...How did the Cold War affect decolonization? Cold War was the hesitance of the USSR and the US on whether they should deploy their nuclear weapons. This was also the period when the USSR continued to spread its ideas of Communism to countries around the world, and the US was not here for this, trying their best to contain communism. While these two countries were distrustful of each other, other nations slowly became afraid of American Imperialism which slowly led to decolonization. The Cold War made people realize they should fight for their freedom and policies. Propaganda is used to deceive or convince. Document two’s image propaganda is used to convince North Korean citizens to believe that American Imperialism is bad. This shows how the...
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...World War II would shatter Europe's supremacy, prompting a three world order struggle. The first order incorporated the US and its allies, entangled in a Cold War with the Soviet Union, known as the second world. The Third World consisted practically of every other nation but, most notably Africa. Self-assured and entrenched in its governance ideologies, the Soviets would move to expand their sphere of influence in the world through stockpiling weapons in order to defend its border. However in the third world, hostility would break out as anticolonialist searched for a means to freedom. The Soviet dependence on authoritarianism would undermine its social welfare plans and by the mid-1980s, rising financial influence and extremism in Africa...
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...Decolonization is defined as “the end to foreign domination and the formation of new independent nations” (History Blueprint 8). There were three ways decolonization occurred during the Cold War era: without violence, with bloody wars, or with a nationalist movement that followed Marxism. The Chinese Civil War during the years 1945 to 1949 exemplified decolonization through the third method. The Civil War was a struggle in which the Nationalist Kuomintang Party (KMT) tried to exterminate the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) for political and economic freedom. Due to the fact that this war could have potentially led to the eradication of Communism in China, the United States tried to become involved. The importance of eliminating Communism from...
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...drastically since 1945, so much so that there are entire classes dedicated to the change brought about by the end of World War II. Between 1945 and 2018, the world has seen the rise and fall of communism governments, has witnessed countries formed and others torn apart. The world has seen empires fall and superpowers rise to take their place, only to become locked in the ideological Cold War that left all in fear of nuclear war. No country remained unaffected by the conflict of the United States (US) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Consequently, Cold War politics continue to affect modern the actions and reputations of countries globally even long after its end in 1989. The Cold War refers to the...
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...Reformation The Reformation was one of the greatest religious and political movements of the 16th century, aimed at reforming the practises and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. Beginning in 1517, The Reformation was led by a German monk, known as Martin Luther. Luther argued that the Roman Catholic Church was corrupt and that it should be reformed, in attempt to making it fair, less greedy, and accessible to all people. He declared authority should be derived from the Bible, not the Pope or the Church, giving rise to Protestant systems of belief. This conflict caused a split in the Church, and separated the Christians of Western Europe into Protestants and Catholics. The disruption also triggered a series of wars, persecutions and the...
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...Which forces, structures or actors have been identified by historians as most decisive in the crystallisation of Cold War tensions in the years 1945-51? * Define what the cold war tensions were/overview of why they came about after ww2 – wartime alliance had broken down due to ideological clashes of how the post-war world would look, an inherent distrust on both sides of the others true intentions and territorial clashes The Cold War – Edited by Klaus Larres and Ann Lane (short loan D843 C6) Oxford 2001 * Conservative strand of historians which sought to condemn the roosevet and Truman aministrations, the former for yielding too readily to Soviet demands at yalta, the latter for hesitancy and inexperience. The liberals ustified American foreign policy as a bold and imaginative effort to deal at oe and the same time with soviet expansionism and residual American isolationism which reached its pinn * Revisionism – emphasis on economic causes of cold war which came about in the 1950s/60. The US had tried dirstly to demand ipen acces to eastern Europe and ipon being rebuffed, had then sought to reconstruct western Europe and particularly the western zones of Germany in the liberal democratic mould. This extended into the thrd world as decolonization opened up these regions to economic penetration. The creation of multilateral organisation, such as the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund, in which the US had the largest share of votes because it provided...
