...Cognitive Development Human Development and Learning FHT4, 601.2.1-02 Western Governor's University A. Cognitive Development Theory Cognitive development theory is basically the study of how people think and process information all the time. It is the concept that as children grow they expand their mental processes and develop many new ways to adapt and accept knowledge and interact in their environment and with others around them. It is defined as being about Human mental (cognitive) development. The first theorist to establish the concept was Dr. Jean Piaget. Another contemporary of his was Dr. Lev Vygotsky. Both men offered new insights into a nascent field of study of how children develop and learn as they grow. B1. Similarities on the Nature or Development of Intelligence Piaget believed that childhood played a vital part in a child's development. Children increase their intelligence through active learning and exploring of their world. The child is the center of his or her learning through self discovery. Vygotsky also believed that children actively participate in their own learning and are curious to know more and they do so through social interactions with adults and peers. Both Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that children needed to be in groups with peers and should work together cooperatively. Piaget held to the constructivist view that teaching needs to take into account the stage the child is at and teach to children at their level...
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...Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development PIAGET’S BACKGROUND His was one of the most important, yet most controversial theories of cognitive development (Hetherington & Parke, 2000). In 1907 at age ten, he published his first scholarly article in a journal on a rare albino sparrow.1 The career of this philosopher, psychologist and observer of children began the day his wife said to him, “watch the children for a while, will you, Jean?”2 He is a philosopher, psychologist and observer of children.2 He studied in Paris with Alfred Binet. He began to focus on the relationship between psychology and biological science with particular emphasis on development. While assisting Binet to develop standardized IQ tests for children, Piaget noticed not only that children of the same age made similar errors but that these errors differed from those of older or younger children. His opinion about cognitive development began to form as he also observed that these differences in the types of children’s errors seemed to also show unique age-related thought style and understanding of the world. Thus, he opined that the study of what children know or do not know is an avenue to understand the changes in how they think.3 He adopted unstructured interviews with children, such that he would pose the children with a problem to solve or a question to answer. But he substituted detailed observations for formal interviews, and this approach led others to criticize his work. He later...
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...Tue, Apr 9, 2013 8:40 PM PDT View full HTML message Page 2 of 2 Prev Next d tasks. Mental representations are a critical part of the sensorimotor phase and are later the foundation for all other mental representations. Children holding mental representations of ideas and objects within their heads and can serve as the basis of later complex mental representations. With such an idea, it is an important idea that children and infants develop a schema related to games, and play. For example, as children develop more sophisticated schemes, or cognitive structures, they become increasingly able to adapt to their environments(Pg. 211). This basketball-oriented toy, does allow children to develop their definition of play, before Piaget thought it was possible. Furthermore, the basketball hoop can serve as a golden ring in which giants used to wear, while enacting make believe play. In fact, the one definite positive of this toy is that it inspires play, and for children to act on their environment an see how gravity works and furthermore for parents to play alongside of children. Semantic development takes place across a lifetime, though it is active very early on in development. Children develop the meanings of words from before they are even able to pronounce them, in fact there is often a lag in ability to pronounce the words that the child understands. In fact with in the toy’s age range, a child begins to speak, and progressively becomes better at speaking and properly labeling...
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...Learning from B.F Skinner and Jean Piaget The psychological studies of B.F Skinner and Jean Piaget in the field of learning revolutionized the understanding of learning processes, and undoubtedly paved the way for future psychologists. The findings of B.F Skinner and his theory on operant learning expanded the horizons of his generation. Jean Piaget also constructed the basis by which we evaluate the logical capabilities of youth, and he developed a theory of schemas. Both of these eminent psychologists have left a mark on the field of learning, and while both are dissimilar, they have common themes and continuities that cannot be overlooked. Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904, to William Arthur Skinner (a lawyer) and Grace Madge Burrhus, born with an aptitude for mechanical toys and gadgets. In his adolescence he showed interest in works by Charles Darwin and Francis Bacon. In his early adult life he attended Hamilton College in Clinton, New York where he studied English language and Literature, during his time at University he was heavily engaged in the campus magazine, and was known for his hand in pranks. After graduation he was exposed to Behaviorism by the literary magazine Dial, and read further into Conditioned Reflexes by Ivan Pavlov, he soon realized that he was interested in human behavior and was convinced by a close friend that science was the next big thing, he decided to engage in work in psychology. He enrolled at Harvard in 1928, and began...
