...the high seas, but never over territorial sea of another state -Art.1 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation: “every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the space above its territory” -It is a serious breach of international law for a state to order to violate the air space of another state (for e.g. USA military aircraft attacked, forced to land or shot down by Hungary, USSR, Czechoslovakia-a number of incidents) -Does the states have an unlimited right to attack intruding aircraft in all circumstances? -Lissitzyn principle (from 1953)-important (book!) -Some states support Lissitzyn principle and that flexible approach to civil aircraft as well as military craft, but other states including ICAO-International Civil Aviation Organization, believe that civil aircraft must never be attacked in such circumstances -The rule that (it is not indeed a rule) trespassing civil aircraft must never be attacked does not mean that they have a legal right to trespass -Assembly of ICAO in 1984 adopted an amendment to 1944 Chicago Conv. On the Int. Civil Aviation which confirms that “every state, in the exercise of its sovereignty is entitled to require the landing at some designated airport of a civil aircraft flying above its territory without authority.” and that “every state must refrain from resorting to use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight and that, in case of interception, the lives of persons on board and the safety of aircraft must...
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...As a matter of scholarship, civil wars lack the extensive breadth and volume of study that interstate conflict enjoys in international relations. This is especially surprising considering the remarkable longevity and death toll associated with intrastate wars. The Republic of Guatemala, a post-colonial representative democracy, is the most populous Central American country; incidentally, this nation of sixteen and a half million people have been wrought with the military and socio-political disputes provoked by the ethnic and socio-economic status of its citizens. The resulting civil war had been one of the most deadly and enduring military contests on the American continent. The fighting between the government and rebel groups lasted over...
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...incorporation of a country to world’s economy. Currently, most of the bottom billion people live in African countries. The major problem with these countries is not that they are poor, but that they are not developing. In fact, most of the bottom billion countries are experiencing negative growth and the living standards are lowering each year. These countries are declining on average 0.5 percent per year. Furthermore, the living conditions are horrible and people are dying at a very early age. The life expectancy in these countries is fifty years while in a developing country is sixty-seven years. These lowering standard of living and negative growth are mainly because the country is in one of the four traps. The first trap which is civil war will definitely not allow a bottom billion country to become...
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...warfare” began before 10,000 years ago. What could have possibly sparked organized collectives to engage in armed conflict in recent times? There are different explanations from sociologists, psychologists and anthropologists; each of which have varying ideas on why war occurs. The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology and deals with how societies behave in war, what...
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...variables include social conflict, corruption within the institutions, transportation issues and the commodities in which their economies are structured around. Social conflict has had a great impact on both of the nation’s economic prosperity as well as their infrastructure. As well, corruption has greatly impacts the availability of financial resources for the citizens of either nation. In this comparison of nations, I will argue that Libya is more economically developed and has more economic potential than Sudan. The commodities in Libya offer a future of wealth for the nation and the potential for immediate growth economically and socially. Social conflict and civil war has affected and continues to affect many nations around the globe. Sudan is a nation which has been involved in decades of civil war and as a result has left the nation struggling to survive, leaving almost no basic infrastructure to create order within the nation. They were left without schools, a functioning government or financial institutions. From this, many problems have arisen. Groups such as the Lebanese Hezzbollah terrorist sect have set up training grounds inside the borders of Sudan, presumably receiving support from the nation. The lack of an official government body being in place has lead to a blind spot on basic human rights, with major violations happening such as imprisonment without reason and torture. Lastly, without an official government, Sudanese rebel and terrorist groups...
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...Throughout the world conflict persists. This is evident in Nicaragua where the country is facing a land disputes, “a territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more territorial entities” which has divided into what can be described as a small civil war of ethnicity with the prize being valuable land along the coast of the country (7,. The two ethnic groups who are responsible for the conflicts are the miskitos of the southern region of Nicaragua, and the mestizos of the northern region of nicaragua. There fighting for land hs spread throughout the Caribbean coast, where most of the indigenous miskito citizens live on and or in close proximity to the area.(6) Both sides of the conflict the mestizos and the miskitos have had casualties since the start of the disputes....