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...Situation at the beginning of Sino-African relationship: he Sino-African relations began with the Asia-Africa conference in Bandung, Indonesia in 1955, to promote African and Asian economic coalitions and decolonization.1 The global political scenario at the time makes for an interesting read. The Cultural Revolution had ended in China in the year 1949 with the subsequent establishment of the communist government and the People's Republic of China. The Nationalist government under Chiang Kai Shek had fled to the island of Formosa (latterly known as Taiwan). The year 1950 brought the advent of the Korean War. China supported the Democratic People's Republic of Korea where communist rule was established in the year 1948. The United States on the other hand supported the Republic of Korea. The Soviet Union also entered the picture to form a trinity of communist nations. There were direct confrontations between the Chinese and the American militaries. This resulted in a lot of friction between the two countries. The Korean War ensured there was deep mistrust between the Americans and Chinese who were fighting alongside in World War II just a decade ago. This resulted in the US favouring Japan over China as a proxy to the Soviet domination of the west Pacific Rim. The US also recognized the PRC's arch rival the Republic of China (Taiwan) as the true representative of China. This situation was a huge factor, so much so that the ROC represented China in the United Nations...
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...The Cold War The Cold War, often dated from 1947 to 1991, was a sustained state of political and military tension between powers in the Western Bloc, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the Eastern Bloc, dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact. Role of USSR and USA to the conflicts in the Cold War The Cold War began after World War II. The main enemies were the United States and the Soviet Union. The Cold War got its name because both sides were afraid of fighting each other directly. In a "hot war," nuclear weapons might destroy everything. So, instead, both sides fought each other indirectly. They supported opposing sides in conflicts in different parts of the world. They also used words as weapons. They threatened and denounced each other. Or they tried to make each other look foolish. Over the years, leaders on both sides changed. Yet the Cold War continued. It was the major force in world politics for most of the second half of the twentieth century. The Cold War world was separated into three groups. The United States led the West, including countries with democratic political systems. The Soviet Union led the East. This including countries with communist political systems. The non-aligned group included countries that did not want to be tied to either the West or the East. Harry Truman was the first American president to fight the Cold War. He used several policies. One was the Truman Doctrine. This was a plan...
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...semi-periphery have more wealth than the periphery but some countries are still in poverty, they usually mass-produce ordinary goods, and are often contracted by those from the core. The Core exploits the rest of the world, they own Trans-National Corporations, and they produce the highest quality goods as well as leading technologies. Another possible theory is Rostow’s model, in which all countries go through the same steps to get to a state of high mass consumption – traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and finally high mass consumption. Next, what changes in global power have we gone through to get to the world’s present multipolar state, and how can these changes be explained? Before World War 2, the world was in a unipolar state. The British Empire was undoubtedly the most powerful empire at the time, if not the most powerful in history. At its peak in 1922, the empire covered almost a...
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... BERNATH LECTURE The New International History of the Cold War: Three (Possible) Paradigms* The Cold War is not what it once was. Not only has the conflict itself been written about in the past tense for more than a decade, but historians’ certainties about the character of the conflict have also begun to blur. The concerns brought on by trends of the past decade – such trifles as globalization, weapons proliferation, and ethnic warfare – have made even old strategy buffs question the degree to which the Cold War ought to be put at the center of the history of the late twentieth century. In this article I will try to show how some people within our field are attempting to meet such queries by reconceptualizing the Cold War as part of contemporary international history. My emphasis will be on issues connecting the Cold War – defined as a political conflict between two power blocs – and some areas of investigation that in my opinion hold much promise for reformulating our views of that conflict, blithely summed up as ideology, technology, and the Third World. I have called this lecture “Three (Possible) Paradigms” not just to avoid making too presumptuous an impression on the audience but also to indicate that my use of the term “paradigm” is slightly different from the one most people have taken over from Thomas Kuhn’s work on scientific revolutions. In the history of science, a paradigm has come to mean a comprehensive explanation, a kind of scientific “level”...
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...Name: Tutor: Course: Date: World History since 1945 Truman Doctrine The doctrine is named after the then-president Harry Truman. The speech made by the president before Congress in 1947 gave birth to the doctrine. The reason President Truman made the speech was because Britain had announced that they will no longer support the Greek government economically and military wise. Through the doctrine, the government of United States of America (USA) promised to provide political, army and economic aid to all democratic countries under threat from authoritarian powers. It further outlined the change in the USA foreign policy from its usual withdrawal stance from regional conflicts not directly touching on the country, to one of intervention in conflict all over the world. The doctrine also promised to help Turkey and Greece economically and through military actions against the communists this after Britain announced that they would be withdrawing their support. These countries were to receive $400,000,000 aid. The doctrine contents were justified by the need to help free people in their fight against totalitarian rule which would undermine international peace and hence affect the security of the USA (Jones, 36). NSC-68 The National Security Council Paper NSC-68 was a top secret report meant to confront the treat the hostile design of the Soviet Union had on the USA. The report banned the regeneration of US isolationism arguing that it will result in Soviet Union supremacy...
