Urbanization is necessary to sustain growth in developing countries.” Annez and Buckley point out that urbanization affects the growth process through the enhanced flow of ideas and knowledge attributable to agglomeration in cities. They drew in evidence from Landes (1969 cited in Willamson 1987, p. 6) whom believes “Urbanization is an essential ingredient in modernization”. (Anez & Buckley p. 1 & 2) Industrialization is triggered by urbanization which leads to modernization. Modernization leads to economic development which allows people to use current technology. Part of the modernization process is education and creation of a centralized bureaucracy. These creations enable their people to advance and compete in the modern world. All these concepts are related and rely on each other. Annez and Buckley show in several graphs as countries become urbanized their GDP rises. In almost every graph as urbanization increases so does wealth. In 109 countries...
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...Import and export markets related to local resources and consumption trends * Resources in India Population and workforce. India’s biggest asset is huge size of its young and working population class. Forecasts highlight that the working age group is expected to raise. India will have the largest working age population in the world (positively impact the growth) Natural resources: India has both biotic and abiotic resources and its economy strongly depend on them. * Large cultivable surface (57% of the total land area) * Water: large water surface. Fisheries sector employ 6 million people. * Production of minerals: 89 minerals produced. Coal, Iron ore, Manganese ore. * Oil: indian oil meet 25% of the country’s demand. India’s total merchandise trade has increased to 794 in 2012 according to the Export-Import Bank of India. Exports: Indian exportations are moving towards southern countries (Asia and Africa regions). Asia represent almost 40% of the exports whereas Europe has seen a decline in its share (19% in 2012). Nevertheless, UK is the eight biggest export market for the country. In 2012, petroleum products generated 56bn dollars and gems and jewerlly 47. In addition to that, India also export pharma products, transport equipment, machinery and readymade garments. Concerning imports: in 2012 India spent 155bn of dollars for crude petroleum, which represent the biggest importation for the country. India also imports gold and silver,...
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...Big city is where you can see many vehicles,many skyscrapers, many peple with a hurry pace of life. That place can fascinate us very much due to its light and luxury.Nowadays, more and more pople want to live there because they see many advantages. Indeed, in a big city, people can have the best chances to work as well as can enjoy the best service and entertaiment. In a big city, people can take the chaces to study and work best. There are many good University for u to choose in a big city. There you can express your ability to study what you like. Moreover, when you graduate, you also find it easier to find chances to get a good job with good salary, that is quite difficult in small cities or countrysides; because there concentrates many big companies and groups. Hence, many graduate students choose big cities to live and work. In short, it is where you can take advantages f yourself. In addition, in a big city you can enjoy the best service and entertainment. Because there are many rich people here, they can invest much money to get the best for them. Lives in a big city are quite luxurius but you don't have to be worried when you are sick or suffer a disease because there you can find good doctors for you, as long as you have muich money. What's more, in a big city you can enjoy new entertainment such as new games or luxury games. Many people can argue that living in a big city makes them tired with noise and dash. They like the slow pace of life in a countryside....
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...Marketing Channel Strategies in Rural Emerging Markets Unlocking Business Potential By Benjamin Neuwirth Benjamin Neuwirth, Kellogg School of Management, bneuwirth2012@kellogg.northwestern.edu 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In his landmark book “The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid,” C.K. Prahalad describes the profits that can be earned by selling products to “Bottom of the Pyramid” customers. While there is truth to this, companies face unique challenges when operating in the rural regions of emerging markets where many of these customers live. For example, the consumer population is dispersed over a wide geographic area, transportation infrastructure is often poorly developed, and many consumers have sporadic and extremely low incomes. This paper examines these challenges from a marketing channel perspective. The fundamental question is: How can companies entering into rural emerging markets design a marketing channel strategy that meets the needs of customers and allows for the long-term profitable success of the business? I begin answering this question by examining common challenges that companies operating in this environment face. Each challenge is accompanied by examples of companies that have solved the problem in a unique way. Then, I develop a generalized framework for designing marketing channels in rural emerging markets. Finally, I apply the framework to d.light Design, a company that manufactures and sells solar lanterns in India and Africa and that I worked...