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...The secret world that lies in the mind of adolescence is one that many adults may not understand. The brief glimpses that adults receive are so minute that they often misread what they see. In order to truly get to know and help those in this stage, adults need to wade through the rude comments, the unpredictable behavior, and secrecy to really see their world. This world that they live in is cluttered with identity crisis and moral conflict. Silence, conformity, and submission also pollute this world of adolescence. The goal of this stage is to achieve some level of selfhood, if their world becomes too encumbered it will lead them to over-identification with the peer group, identity confusion, and excessive rebellion (Steinberg, 1993). This does not have to be the case. Through guided independence, close family relations and positive peer interactions their world will become less mysterious and positive goals will be met. The Franklin Starbucks provides one with excellent view of adolescence who is navigating their world successfully and those who are desperately fighting to find their selfhood. As one began to watch three girls walked into the coffee shop, they had to be around 14 or 15(hard to tell these days). There were no adults with them and they all ordered the same drink. Soon after they ordered they were joined by taller girl with black hair, she appeared to be the oldest among them. The oldest girl did most of the talking and the other three just responded...
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...Information Processing Theory Selicia Whidbee-Denmon AED202 April 1, 2012 Tracey Morgado Abstract Information Processing Theory The information processing theory is a group of theoretical frame works that address how the human beings receive, think about, mentally, modify and remember information and how such cognitive processes change over the course of development. (Child development pg.186) Information processing theory emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s and has continued to evolve in the decades that have followed. (Child development pg.186) The five key components in the information process theory are sensation, perception, sensory register, working memory, and long-term memory. Sensation is the physiological detection of stimuli in the environment. (Child development pg.187) Perception is how your mind uses sensory input to make sense of the world around you. The mind takes sensory impulses from the eyes, nose, skin and ears. These details are used to form an idea of the surrounding environment. (askkids.com) then there’s sensory register, which are the memories that last no more than about a second or two. There are two different kinds of memory when it comes to sensory register, Iconic memory and Echoic memory. (audiblox2000) Working memory is a system if domain-specific stores or formats for temporarily representing information along with a domain-general supervisor or executive attention mechanism. (Randall W. Engle, 2010) Long-term memory is the...
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...1. In general, what are the unique characteristics of young adolescents? Please list them under each category. Physical different growth rates growth spurts awkward and uncoordinated hormones cause restlessness and fatigue In need of physical activity sudden outbursts of activity risky diets causing weight change vulnerable Kids in this stage are exploring their own bodies, which are all growing at different rates. Because they are unsure why they are growing the way they are, they may have sudden outbursts of energy, or solicit themselves to risky health behaviors that could result in unintended consequences. Cognitive - Intellectual different cognitive development rates some moving towards formal operational thinking facing situations that require advancement of cognition wide range of intellectual interests; few need sustaining Prefer active learning and interaction to passive learning and seclusion curious about world and self, not with academic subjects respond positively to opportunities to connect learning to real world develop understanding of current abilities Kids in this stage are exploring their own minds, which are all growing at different rates. Some kids are still only thinking about problems in a concrete fashion. A larger majority of kids are able to think about problems in a formal way, trying to connect the questions being answered to their real life. Research have shown this may be particularly valuable to low-income students to become...
