... The most notable theory from this time the Socratic Method, which consists of posing probing questions to students rather than espousing a hierarchy of knowledge. Brief History of its Founding Modern theories such as behaviorism, founded in the early twentieth century, are associated with theorists including Watson, Skinner, Pavlov and Thorndike. Watson known as the father of behaviorism proposed an alternative to the views of Wilhelm Wundt the founder of the discipline of psychology in1879. (Moore, 2011, p. 1). According to Moore, “Wundt assumed that the study of consciousness or subjective mental life was the appropriate subject matter for psychology.” (Moore, 2011, p. 1, para.1). Watson proposed that study and analysis should focus on observable behavior and that concerns with consciousness only hampered the process. (Driscoll, 2005, p. 31)...
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...important historians to psychology, his work led to the development of behavior modification and behavior therapy which is a model that psychologist continue to apply and modify today. In the beginning with the social need for efficient psychotherapy soon developed a solid theoretical body of behavioral laws, Skinner indicated that in order to develop the appropriate path towards efficient intervention for unadaptive behavior new theories regarding about abnormal behavior and as well as procedural model for evaluations (Labrador, F. (2004). Behavior therapy continued to nourished by developments through experimental psychology, Skinner’s treatments offered many opportunities not just clients but as well researchers/psychologist to explore the newly lens developed. However, behavior modification and therapy had its limitation yet today it continues to have some modification still needed to be implement, it said that in order to acknowledge and pay a tribute to Skinner’s work is to overcome these limitation and further develop behavior therapy into an effective model (Wilson, G., & Agras, W. (1992). Rise of behavior modification & therapy The development of behavior modification and therapy was backed up by the work of Skinner, his techniques and experiments were based in operant conditioning and specifically practical developments that were all Skinner’s work (Labrador, F. (2004). The development of both behavior modification and therapy techniques came even before these two models...
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...years my vision and goals has not changed. However, it has expanded me to reach out to young women and men and help them with their capability to accomplish everyday life struggles. All of these researchers (Miles, J, Detweiler, M. and Nader, J .connects in the child development and practice that is substantially connected with children behavioral disorder needs. Your Career in Psychology Introduction In my own words what describes a good career in psychology is someone who has the ability to study the mind and behaviors of individuals. I have a passion and desire to help children and young adults, who have neglected but, not abused. I also counsel children with emotional behavioral problems, depression and anxiety problems. What led me to this vision is always seeing children get into trouble, but they just could not explain why they did it. My family and close friends’ have always known about my passion and desire to help children with behavior problems. However, I took a long look at my own childhood experiences and realized that I too can help others. But, before I can help anyone with their life style I had to analyzed, why I did...
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...management is a highly emotive and at times spurious phrase. It conjures up many images and experiences in which there are abundant publications bursting with competing theories, applications and never-ending analysis. Google the phrase and over 100,000 pages are listed with various approaches that range from common sense applications to profound theoretical dissertations on the subject (50 ways to handle the difficult class, 10 ways to deal with defiant students, Managing excessive talking successfully, etc...). However, disruptive behaviours in the classroom have real costs including: • distracting other students and the teacher in class • reducing student involvement in the learning process • lowering other students' motivation in or out of class for that particular subject • influencing fairness in assessment • using the teacher’s teaching time unproductively • teacher and students experience a lack of respect Porter (2007)[1] draws down on all the competing theories of classroom management and summarises five/six approaches which take in holistic, constructive, preventative and remedial strategies. These approaches include: • Limit-setting approach-Canter & Canter • Applied Behaviour Analysis • Cognitive-behaviourist approach • Neo-adlerian theory- Rogers • Humanism • Choice theory-Glasser Porter argues that when considering the effectiveness of each theory one should question “effective...
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...of the individual with autism to change in a positive manner. Additionally, immense monetary bills compound the problem. Caregivers may even bankrupt themselves trying to save their child or family member paying high premiums for ABA services that may or may not actually effectively change or manage behaviors of individuals with autism. This paper will discuss whether or not ABA research actually proves the effectiveness of ABA interventions. ABA interventions are defined as “those in which the principles of learning theory are applied in a systematic and measurable manner to increase, reduce, maintain and/or generalize target behaviors” (Education, 2007). ABA includes methodology such as reinforcement of target behaviors, shaping and chaining new behaviors, fading inappropriate behaviors, response and stimulus prompting, discrimination training, programming new behaviors, ideas and attitudes as well as completing functional assessments. (Broadstock, 2008) The research question was whether or not interventions and strategies based on ABA are actually effective in gaining the following outcomes for individuals with autism: * social development * cognitive thinking skills * functional and spontaneous development of communication * engagement in...
