...explained, relating us and our “ancestors” of many centuries ago. Primates such as gorillas are said to be our closest relatives. Africa presides as the homeland for all species. Neanderthals have always been viewed as mindless, mentally deranged creatures. Fifty years ago, The Great Leap Forward was like a big advancement in technology. Hominids also began to spread across New Guinea and Australia. The larger animals that failed to attain protection qualities against other predators during evolution died out and became extinct. Eurasia also occured. It became the more advanced between them and Africa, although Africa started out on top. Chapter 2. A Natural Experiment of History The Maori and Moriori descended from Polynesians,...
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...South America GEA1000 Josslen Leonard South America GEA1000 Josslen Leonard...
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...lowers the melting point of the mantle, causing it to melt and magma is produced. It rises upward to produce a chain of volcanoes parallel to the oceanic trench the chain of volcanoes is called an island arc. The Caribbean volcanic islands form an island arc parallel and to the west of the Puerto Rico Trench. Oceanic – Continental The Nazca Plate moves east, towards the South American Plate, where the two plates meet, the denser Nazca Plate is forced down and under the South American Plate. As a result the Peru-Chile Trench is formed. The friction between the plates prevents the subducting oceanic plate from sliding smoothly. As it descends, it drags against the overlying plate. This results in frequent shallow focus earthquakes Lascar Volcano is formed as a result of partial melting of the magma due to water reducing the boiling point of the mantle. Andesitic magma is formed and a land volcano is formed. The Andes are Fold Mountains and are formed when the Nazca plate is subducted under the South American plate. The South American plate is less dense so sits on top of this subduction zone, but the rocks of the South American plate have been folded upwards and crumpled into Fold Mountains. Continental – Continental The...
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...Works Cited BH. How old is the grand canyon. Science. 2007; 318: 1039. Lee JP, Kelley SA, Pederson JL, Karlstrom KE, Ehlers TA. New thermochronometric constraints on the tertiary landscape evolution of the central and eastern grand canyon Arizona. Geological Society of America: Bulletin. 2013; 9(2): 216-228. Moores, EM, Vahl FM. The art of geology. Geological Society of America: Abstracts with Program. 1988: 31, 114. Pelletier, JD. Numerical modeling of the late cenozoic geomorphic evolution of grand canyon, arizona. Geological Society of America: Bulletin. 2010; 595-608. Thouret JC, Worner G, Gunnell Y, Singer B, Zhang X, Souriot T. Geochronologic and stratigraphic constraints on canyone incision and Miocene uplift of the central andes in peru. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2007; 263:151-166. Nature and science [Internet]. National Park Service (US); 2014. Available from: http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/index.htm Canon del colca [Internet]. The Summit Post; c 2007. Available from:...
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...Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός "pertaining to building")[1] is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.[2] Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor...
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...Plate Tectonics Damian Neal EG 481 May 14, 2012 Instructor: Dr. M. Jiru Plate Tectonics Outline I. Revolution in Earth Science Continental Drift Hypothesis Sea-Floor Spreading: Clues and Processes II. The Plate Tectonic Model Motivating Observations Types of Plate Margins (Divergent and Convergent Margins) III. The Search for a Mechanism The Tectonic Cycle (the motion and influences that occur during the cycle) Plate Tectonics The location where two plates meet is called a plate boundary, and plate boundaries are commonly associated with geological events such as earthquakes and the creation of topographic features such as mountains, volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges, and oceanic trenches. The majority of the world's active volcanoes occur along plate boundaries. In 1912 Alfred Wegener introduced his continental drift hypothesis. Wegener's believed that at once the continents were at one time were all connected together forming a single continent in which, he referred to as the supercontinent. The supercontinent may also be referred to as the Pangaea, defined as the all lands. Wegener believed that the supercontinent had split into fragments like pieces of ice floating on a pond and that the fragments had slowly drifted to their present locations (Merali & Skinner, 2009). However, there was a problem with Wegener’s hypothesis...
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...the Ring of Fire. The next most seismically active region (5–6% of earthquakes and 17% of the world's largest earthquakes) is the Alpide belt, which extends from Java to Sumatra through theHimalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the third most prominent earthquake belt. The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics and the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates. The eastern section of the ring is the result of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the westward moving South American Plate. The Cocos Plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate, in Central America. A portion of the Pacific Plate along with the small Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted beneath the North American Plate. Along the northern portion, the northwestward-moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Aleutian Islandsarc. Farther west, the Pacific plate is being subducted along the Kamchatka Peninsula arcs on south past Japan. The southern portion is more complex, with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific...