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...Lifespan and Personality Development Adolescence There are many factors that affect the physical, cognitive, social, moral and personality development in an adolescent. Adolescence as defined in the dictionary, is the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development extending mainly over the teen years (RHCD, 1980). Adolescence is the time that can bring various changes physical, social and emotional. Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty. This usually occurs during the ages of twelve to twenty years old. Puberty is the period during which the reproductive system matures. This process is characterized by the increase in sex hormones (RHCD, 1980). Heredity and the environment both plays a significant role in the development of various human traits. Genes are determinants of heredity, and each individual carries genes from the mother and father. Characteristics such as height, weight, skin color, eye and hair color are all determined through the balance of genes in the body. Genes are responsible for cognitive and mental processes as well as physical features (ehow.com). Adolescents undergo a wide range of physical changes in a very short time, which is a result of biological and hereditary factors, but environmental influences are also significant. There are rapid height and weight gains, which generally takes place earlier in girls, more body fat is generated in girls where muscles are developed in boys. Changes in hormone levels trigger...
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...Lenora A. Mayne American Intercontinental University May 2013 EDU 622: Applying Learning Theories Identifying The Components of Cognitivist Theories used in, "Kermit and The Keyboard." Abstract Cognitivism emphasizes on the explanation of cognitive structures and process, and the intervention of these structures and processes between instruction and learning (Glaserfeld, 1989). The study of cognitivism has allowed for educators, theorist and psychologist to understand the concepts of knowing, thinking and formulating feedback. In reviewing the sample texture, "Kermit and the Keyboard," has allowed for philosophers and psychologist to review the interactional theories of learning process. Within this paper, will identify, compare and contrast the views of congnitivist theories, Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), Piaget's Theory and Perspective of Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development as it relates to the sample text. The essence of utilizing cognitivist learning theories allows for educators such as myself to capture the meaning of cognitive and knowledge development within the classroom setting. Identifying The Components of Cognitivist Theories used in, "Kermit and The Keyboard." The developmental concept of learning theories allows for people to inquire the fundamentals of human engagement. The core concepts of learning has allowed for philosophers and psychologist to examine the nature of learning in applying those concepts in expanding...
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...Bandura & Social Cognitive Theory Randy Wayne Rising Liberty University Psychology of Personality 341-D06 Timothy Williams May 07, 2013 Abstract Years of research has been conducted by Albert Bandura on the Social Cognitive Theory. The practical use of Social Cognitive Theory has an interesting approach to changing or maintaining behaviors. Bandura has researched Social Cognitive Theory and the individual differences that show the flexibility that people have dealing with behavior. The Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication discusses the role that mass media plays in society in regard to influences on behavior within society. The Social Cognitive Theory of Human Agency, by Bandura, which describes the power that people posses to influence their own actions to get the deserved results the individual, desires. Social Cognitive Theory on Gender Development addresses the development of people’s lives according to the gender and the roles that are stereotypical by society in regards to personality and behavior. Health Promotion from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory deals with health promotion and disease prevention from social cognitive theory. The approach of changing health practices of social systems rather than the habits of individuals. Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context explains that people adapt to diverse conditions all over the world. Parents from impoverished environments through sacrifices want their children to have a better...
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...Developmental theories in psychology are efforts to comprehend the stages of one's growth and development. We recognize the stages throughout a child's lifespan to adulthood and the effects of environmental and social influences. These theories name the sources of growth, language and learning skills. The big debate in psychology is are these emotions caused by nature or nurture. It is impossible to tell which one is right. However both play an important role in a person's lifespan influencing the person we grow to be. All developmental theories have good points and can be the base to research and forming educated analyzes. They help us to better understand child development and social growth. Piaget's cognitive stages of development proposes that during each stage of a persons life from adolescence to adulthood new skills are learned. As a person develops in age their skills and abilities also progress. Piaget's theory consist of fours major developmental stages. They are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. The sensorimotor stage occurs from birth to the age of two. In this developmental stage children use simple motor activities such as looking, listening and touch understand and learn about their surrounding environment. The second stage preoperational stage ranges from ages 2 to 7. In this stage children mentally represent events and objects with figurative play. At this age children are unable to look at situations from other peoples...
