...Inequality and the Sociological Impacts In modern society inequality is an inescapable fact of life; certain social groups are better positioned than others to take advantage of the opportunities, wealth and power of a society. When Australian society is examined it becomes obvious that indigenous people as a social group are faced with a decided disadvantage when it comes to opportunities, wealth and power. This essay intends to focus on the over-representation of indigenous people in the criminal justice system from a sociological viewpoint. This over-representation becomes sociologically significant when it is seen as an expression of inequality meaning that wider social issues are at play that effect indigenous people specifically. The two major reasons or drivers of this over-representation stem from this inequality; the first is an element of institutional discrimination found in both the courts and the police services in Australia which tend to target indigenous people disproportionately with the facilitation of legislation and practices which indigenous people have little to no involvement in formulating. The second is a set of cultural and social norms that exist amongst indigenous people which clash with the norms of the dominant white culture who are responsible for the laws and regulations that all groups in society are meant to abide by. Furthermore social conflict theories on crime such as those formulated by Turk and Sellin provide a rich theoretical support...
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...Understanding “The Banking Concept of Education” People learn by different methods of teaching: visual, auditory or tactile. A visual learner favors reading or pictures, an auditory prefers listening and a tactile person learns by a hands on approach. (The Learning Styles) In Freire’s excerpt “The Banking Concept of Education”, he describes how the relationship between students and teachers suffer from narration sickness (Freire). Freire explains in today’s modern education the teacher has become the depositors of information and the students are the bank receiving the information. This essay will explain the meaning of Freire’s excerpt and provide an understanding of his two concepts of education, banking and problem posing. Although auditory is a method of learning, Freire argued how education today is more focused on memorization rather than a two-way street of communication. In order for a car to run, it needs a tank full of gasoline; this same theory can apply to Freire’s theory of “The Banking Concept of Education”. He describes how students have been turned into “containers” to be “filled” by the teacher (Freire). This was evident while attending the Non-Commissioned Officer’s Academy in February 2008. During the 5 week Professional Military Education course, the instructors stood at the front of the classroom the students were exposed to what we termed, “death by PowerPoint”. Each day was filled with instructor narration of material that culminated...
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...Gender Pay Gap ENG 122 Jared Kline September 15, 2014 The gender pay gap has been a long standing issue for concern. Even with the Equal Pay Act of 1963 women today still average $.80 per dollar of what men make. While the gap between men and women’s pay has narrowed a new gap has formed. The new gap exists between women who choice to have children earn less than women who choice not children. While some believe motherhood is a choice, women who choice to become mothers should not have to face a motherhood penalty, face a social stigma, and unfair leave practices. It has been will establish that women with children earn less than women without children. Researchers have typically found a family penalty of 7 – 15 percent for women with children compared to women without children. In the United States, while researchers identify a 7 percent penalty per child only one-third of this penalty can be attributed to the loss of work experience (Misra, J. & Strader, E., 2013). Working mothers are penalized due to the perception that they cannot be dedicated to both family and work. Mothers are normally expected to be the primary care giver for their children. Hymowitz (2005) mentioned that one of the reasons why women are not taken seriously in the workplace is because at some point in their career they will have children and they will not be as devoted to work as they should and they will not be willing to work those long hours needed. The counter argument can be made...
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...each having its own beliefs capacity, and values. Among these groups, there is one of the oldest cultures that date back to at least 50,000 years that is known as Aboriginal culture that comprises of practices and ceremonies of the indigenous Australians which due to its depth ,it do play a greater role in influencing the modern Australia. The impacts of social economics are on a deeper level on the indigenous people than it is on the no indigenous person I Australia which means which that Indigenous community my experience difficulties in trying co-exist with other communities and managing their local initiatives. It is witness as there are remote communities that have overcrowded households and lacking lots of basic amenities such a functional toilets, stoves and fridges.there is also a problem of mismanagement of funds due to financial low literacy, lack of back services, and demands to share resources. There is the need to understand how poor living conditions, poor education, poor education, loss of traditional roles and western culture impact impose limitations on the ability of indigenous people to engage in development. From its contribution to the modern communities, the government has to find and formulate policies promoting the social and economic development of the Aboriginal people. All these are with the aim of strengthening the government engagement and partnerships with the aboriginal people since the government is fully aware that without genuine engagement it would...
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...In the 1800’s women were held to a higher moral standard then man which enabled women to enter the workforce. American culture expected women to preserve the family values not become “money makers” or head of the household. Women were unable to enter the workforce, vote, or get an education until the 19th century and even after they had received rights their rights were not equal to a mans. Institutions refused to allow women in educational programs and since they were economically dependent upon men, women had a poor socioeconomic status. Until the World Wars, that demanded women’s help in all areas of the labor market did society start to accept women as more than Susie-Home-Makers. The role of women drastically changed after the World Wars yet pay for women remained unequal to that of men, this led to the equal rights movement were women demanded “equal pay for equal work” (4). Working women ranked equal pay as a top priority for Congress in 2001 and the issue reemerged under President Barack Obama when he signed an amendment to the Fair Pay Act last year. The consequences of not acting on this important issue is plummeting tax revenues and further widened income inequality during an already starving US economy. Personal income taxes, child care taxes, earned income tax credits, payroll taxes, and state and local taxes all have aspects that affect the majority of women. Most of the tax system was drafted during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s when most women were not in the workforce...