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...to date that includes video modeling to increase food acceptance in a participant’s home. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use video modeling to increase food acceptance by one child in his home. A multiple-baseline design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of video modeling on increasing food acceptance. Video modeling was effective in increasing food acceptance with this one participant in his home. The results of this study suggest that this treatment program was responsible for the observed changes, which were maintained during 3, 4, 5, and 6th month follow-up. Video modeling 6 Using Video Modeling to Increase Food Acceptance Many children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder exhibit maladaptive feeding behaviors. These behaviors may include gagging at the site of certain foods, food refusal, expulsion, and limited intake (Munk & Repp, 1994). Parents of children with these problems are frequently desperate to get their children to eat and may go to...
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...the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.[5] Skinner believed that human free will is an illusion and that any human action is the result of the consequences of the same action. If the consequences are bad, there is a high chance that the action will not be repeated; however if the consequences are good, the actions that led to it will become more probable.[6] Skinner called this the principle of reinforcement.[7] The use of reinforcement to strengthen behavior he called operant conditioning. As his main tool for studying operant conditioning Skinner The Skinners’ grave at Mount Auburn Cemetery invented the operant conditioning chamber, also known as the Skinner Box.[8] Skinner developed his own philosophy of science called radical behaviorism,[9] and founded a school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior. His analysis of human behavior culminated in his work Verbal Behavior, as well as his philosophical manifesto Walden Two, both of which still stimulate considerable experimental research and clinical application.[10] Contemporary academia considers Skinner a pioneer of modern behaviorism along with John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov. Skinner emphasized rate of response as a dependent variable in psychological research. He invented the cumulative recorder to measure response rate as part of his highly influential work on schedules of reinforcement.[11][12] In a June 2002 survey, Skinner...
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...(Individualized Education Program) and BIP (Behavior Intervention Plan) progress. Observational procedures for research purposes are often more demanding and these suggestions are for practitioners and not meant to meet a research standard. Collecting data involves a variety of techniques, including both direct and indirect methods. Examples of indirect data collection include interviews, record review, and examination of permanent work products. This booklet focuses on observational data, which is a direct method of data collection. When collecting information, it is important to use multiple sources and methods, and to triangulate the data collected. No one method stands alone. Behavior always occurs in a context, and observing in that context is critical for defining and understanding the behavior. Observations may also help to identify the antecedents (what happens before the target behavior) and consequences (what happens after the target behavior) so that meaningful behavioral interventions can be developed. The data we collect during systematic classroom observations is used as a baseline, and/or present level of performance for an IEP. We might also use the data to evaluate whether or not an intervention is working. Observation is one method for collecting data for an FBA in order to answer the questions “what function is the behavior serving for the student?” or “what is the student trying to communicate to us through the behavior?” Thus, collecting data related...
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...his daughter Deborah and named the air bed or the Skinner tender that was intended to help his wife ease some of the parenting duties such as waking in the middle of the night to add blankets to a cold baby, later sparked a backlash of criticism of Skinners work and false rumors about Deborah committing suicide. According to “B.F. Skinner Foundation” (2013) In 1938, Skinner wrote The Behavior of Organisms which “summarizes nearly ten years of research, spanning the years of Skinner's graduate school days at Harvard through his three years as a member of the Society of Fellows.” In 1945, Skinner became the Psychology Department Chair at the University of Indiana. Three years later he joined the psychology department at Harvard University where he remained for the duration of his life. It was at Harvard where Skinner’s inventions helped to shape his career in psychology and helped him to become one of the leaders in behaviorism. Behaviorism according to Dictionary.com (2013) is “the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events, in contrast with subjective mental states, in contrast with...
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...OSB: Chapter One Chapter one of Opening Skinner’s Box focuses on the namesake of the book, B.F. Skinner. The experiments described all focus on Skinner’s primary study, that of ‘operant conditioning’. Skinner brought into question the concept of free will, instead believing that all human decisions are the result of consequences, both positive and negative. He felt that through a system of positive reinforcement, entire countries could be changed to compliant citizens. In fact, the book tells us, he openly admitted that he hoped to one day use his studies for fascist goals in the nation. His primary experiment was conducted on rats that he placed in a box, and taught to step on a treadle to receive a food pellet. He experimented both with consistency, intervals, and random deliverance of the food and found that the rats did not cease to rely on the process to gain food. However, after cutting off the rewards, he found that the rats did indeed stop their efforts. Although the author of the book proceeds to interview esteemed colleagues who believe firmly in free will and dismiss Skinner’s theory, the overall mystery of the experiment remains. At first I was thrilled by the chapter and excited by the meshing of the author’s artistic writing and the scientific experiments and interviews she describes. However, I must say I enjoyed the project far less when writing a summary of the mere experiment. As a reader and student, the author’s style and stories added and enriched my experience...