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...Structure and composition of the Earth The overall composition of the Earth is very similar to that of meteorites, and because of this, it is thought that the Earth originally formed from Planetesimals composed largely of metallic iron and silicates. What makes Earth unique? Soon after the Earth formed, unique processes occurred - division into metallic core, silicate mantle and crust - which, along with surface water, made it different from the other planets in our Solar System. The formation of the early mantle was important as it consisted primarily of ferromagnesium silicate minerals, some of which contained water as an essential component (e.g. amphibole group minerals). Water-bearing magmas (molten rock) from deep in the lower mantle then rose towards the surface (being liquid, they were lighter than the surrounding solid rock) and emerged as volcanic eruptions. The Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere developed from the degassing (loss of gaseous elements such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) of the early-formed core and mantle during this volcanic activity. In the present, abundant gases are still released from the Earth during volcanic eruptions and these are mainly composed of water (77%), carbon dioxide (12%), sulfur dioxide (7%), and nitrogen (3%), with minor amounts of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, sulfur, chlorine and argon. The Earth can be divided into two main parts. Atmosphere: measured from the surface of the Earth upwards to 150 km (anything above this...
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...Guns, Germs and Steel Page 1 GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL: The Fates of Human Societies By Jared Diamond, 1997 About the Author: Jared Diamond is a professor of physiology at UCLA School of Medicine. He is a recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship and was awarded a 1999 National Medal of Science. He is also the author of The Third Chimpanzee. SUMMARY The book asks and attempts to answer the question, once humankind spread throughout the world, why did different populations in different locations have such different histories? The modern world has been shaped by conquest, epidemics, and genocide, the ingredients of which arose first in Eurasia. The book’s premise is that those ingredients required the development of agriculture. Agriculture also arose first in Eurasia, not because Eurasians were superior in any way to people of other continents, but because of a unique combination of naturally occurring advantages, including more and more suitable wild crops and animals to domesticate, a larger land mass with fewer barriers to the spread of people, crops, and technology, and an east-west axis which meant that climate was similar across the region. The book is well written and contains not only information about the history of cultures around the world, but excellent descriptions of the scientific methodologies used to study them, from how archeologists study the origin of agriculture to how writing evolved to how linguistics can trace the movements of peoples across huge geographic...
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...ICD-10-CM External Cause of Injuries Index A|B|C|D|E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|O|P|R|S|T|U|V|W Abandonment (causing exposure to weather conditions) (with intent to injure or kill)NEC X58 Abuse (adult) (child) (mental) (physical) (sexual) X58 Accident (to) X58 - aircraft (in transit) (powered) —see also Accident, transport, aircraft - - due to, caused by cataclysm —see Forces of nature, by type - animal-rider —see Accident, transport, animal-rider - animal-drawn vehicle —see Accident, transport, animal-drawn vehicle occupant - automobile —see Accident, transport, car occupant - bare foot water skiier V94.4 - boat, boating —see also Accident, watercraft - - striking swimmer - - - powered V94.11 - - - unpowered V94.12 - bus —see Accident, transport, bus occupant - cable car, not on rails V98.0 - - on rails —see Accident, transport, streetcar occupant - car —see Accident, transport, car occupant - caused by, due to - - animal NEC W64 - - chain hoist W24.0 - - cold (excessive) —see Exposure, cold - - corrosive liquid, substance —see Table of drugs and chemicals - - cutting or piercing instrument —see Contact, with, by type of instrument - - drive belt W24.0 - - electric - - - current —see Exposure, electric current - - - motor (see also Contact, with, by type of machine) W31.3 - - - - current (of) W86.8 - - environmental factor NEC X58 - - explosive material —see Explosion - - fire, flames —see Exposure, fire - - firearm missile —see Discharge, firearm by type - - heat (excessive) —see Heat...
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...extend through the troposphere. An air mass is designated as cold air mass when its temperature is lower than the underlying surface while an air mass is termed warm air mass when its temperature is higher than the underlying surface. * The boundary between two different air masses is called front. Source Regions * The extensive areas over which air masses originate or form are called surface regions whose nature and properties largely determine the temperature and moisture characteristics of air masses. * An ideal source region of air mass must possess the following essential conditions: * There must be extensive and homogenous earth's surface so that it may possess uniform temperature and moisture conditions * There should not be convergence of air; rather there should be divergence of air flow so that the air may attain the physical properties of the region. * Atmospheric conditions should be stable for considerably long period of time so that the air may attain the characteristics of the surface. * * * Regions of Air Masses * There are six major source regions of air masses on the earth's surface: 1. Polar oceanic areas (North Atlantic Ocean between Eurasia and North America, and Arctic region during winter...