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...Discriminatory Wage Gap “The gap between the median wage for a man and that of a woman in 2010 was $10,784.00 per year. The gender wage gap gets larger with age and builds up over time. But for women in the final five years of their careers before retirement, the wage gap grows to a whopping $14,352.00. Over a 40-year career, the average woman will lose $431,000.00 to the gender wage gap” (Cooper 1). Does this seem fair? It seems quite obvious to the common observer that there should be equal pay across the board for the same job accomplished regardless of gender, education or any other factor one might dream up. Nevertheless, according to most research and authorities on the subject of equal pay, there is a gap between the earnings of men and women. Moreover, as one delves into the subject more thoroughly, one notes it is much more complicated than simply equal pay for the same work performed. Women are greatly affected by the wage gap over time where they lose a significant amount of money the closer they are to retirement. As of April, 2014, the Center for American Progress states that to every dollar a man makes, a woman makes 77 cents (Cooper 1). Thus, it is apparent that women are still behind the men in terms of equal pay in the workforce. While women's pay in the workforce has traditionally been less than a man’s it nevertheless has increased over the years; however, as of 2014 there still exists a pay gap which can only be addressed through legislation, enforcement...
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...Contemporary Workplace Change in the United States In order to earn a living, an individual has to work. People all around the world are working in different jobs just to make a living. Their jobs vary as opposed to type, pay, environment, and many other factors. However, over the years these factors have been changing due to the economy. According to Sweet and Meiksins in Changing Contours of Work, the old economy represents the various ways of assigning and structuring work that developed in the wake of the Industrial Revolution through the mid-20th century. Systems that were built around mass production, gender divisions of labor, unionized labor, and a variety of other enduring workplace practices were included in that economy. The United States was a major, and dominating force in the old economy. On the other hand, the idea of the new economy is questioning the nature of work whether it has changed, or not, and to what degree these changes are affecting lives on and off the job. There have been new jobs, new workers, and new work designs that are changing some of the ways of performing work, by whom, and the returns received. However, there are still some features of the old economy that tend to be permanent and dominated in the new economy from the old one. An example of that as mentioned in the book “Changing Contours of Work” would be old business that moved from the developed world to emerging economies; the job type did not change, but the people performing these...
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...children to take their place in the economies of the 21st century given that we can’t anticipate what the economy will look like at the end of the next week? (Changing Paradigms) This statement can be used to describe the education system in the United States. America spends twice as much on education than any other country in the world, yet more than ever before students are failing. We are a society that relies upon education to be successful. In order to move forward with American education, four issues must be addressed and reformed. The first issue is that we must change the culture of education in America. Students and teachers today are simply drifting through the classroom,...
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...Empowered lives. Resilient nations. POLICY PAPER Empowering Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap through Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) POLICY PAPER Empowering Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap through Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) ANANDI www.anandi-india.org Empowered lives. Resilient nations. CONTENTS Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................. 3 Executive Summary.................................................................................................................................................4 I. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 1.2 Gender Gaps in Agriculture................................................................................................................ 10 Agriculture and Livelihoods................................................................................................................ 10 1.3 Positioning ‘Women’s Empowerment as a Transformative Process.....................................13 II. The Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP)........................................................................... 16 2.1 Opportunities and Challenges in Programme Design...
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...social and cultural conditions, have more disadvantaged than the women in modern western democratic societies. Educated and professional women in urban areas, who are from upper class of the society, enjoy much better status and rights than illiterate women in rural areas. In rural areas, women are discouraged in attaining higher education just for the sake of avoiding the time when women can lead man while in urban areas, women are encouraged to get educated, so girls energetically join the technical courses but after getting technically or professionally qualified they are not granted permission to work, this is the reason we don't find girls at offices as much as we find men. In villages, girls are usually not asked whom do they want to marry; parents just fix wedding dates of their daughters to the groom of their choice. Such injustices discourage females at higher level. If education does not prevail, the problems of Pakistan will reach at a stage which will make this country very vulnerable. Statically, Pakistan has made reasonable march since independence in many fields including education. Less than one million students were enrolled in schools at the time of independence, and, astonishingly, 12 million school- age children are enrolled. But more than 12 million children are doing job, putting their lives in danger and missing quality education. As a matter of fact, full enrollment at primary education is still not a reality, but a dream. The recent census tallies in China...