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...Politics in rural area of Pakistan It is commonly observed that when state fails to furnish its inhabitants with basic human rights and needs of living, frustration level among the people springs up badly. People show reluctance in obeying the laws and some kind of anarchy is prevailed all around the country. As a result of which law and order situation is critically maladjusted. The word CHANGE catches more attention in this case. The only path leading us to alter the overall demeanor of nation is through politics. “Politics is the art of influencing people on a civic or individual level, when there are more than two people involved. It is thought of as the way we "choose government officials and make decisions about public policy".” In politics there are two major elements, politicians and voters. Politicians are the persons who stand for the right of people, contest in elections and represent the common people in the legislature. Voters are everyone else than politicians .They pick out their favorite candidate by using basic right of casting their vote in elections. These elected personalities form government and run the overall infra structure of the state. In this entire procedure of elections, the major role is played by voters and their choice of candidate. Here we will discuss the factors that decide the selection of a voter especially in remote and rural areas of Pakistan. In our country population in rural areas is much more than population in urban areas. So their...
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...THE PROCESS AND PATTERN OF URBANIZATION AND LABOUR MIGRATION IN NIGERIA By Anyaele Samuel O. Mabogunje (1968), defined urbanization as the process whereby human beings congregates in relatively large number at one particular spot of the earth surface. The particular spot is refered to urban centers. Urbanization simply put, is a demographical phenomenon charaterized with the movement of people from the rural settings to permanently dwell in the city (urban areas). Labour migration on the other hand, is the process through which an individual move from an administrative territorial community to another community in order to gain an employment. There are two types of labour migration namely; the contemporary labour migration which is also refered to as oversea or contract workers. Here, an individual migrates for a little period in order to send money back home. And the highly skilled and business migrants; here, people with qualifications like executives, technicians, professionals and its similar prowless move within the international or national labour market to gain employment. Urbanization process are those factors that facilitates a place to turn into urban center. These factors includes; migration (PUSH – PULL FACTORS), natural increase, government policies, exchange of trade etc. MIGRATION- migration is a rational movement that invovles a change in place of residence across a defined geo-political boundary. Migration is age, sex, destination and reason selective. Factors...
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...Life in a city has a number of advantages. People are drifting from villages to cities as city life offers many facilities. In summer, we have electricity and water coolers at our disposal. We have ice and cold drinks in a large variety. In winter we have electric heaters to make us warm. There are schools and colleges of all types-arts, science, technical-where we can send our children and get them educated. There are theatres and cinemas for our recreation. There are gardens and parks for roaming in our leisure hours. There are doctors, nurses and hospitals. In case of need, we can contact medical practitioners on the phone. All medicines are easily available. There are offices, business houses, mills and factories. One can easily find a job. There is enough work for the skilled and unskilled labourers. There are rickshaws, tongas, taxis and buses. We can easily move from one part of the city to another. We get fresh fruit and vegetables all round the year. There are cloth markets and tailors. We can have readymade clothes or get them prepared to order in no time. There are lectures and debates. There are libraries and reading rooms. Newspaper boys hawk newspapers from morning till evening. We get the latest news. The radio broadcasts music, news and latest information on all topics at all hours of the day. City life has some drawbacks. There are many evils and temptations which are demoralizing our young men. City life has effiminated us. People are selfish and...
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...Bakarkhani roti maker community Contents no. | subject | page no. | 1. | Topic name & Area map | | 2. | Abstract | | 3. | Introduction | | 4. | Background Information | | 5.. | Questionnaire | | 6. | Findings | | 7. | Conclusion | | 8. | Images | | 9. | Participatory social map of the area | | 10. | Works cited | | Abstract Community means “a social group of any size whose members resides in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage”. And our chosen community is “bakarkhani maker” community. We studied at Nimtoli and nazim uddin road Ward no 69 which is situated in Old part of the mega city Dhaka. Our main topic of the research paper is an urban community (bakarkhani maker) and their profession, value system where local level participation is very important for development and decision making. The area is unexplored and very few research done in this topic which is rear and we hope this will make this paper interesting and different for everyone. There are hardly got few researches on this area and we are experiencing and doing the research as our first research paper on this community which makes our research paper more interesting and potential. In our research we did survey and case study. We took primary data by taking three “bakarkhani maker’s” interview and took secondary data from internet and article. Introduction When we think of a community we think always about the rural communities...