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...By the end of World War Two, Britain as the European victor of the war was looking towards not only rebuilding their own economy and society but also to taking a larger role in leading the rebuilding of a powerful Western Europe. Britain wanted to be treated as an equal by their victorious partners after WWII, the US and USSR, and the British leaders believed this could be accomplished by the creation of a unified Western bloc in Europe. From 1945 until 1957 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome, Britain was successful in leading Western Europe through leadership in post war reconstruction, economic arrangements, security, and atomic weapons. Britain’s commitment to being a world power as well as their widespread influence overseas also helped the British to maintain a leadership role in Western Europe despite French ideas of British Americanization. Overall, despite occasional moments of weakness, Britain was essentially the driver of the “European bus” from 1945 until 1957 when the British decided they no longer wanted to be on board the European bus. World War II devastated Western Europe both physically and economically but provided an opportunity for Britain to take a leading role in the reconstruction process. Reconstruction became the immediate concern for Britain and their Western European neighbors. Britain’s leading role in Western Europe was sparked by their success in post war reconstruction beginning with their role in the Marshall Plan funding by the...
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...INR 2001: Intro to International Relations January 12, 2015 Big Themes in International Relations * Conflict or Cooperation? Pays to Cooperate: Success in business- Don’t shoot customers * Major Actors in Conflicts * Chines, Navy, NATO, and Somali Pirates * States fighting other states * States fighting rebellions within the state * Conflict between non-state actors * Not all conflict is between states, much if not most is below the level of state-state conflict * Conflict maybe driven by man interests- ethnic conflict, material resources, land * Cooperation * Lots of Conflict and lots of Cooperation * Examples * Cooperation focused on economic issues, why? * All sides gain from economic exchange so it literally pays to cooperate * Is cooperation or conflict the natural state? * Economic cooperation mitigates conflict * Globalization or Fragmentation? * France-Germany and the European Union * Free trade agreements and NAFTA * What is Globalization * Examples: * Increasing level interconnectedness * What it means for international relations * More interdependence * Cultural aspects, both positive and negative * Is globalization a new phenomena * Less and less dialogue more usual stuff happening * 50 million died as a result 1918 Spanish...
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...Guide and Graphic Organizers – Unit 5: The Modern World, 1914 CE – present 1. World War I Students are required to know the causes, major events, and consequences of WWI 1) Causes a) Imperialism i) No new lands to expand into – some nations didn’t have many colonies (Germany, Italy) ii) Rivalries as nations competed for colonies iii) Sometimes armed conflict in colonial lands for control over resources b) Nationalism i) Pride in one’s nation, want one’s nation to be the best and most powerful ii) Fostered conflict as nations competed to be the best iii) Justified imperialism, militarism iv) Caused disruptions in multi-ethnic nations (Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire); rebellions, revolts against foreign rule c) Militarism i) Build up of a country’s military; keeping a large standing army ii) Nations expanded their militaries as a show of power iii) Arms race: each nation needed to have a standing army because their neighbors had standing armies d) Alliances i) Bismarck: German chancellor behind alliance system in Europe ii) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy allied; France, Great Britain, Russia allied 2) Events a) Assassination of Archduke Frantz Ferdinand: Serbian terrorists kill the Austrian duke and his wife as they honeymooned in Sarajevo i) Austria demands Serbian submission ii) Russia offers to back Serbians in defying Austrians iii) Austria and Germany declare war on Serbia and Russia (along with Russia’s allies) b) Schlieffen Plan i) Germany knows...
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...International Security Lecture 1 March 30th, 2015 The politics of security knowledge What is international security? We could start thinking about the security council of the UN But also about the invasion of Afghanistan (chapter 7 UN in order to secure the international security) We can also think about security in terms of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. This was a unilateral act of war, but sure it can also mean other things We can think of the national security agency, the agency in charge of spying all the signals and communications to a certain extent. What’s interesting about the NSA, it is seen as a threat to the security of the privacy. Lately, with the reports of the UN development programme, we start talking about HUMAN security (not military security, but rather the security of individuals, having a livelihood that’s acceptable). Whether security is international or not, it can be a rather confusing word The protection of values we hold dear. We search for it, we pursue it, we achieve it, we deny it to others. * what is to be secured? Is it the security of states? Or individuals? * What is the actual threat that we’re facing? Primarily to be dealing with military threats, or are there other types of threats we are facing. Essentially contested concept A concept that ‘inevitably’ involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users – Walter Gallie There can be ambiguity (one persons freedom-fighter is the other’s...
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