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...The Gender Achievement Gap Rena Godfrey Capella University ED5540 Strategies for Eliminating the Achievement Gap Quarter & Year: Fall 2013 Email: godfreyrena@gmail.com Instructor: Marge Zuba, Ed.D. Gender Achievement Gap One of the most interesting and actively debated areas in educational research concerns the gender-based achievement gaps in math and science. Despite research efforts and statistical data backing up the notion that girls are falling behind in math and science, there still continues to be significant gender-based achievement gaps that are perpetuated by “insidious gender lessons, micro-inequities…that chip away at girls’ achievement and self-esteem” (Sadker & Sadker, 1994). Research studies shed light on significant decreases in girls’ achievement rates in math and science as early as middle school that continues to decrease into high school. Although the achievement gap in math has declined in recent years (AAUW, 1999), girls consistently score lower on the SAT and ACT than boys do, and the gap does not narrow in college. Researchers struggling to identify the origins of gender differences have examined a range of theories, including biological, environmental, cultural, and cognitive developmental approaches to gender differences. What is Gender Equity? Gender equity implies being treated equally fair for both male and female. Gender refers to the social roles of men and women, and boys and girls, as well as the relationships...
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...Enhancing Quality and Equality of Education “Literacy is the road to human progress and the means through which every man; woman and child can realize his or her full potential.”……………Kofi Annan. Access to education and learning is crucial for development but ‘equitable’ access and learning is vital for sustainable development. The various dimensions of inequality (gender, socio economic, rural – urban), if not taken into account can result in skewed and lopsided growth that has the potential to do more harm than good to the larger fabric of society. Such development stands the risk of strengthening the current power structures and relegating the already marginalized, further down the abyss. These inequalities do not exist in isolation- one form reinforces the other. This means that there are common causes, functioning through multiple mechanisms, inflating the gross inequalities in the education sector. The major challenge before the Indian education system is to enhance the quality and bring equality in education system. Quality education which is essential to learning and human development is influenced by factors both inside and outside the classroom. In addition to enabling the transfer of knowledge and skills necessary to succeed in a profession and break the cycle of poverty, quality plays a crucial role in closing the gender gap in basic education. Quality Education includes:- * Learners who are healthy, well nourished and ready to participate and learn and supported...
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...to see the characteristics of the Open Shop systems and the Batch processing systems as a “one computer for all” type of architecture and of particular interest for me was the massive scale of the expense (dollars) in terms of wasted computer time even though each user had only around 15 minutes to execute their programs. I could then see how the Atlas Supervisor, being called the earliest operating system made sense, as it was the first of its kind to explore concepts such as spooling, demand paging and supervisor calls, which we can see clearly exhibited in the operation of modern operating systems today. Most of us are familiar with the term spooling most commonly used in terms of printing in general or with a few other output devices that are much slower than our modern computers today. The concept of Timesharing which was proposed by Mc-Carthy in 1962 was also key in leading to much of our modern execution of multi-tasking and it was interesting to see how this developed from the demonstration of CTSS into the larger Multics File System at MIT which although it was not a huge success in its entirety, gave rise to the first hierarchical file system for both private and shared files. Unix, having succeeded Multics in terms of time sharing systems, has become widely adopted, even today, I have personally worked with some variances of the Unix-cloned operating systems and flavors of Enterprise level Linux (such as CentOS). I also found the database problems highlighted by...
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...schools need to make use of use private schools as an example to be followed. However research indicates that the underlying issue that is affecting the performance in public school in limited funding which affects the daily activities in the educational institutions. A lot need to be done, in terms of additional funding, to bridge the gap in terms of performance between public and private schools. Education is the foundation of democracy as well as freedom and a key to financial prosperity. Education has never been vital like in the modern world as it determines the future of a nation and the young people. Public schools have to strive to offer equality in their institutions unlike any era in a country’s history. The demand for quality education and improved performance in public school is vital with a rising need to educate all students and assist them meet demanding academic standards ( Hochschild and Nathan Scovronick 456). The system need to be efficient and assist them to face the future, as well as an increasingly dedicated workforce in the worldwide economy. Accomplishing the goal means considerably narrowing and closing longstanding, large gaps in performance that is eminent among public and private schools. These challenges in the educational sector are compounded with fundamental...
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...Introduction A. Social Problem Education plays an important role in the way a particular country progresses. The US has always strived for high education standards; however, recent statistics point out that the country has competitively fallen behind when compared to other developed countries. For this reason, education has played an important role in the US agenda for many years. In January 8th, 2002, the US Congress passed a law called “No Child Left Behind Act” (NCLB), which expanded the role of federal government in education. This law strongly emphasizes the implementation of standardized tests in public schools to measure the progress of students as well as to hold teachers and schools accountable for students’ progress. A social problem that the NCLB is trying to fix is the fact that the quality of education in US’ public schools has decreased during the last years. Alarming statistics have shown that the country’s education system is not as internationally competitive as it used to be. For example, according to a report issued by the Council on Foreign Relations, the United States has slipped ten spots in high school and college graduation rates in the past three decades (CFR). Poor education affects the entire country because of the close relation that progress has with having a skillful workforce. Furthermore, other social problems, such as poverty and crime, are indirectly related to inferior education. An extensive body of research has found that people with...
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