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...| Social characteristics of Poverty, Illiteracy and the Civil War in El Salvador: | EL Salvador | | BY: Yvette Rodriguez | | While El Salvador is the smallest nation in Latin America, it has been plagued with a myriad of issues that affect many third world countries. The social issues stem from a long history of violence and government mandated reforms. Civil unrest for decades led to a twelve year civil war, this being the most defining issue in El Salvador’s history. The affects of the war are still present today, such as high poverty rates, illiteracy, high crime rates, and public health concerns. Michael Ring, director of U.S. El Salvador Sister Cities is quoted saying; Since the January 1992 signing of the historic United Nations-sponsored Peace Accords, El Salvador has experienced a series of dramatic changes-some contributing to peace and development, other’s threatening the lives of El Salvador’s majority. The sociological perspective of El Salvador is formed by these effects, as that they are still prevalent today. Conflict and revolution are significant factors in shaping a national consciousness in third world countries; consequently the consciousness of the people of El Salvador is still divided. Externally, the large group of migration to the United States in the last two decades has added to the sometime rocky relationship between the U.S. and El Salvador. Aid from the United States influences current practices in the struggling nation and have...
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...The Civil War was fought over 150 years ago, yet for some Americans the War remains unfinished. This unfinished war however, can only bring consequences to the society rebuilt after it. Many of the ideas and controversies present during the Civil War; Confederate pride, racial tension and white supremacy, still affects the society we live in today. Rebel/Confederate pride is a paragon of how the Civil War still lives in the hearts and minds of many Americans. In Tony Horwitz’ book, Confederates in the Attic, he comes across individuals who hold their Southern pride with great reverence. The woman Horwitz speaks to, Sue Curtis, is just one of those proud Southerners. When asked why she thinks Southerners are still obsessed with the Civil War,...
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...Sierra Leone Civil War The Sierra Leone civil war which lasted about 11 years from 1991 to 2001 has resulted about 50, 000 of death followed by numerous accounts of rape, murder, displaced, destruction properties as well as other crimes that are absolutely against the humanity (Shah, 2001). It began on March 23, 1991 when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), a rebel army led by Foday Sankoh which was supported by the special forces from the Charles Taylor’s National Patriotic Front of Libera (NPFL) of Liberia, had intervened the Sierra Leone with intent to overthrow and change the Sierra Leone’s government which led by Joseph Momoh (Friedman-Rudovsky, 2013). The major cause that contributed to the bloody civil war in Sierra Leone is merely...
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...Women, Slaves, and Free Blacks in the Civil War History/110 25 Feb 2015 1. What roles did Northern women play in the war effort on the Union side during the Civil War? What roles did Southern women play in the war effort on the Confederate side during the Civil War? How did the war affect each group? Northern women contributed greatly to the Civil War effort for the north. As the north was more industrialized, women took on jobs that were traditionally done by men. They worked in manufacturing, worked in retail, and took care of more things around their homes. Northern women took care of the homes and children and often did things around the house that the men mainly use to do. Some women decided to take a more serious support of the war effort by becoming nurses and tending to the wounded men as they returned from the front lines. Some women attached themselves to various units and took on support roles for the units. These support roles included cooking, laundering, clothing repair and nursing. All of these duties were in an effort to alleviate extra efforts on the men’s part. A few women even volunteered to take on intelligence gathering roles and conducting clandestine operations to gather information from confederate units. These would infiltrate confederate units and create rapport with influential members of a unit in order to solicite and gather intelligence that could be used against them. Information such as troop movements, troop strength, current operations...