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...Importance of Understanding How People Form Perceptions In the case of Joe Salatino, he is the new president of Great Northern American and he bases the success of his company by the amount of money he pays the employees. The firm’s salespeople sell millions of products each year. The lead person of this telemarketing company believes that spending money on commissions and bonuses is necessary to keep his salespeople motivated. The company uses all kinds of motivational tactics in the salesroom to keep the employees engaged at work. Many of Joe’s top workers earn thousands of dollars a year plus commission, but usually it takes about a year for an employee to build up their clientele. With in the article it goes to discuss how the salespeople go above and beyond to build a strong relationship with the customers. Joe believes it increases sales when the employees for a memorable relationship with the customers. As a result, when Joe is looking to hire new people; he looks for them to have great communication skills, be highly motivated and considerate. Finally, Joe looks for workers that know their strengths and weakness and thrive to take the initiative without having to be direct all the time. In the workplace, perceptions quickly become formed whether accurate or artificial. Perceptions and inaccurate assumptions of work habits, personal relationships are mostly form over company gossip. Joe Salatino needs to explain to his employees that perceptions in the workplace can...
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...Lifespan development is the field tha examine pattern of growth, change, and stability in behavior. (womb to tomb) * Major topical Areas (Physical Dev., Cognitive Dev., Personality Dev., Social Dev.) * Physical- Body and the brain. * Cognitive- Growth and behavior * Personality- Stability and change * Social- interaction and relationships grow * Cultural factors and developmental diversity * Broad factors * Orientation toward individualism or collectivism * Finer differences * Ethnicity * Race * Socioeconomic Race * Gender * Korosol increase stress * Cohort- group of people born at around the same time in the same place * Age graded influences- similar at particular age group * Sociocultural graded influences- social and cultural factors present at a particular time. * Modafin * Critical period- environmental stimuli are necessary for dev. * Sensitive Period- Certain kind of stimuli in environment. * Development is constructed thru biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together. * Development is lifelong * Early adulthood is not the endpoint of development * No age perios dominates * Development is Multidimensional * Consist of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions * Multiple components within each dimension * Health and Well-Being * Parenting and Education * Sociocultural...
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...Development Theory”1 “Child Development Theory” Ney Brown PSY104: Child and Adolescent Development Instructor: Daniella Atwell August 20,2012 “Child Development Theory” 2 Child development occurs from birth and continues throughout adulthood, and during their life span they go through many different changes, including language, physical growth, and cognitive abilities. Interest in this field has been very important to researchers because they want to know what happens during child development as well as the influences on development. There are a few theorist who have their views on child development and they are Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. Understanding child development has become very important today as we all want to Know what a child actually goes through during their development, and later on in life because most of these things will affect them later on in life. Many people don’t realize the many different stages a child goes through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major theories of development...
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...www.med.monash.edu www.med.monash.edu NUR1010 FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY PRACTICE Concepts of health, illness & human development OBJECTIVES • • • • • • Begin to develop their understanding of what nursing and midwifery involves. Discuss the concept of health. Discuss the concepts of human development. Describe factors that influence health across the lifespan. Begin to develop an understanding of the concepts surrounding person centeredness. Discuss the role of the nurse in infection control and prevention 1 2 www.med.monash.edu www.med.monash.edu 2009 Number Nursing Statistics Clinician Clinical management & Adm. Clinical nursing Average age (years) Average hours worked per week Definition of Nursing Nursing: encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management and education are also key nursing roles International Council of Nurses 2002 250,786 29,971 220,815 44.1 47.3 43.7 33.2 39.2 32.4 Non-clinician Lecturing, education and or supervision of new nurses Research Other 25,965 9,570 2,325 14,070 46.4 45.0 45.1 47.6 33.9 36.7 34.2 54 Total 276,751 44.3 ...
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