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...Synopsis Skinner addresses operant behavior in this article. Operant behavior refers to behavior that operates on the environment or is controllable by the individual. Skinner suggests that operant behavior usually affects the environment and generates stimuli which “feed back” to the organism. This feedback can be a reward and/or punishment (Skinner, 2012, p. 55). Skinner investigates this by using an aluminum box divided into two compartments. In one compartment, a pigeon is able to peck a translucent plastic plate behind a circular opening which is a delicate electric key. When pecked, the circuit is closed to operate recording and controlling equipment. Colored lights can be projected on the back of the plate as stimuli (Skinner, 2012, p. 54). Operant reinforcement is demonstrated when food is given to the pigeon when it pecks the key, which created the high probability of responding. If the food is not given when the pigeon pecks the key, the rate declines or may even stop all together. This is called operant conditioning or extinction. What happened when intermittent reinforcements, like fixed ratio or variable ratio reinforcement was used? This is where reinforcements are based on time and/or counters. Skinner relates this type of reinforcement to our everyday life and how few of the things we do always “pay off”. The dynamic characteristics of our behavior depend upon the actual schedules of reinforcement (Skinner, 2012, p. 55). The colored lights in the...
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...learning in which animals is from the behavior or the way it acts witch also depends on its environment. In this behavior the animal would either increase or decrease by the following reinforcement that follows. Animal trainers apply Operant conditioning, if the animal performs a behavior that they want done again or the trainer will also give them a treat for doing this behavior. Humans learn in the same way for example if your teenager is supposed to come home from high school every day and/or chores around the house making the bed, washing close, doing dishes, vacuuming, if you do not reward her for this positive reinforcement will not follow and will probably stop altogether doing the chores around the house when she comes home from school. Positive reinforcement- when an animal does a behavior produces a positive stimulus if you reinforce the positive stimulus and you give the animal a treat then later on the animal is likely to always do the same favorable behavior over and over. The positive stimulus will know that you gave it positive reinforcement and will probably do the same behavior over when you like the animal to do it. Negative reinforcement this involves taking away the unfavorable stimulus, or in this case a negative reinforcement will increase what you would like the child not to do again and again. This is not like a punishment because punishments follow consequences good ones and bad ones. Positive reinforcement for a behavior that you want to happen again whenever...
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...situations. He put a rat in Skinner box and the rat would pull the lever, which in result the rat would receive food. The rat then realized that each time it pulled the lever; food will come out so it constantly kept pulling the lever (Wikipedia). Skinner's theory on punishment is that a positive reinforcement is more effective in changing and developing behavior than by using any form of punishment. Skinner believed that the main thing to learn from being punished is to avoid punishment altogether. Reinforcement is a concept in behaviorism and a common confusion is that negative reinforcement is synonymous with punishment. Positive reinforcement is strengthening the behavior while negative reinforcement is strengthening of behavior by removal of avoidance of an aversive event (Wikipedia). Although both types of reinforcement strengthen the behavior or either promotes the probability of the behavior to reoccur. One of Skinner's favorite experiments involved the pigeon and it was to demonstrate superstition. The bird would behave as if there was a casual relation between it’s behave as if there was a casual relation between its behavior and the presentation of food even when the relation was lacking. There are many...
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...useful devices like the cumulative recorder, even in his old age he invented a thinking aid to help with writing. Skinner showed the positive reinforcement by placing a hungry rat in the Skinner box. This box contained a lever with food as the rat moved inside the box the lever would drop the food to a container next to it. The consequence was that the rat would repeat the behavior again and again. A good example to picture this would be thinking of a daily basis situation every time you do something good you get a reward, so then the same action becomes a daily thing so you can get rewarded more often. The negative side is that if one day you don’t do the right thing then you won’t get reward and then the habit might be broken. The opposite of reinforcement is punishment this can also work directly by doing something unpleasant stimulus. For example if the children don’t behave then they get put in time out and they won’t get to do something they enjoy. Superstitious behavior arises when the delivery of reinforcement and punisher occurs close together in time with an independent behavior. For example bad luck you do something and then something bad happens. After many years of contribution to psychology F. B Skinner died in 1990 at the age of eighty six years old. In 2002 he was the most...
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...west Tennessee. QCBS is expecting a 100 percent increase in the total amount of clients served. West Tennessee currently has 12 behavior support and management agencies that provide services for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and 5 that specialize in autism, as well as more than 20 residential service providers. The total amount of clients served by residential providers exceed 4500 with a waiting list that surpasses 2300 individuals that have been evaluated and are in need of services. Many of these future service recipients are located in mental health institutions while others are misplaced in array of nursing homes located in west Tennessee. QCBS has only been in business one year and is anticipating an increase in the budget for the total amount of service recipients served, or an additional $25,000. QCBS marketing initiative has the following objectives. * Maximize limited marketing monies to improve the exposure of their agency. * Increase the operating budget by 50% while maintaining current contracts at competitive prices. * Increase the number of potential service recipients by providing site observations and evaluations. Strengths QCBS has various resources that will encourage and support its initiative to increase the total amount of service recipients receiving behavior supports. The owner of the company worked at the West...
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