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...Winter2012 SCIE114 Group Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 2 Questions Module 1 Questions Module 1 Essay Questions Question Why small particles weather faster than large ones: Why is silica the major component of magma?: Why clay doesn't weather Which type of magma is primarily associated with high viscosities? Which type of basaltic lava flow has its surface covered with sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble? Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface? Which the following denotes the positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus? Which sedimentary rock listed below has a biochemical...
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...Northern California Geolo Geology of Northern California Frank DeCourten Department of Earth Science Sierra College Standing more than 10,000 feet (3,000 m) above the surrounding terrain, Mt. Shasta is the largest volcano in northern California and symbolizes the dynamic geologic processes that have shaped a spectacular landscape. 63829_02_insidecover.qxd 11/25/08 12:53 AM Page ii ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS TO ASK Northern California.1 Introduction Ⅲ What are northern California’s physiographic provinces? Ⅲ What is the Farallon subduction zone? al Ⅲ What two types of plate boundaries exist in northern California today? th Ⅲ What are terranes, how do they originate, and why are they important in northern California? Northern California.2 The Sierra Nevada: California’s Geologic alifornia’s Ge Backbone Ⅲ What is the Sierra Nevada batholith? rra batholi Ⅲ What kinds of rocks surround the Sierra Nevada batholith? ra Ⅲ When and how was the modern Sierra Nevada uplifted? e Ⅲ What types of gold deposits occur in the Sierra Nevada? e? Ⅲ What is the Mother Lode? Northern California.3 The Klamath M Mountains t ath an Ne evada Ⅲ In what ways are the Klamath Mountains and the Sierra Nevada similar? ds ro o ath M Ⅲ What kinds of rocks comprise the ophiolites in the Klamath Mountains and what tectonic events do they signify? ineral occu th ntai Ⅲ What mineral resources occur in the Klamath Mountains? Northern California...
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...of the rigid lithosphere. Geomorphological hazard – an event causing harm to people or property, caused by Geomorphological processes e.g. plate tectonic movement. Francis Bacon 1620 As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912 other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. Robert Mallet 1870s Robert Mallet was a nineteenth century scientist who managed to measure the speed at which earthquakes spread. Alfred Wegner 1911 While at Marburg, in the autumn of 1911, Wegener was browsing in the university library when he came across a scientific paper that listed fossils of identical plants and animals found on opposite sides of the Atlantic. Intrigued by this information, Wegener began to look for, and find, more cases of similar organisms separated by great oceans. Orthodox science at the time explained such cases by postulating that land bridges, now sunken, had once connected far-flung continents. But Wegener noticed the close fit between the coastlines of Africa and South America. Might the similarities among organisms be due, not to land bridges, but to the continents having been joined together at one time? As he later wrote: "A conviction of the fundamental soundness of the idea took root in my mind." Such an insight, to be accepted, would require large amounts of supporting evidence. Wegener...
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...Study Guide: Final Exam Concentrate your studies in the following areas. Questions for the Final Exam will come principally from this material. Lutgens and Tarbuck Textbook: Earthquakes and Structures (Chapter 6) * Know the definition of an earthquake (pg. 190). --ground shaking caused by the sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along fractures in Earth’s crust called faults * Know the difference between the focus and epicenter of an earthquake. Which is located at the source of the earthquake? Which is located on the surface of the earth directly above the source? --Focus=Earthquakes tend to occur along preexisting faults where internal stresses have caused the crustal rocks to rupture or break into two or more units. The location where slippage begins is called the hypocenter, or focus. --Epicenter=The point on Earth’s surface directly above the hypocenter * Understand the concept of elastic rebound. What is it? How are earthquakes produced via elastic rebound? * --Elastic rebound=At some point, the stress along the fault overcomes the frictional resistance, and slip initiates. Slippage allows the deformed ( bent) rock to “ snap back” to its original, stress- free, shape; a series of earthquake waves radiate as it slides. Reid termed the “ spring-ing back” elastic rebound because the rock behaves elastically, much like a stretched rubber band does when it is released. * Know the three basic types of seismic waves...
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