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...Mountainous, hilly landscape • Made great philosophical contributions • No ruler over individual city states • Realistic sculptures and paintings • Women couldn’t be citizens • Prided themselves on philosophy and science • Democratic Both • Civilizations began with city states • Helped shape the Middle East • Made contributions to Middle East • Worked in mines • Agriculture main economic base • Similar social classes • Great builders • Worked slaves • Used currency Romans • Influenced other empires • Set laws and had ruler • Started militaries to back ruler • Flat landscape surrounded by mountains • Women could be citizens • Center point Rome • Known for military and engineering • Semi democratic The Greeks and Romans have lots of similarities. Both helped shape the Middle East, made great contributions to shape today’s world, had similar social classes, used currency, are known for their architecture, and both flourished with the beginning of city states. Some ways they differed though. The Greek landscape was mountainous and hilly, somewhat rough terrain while Roman cities sat in the valleys between the mountains giving them a little extra protection. The Romans unintentionally appointed a king or ruler that then set laws and was backed by a military where the Greeks governed each individual city state and sometimes war arose between the Greek city states. Greeks prided themselves on philosophy and science and Romans were best known for...
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...IMAGE OF THE CITY KEVIN LYNCH Lynch influenced the field of city planning through his work on the theory of city form, and studies relating to human perceptions of the city y y , g p p y on the perception of the city environment and its consequences for city design. Lynch says "Looking at cities can give a special pleasure, however y y g g p p , commonplace the sight may be. Like a piece of architecture, the city is a construction in space, but of a vast scale, . . . perceived only in the course of long spans of time . . . At every instant, there is more than the eye can see, more than the ear can hear, a setting or view waiting to be explored. , , g g p Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings, the sequences of events leading up to it, the memory of past experiences . . . Every citizen has had long associations with some part of his city, and his image is soaked in memories and meanings . . . “ g g Theory of Kevin L h K i Lynch IMAGE OF THE CITY KEVIN LYNCH Image of the city 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Image of the Environment Three cities The city Image and Its elements City Form A new Scale Book contents Appendices 1. 1 Some references to orientation 2. The Use of the methodology 3. Two examples of analysis IMAGE OF THE CITY KEVIN LYNCH Methodology of working: Make visual plan Analyze the existing form and public image of the area. Understand the critical problems, opportunities and image elements and use them...
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...Course Project A – AJ Davis Department Store Keller Graduate School In reviewing the data for AJ Davis Department Store, the below diagrams represents the detailed statistical analysis of the data collected from a sample of 50 credit consumers. The data collected was based on the following five variables: location, income, size, years and credit balances. The first individual variable considered was Location. The three subcategories are Rural, Suburban, and Urban. Shown below is the frequency distribution and pie chart, the maximum number of customer belonging to the Urban category were 42%, followed by the Suburban of 30% and Rural at 28%. Since this is a categorical variable, the measure of central tendency and descriptive statistics was not calculated. Frequency Distribution Location Frequency Rural 14 Suburban 15 Urban 21 The second variable is Credit Balances, displayed in the histogram below in the frequency of how many consumers and their credit balances at department store. Descriptive Statistics: Credit Balances ($) Variable N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Minimum Q1 Median Q3 Credit Balance ($) 50 6 3964 132 933 1864 3109 4090 4748 Variable Maximum ...
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...MIDear Tutor Phil It was my good fortune that I came across your site. I am from a small town in Punjab, India and train students for the IELTS test as a hobby. Basically, i am a gynaecologist by profession. I’ve found all the posts on your site very very helpful. As i don’t know much myself, i look forward to help from people like you to pass it further. Please help me with this essay In many countries, good schools and medical facilities are available only in cities. Some people think new teachers and doctors should work in rural areas for a few years, but others think everyone should be free to choose where they work. Discuss and give your own opinion. ear tutor Phil Here is my essay which I have tried to make according to your guidelines. Please edit and polish it. Thanks a lot for your help. Kiran As a big gap is there between the urban and rural areas, some people opine that teachers and doctors who are fresh out of college should work in villages for a few years. However, others believe that the choice of where to work should be left on the teachers and doctors. In this essay I shall discuss the merits and demerits of both approaches and finally give my opinion. There are many advantages of having teachers and doctors work in rural areas. Firstly, the people in the villages will have access to medical care and education which they are deprived of normally. Secondly, it would be good for the teachers and doctors who are fresh from university to translate their...
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