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...Amid the Civil War, in any case, American ladies turned their consideration regarding the world outside the home. It was the first run through in American history that ladies assumed a huge part in a war exertion. Before the finish of the war, these encounters had extended many Americans' meanings of "genuine womanhood." Hundreds of ladies hid their personalities so they could fight close by their union and confederate partners”. (https://prezi.com/om316tyopwzq/wpmen-of-the-common war/) In the years prior to the Civil War, the lives of American ladies were molded by an arrangement of goals that students of history call "the Cult of True Womanhood." As men's work moved far from the home and into shops, workplaces and production lines, the family...
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...THESIS STATEMENT AND OUTLINE FOR A PAPER ON AMERICAN INDUSTRIALIZATION AFTER THE US CIVIL WAR (1865-1920) Student Name Professor Name Course Title Date THESIS STATEMENT It is a truism that large-scale warfare tends to increase industrial production and innovation, and that societies benefit from this industrialization after the war is over. In America, the Civil War was followed by the economic prosperity of the Gilded Age -- I would like to argue that the chief effect of this prosperity was to cause new conflicts in American society, which had to be settled by reform rather than Civil War. OUTLINE This paper will focus on three separate aspects of industrialization: (A) Child labor and other exploitative economic practices / (B) Economic instability / (C) Economic inequality. Aspect (A) will include discussions of child labor in the time period covered, and also discussions of the role played by economics in post-war racial issues (Jim Crow), the radicalization of various populations oppressed by the new economic climate, and the calls for reform. Aspect (B) will cover the financial panics of the Gilded Age, and how they caused such things as the Populist and Free Silver movements. And Aspect (C) will look at the politics…[continue] Sample of sources used: Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition. New York: Vintage, 1989. Print. Oshinsky, David. Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. New York: Free...
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...Women were vital in staffing the war by encouraging men to enlist, even stating that they would not marry anyone who did not. The Civil War had a tremendous impact on everyone in America during the four years of a battle that claimed many lives and divided many families. Although, the civil war was known as a man’s fight the image women had during the civil was as nurses, spies, or ladies maintaining the house why the men are away. They even took arms and charged into battle, like the men. The women lied in camps, suffered in prison, and died for their causes. The daily lives and roles and responsibilities of women were greatly affected by the Civil War, both during and after the war. Women had a great effect in the civil war, as nurses, aides and spies being called the “angles in the battlefield”. Women had important roles in the U.S. Civil War, which lasted from 1861 through 1865. Some women joined organizations and worked during the Civil War. They joined the Union Volunteer Refreshment Saloon, the Ladies Hospital Aid Society and the United States Christian Commission. These organizations prepared supplies and delivered them to battlefields and camps. They also collected money to send to the troops. Groups planned fairs, raffles and dances to raise money. They even set up hospitals in homes, churches and any other building near the front lines. When men left home to go to war, women became responsible for managing homes, businesses and farms. Women also worked in more personal...
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...The proxy war began on Saturday, March 23, 1991 under the reign of Joseph Momoh. After the death of prime minister Sir Milton, the politics in the country were distinguished by its corruption and electoral violence. Political confrontation had a undeviating impact on Sierra Leone’s economy. The alluvial diamond mines of South Eastern Sierra Leone invited for the unequal benefits of the diamond trade and resulted in self aggrandizement. The Revolutionary United Front, a guerrilla unit engineered by Foday Sankoh, sought to overthrow the government and head of executive, as well as take part in the illicit conflict (or otherwise known “blood”) diamond trade. The country's education system quickly collapsed and citizens of the country were forced...
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...“Man is the only animal that deals in that atrocity of atrocities, War” (Twain). Prior to the Civil War, literature usually consisted of Romanticism, an idealistic style of writing. The aftermath of the war brought a wide-range of changes to the way of life, as people knew it in the late 1800s to early 1900s. America transitioned from a rural society depending mainly upon agriculture, to an urban society that was becoming industrialized. Ultimately, this led to a major economic and social divide between the wealthy and the poor, creating a great strife between them. Taking witness to all the inequalities surrounding them, writers saw their opportunity to tell stories with realistic characters and descriptions to connect the reader on a more relatable level. This movement became known as the Realist Era. Driven by their conviction that literature could bring about genuine social change, Mark...
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