...Congestion has become one of the fundamental problems confronted by big cities. There are those who argue that congestion charge is the most effective way to make alleviate the situation. As I shall argue, reasons why congestion charge can reduce traffic jam will be explained in this essay. According to London transport data (2012), before 2003 more cars went to the central London than buses in the weekday morning peak. After applied congestion charge policy in 2003, the number of people using bus and motorcycle have increased dramatically while the number of people commuting by car have experienced the opposite trend. It is clear that congestion charge has had a positive impact on congestion situation of London. The charge force people to find other environment-friendly vehicles to use such as buses and motorcycles, rather than using cars to go to work (Livingstone, 2008). There are those who maintain that in spite of traffic jam reduction, the congestion charge has brought many disadvantages to the society and economy (Morris, 2008). Firstly, many retailers in the charging zone have faced problem that people tend to go shopping outside city center for their larger purchase. With regard to a report produced by the London Chamber of Commerce and Industry, a quarter of business leaders were thinking of moving their businesses outside the zone. As a result, there will be a big transformation of streets and shops in London and these streets will no longer attract visitors to...
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...Transportation Economic and Policy Congestion Pricing Professor 邱裕鈞 ------------------------------------------------- 0453658徐郁涵、0453667羅巧容、0453660徐福君、0453668賴柏諺、0453217楊孟軒 一、定義 擁擠定價為一針對公共財額外收取費用之系統，而這些公共財通常是需求過大造成擁擠現象，並在其尖峰時刻收取費用。這種方式，可以透過以不增加供給為前提下，解決壅塞問題。而根據市場經濟理論，強迫使用者支付他們所引發的外部性成本，讓使用者能更清楚他們對於環境、市場所帶來的影響、衝擊。 二、通勤者行為模式 一般而言，針對瓶頸路段徵收擁擠費時，一般通勤者之決策與行為模式如上圖所示。以A為出發點，一開始決定去/不去(目的地)，不去通常是以假日且觀光性質居多，若為平日上班時段，一般而言都還是要去(上學/上班)。然而下一階段擇是通勤者可選擇轉搭公共運具/維持私人運具。轉搭公共運具者，將可完全不用負擔擁擠費用，而維持私人運具者，則可以選擇改變路線/維持原路線。改變路線者，亦可避免擁擠費用。最後選擇維持原路線者，可以選擇是否改變出發時刻。改變出發時刻者，亦可避免支付擁擠費用，而最終選擇維持原出發時刻者，將支付擁擠費用。 三、本篇探討重點 探討最後一個選擇，出發時刻選擇。 四、文獻回顧 最早將瓶頸路段擁擠定價之問題提出來討論的開山鼻祖為Vickrey(1969)，但該研究沉寂一段時間後，於西元1986年再度受到交通經濟學者之重視，刊登於知名國際期刊之相關文獻紛紛出籠：如De Palma and Arnott (1986), Cohen (1987), Newell (1987), Braid (1989), Arnott, et al. (1990a, 1990b, 1993), Tabuchi (1993), Laih (1994), Chen and Bernstein (1995), Yang (1997, 1998)等。其中在探討單一瓶頸路段之擁擠定價架構方面，最具代表性之著作乃為 Braid (1989), ARNOTT, et al. (1990a)及Laih (1994)。前二者不約而同地推導出玲等候最佳收費已完全消除通勤者在瓶頸路口前之總排隊等候時間。零等候最佳收費乃是隨著通勤者到達收費入口之時間不同而收取不同之等候費。又因該等候收費結構乃為連續變化之收費金額，實務上之可行性不高。有鑑於此，Laih 於1994年發展出一套階梯式等候收費結構作為零等候最佳收費之替代方案。 五、本篇選用之文獻 1. R Arnott, A De Palma, R Lindsey, “Economics of a bottleneck”, Journal of urban economics 27 (1), 111-130 2. Laih, C-H, 2004, “Effects of the Optimal Step Toll Scheme on Equilibrium Commuter Behavior”, Applied Economics, Vol.36, No.1, 59-81. (SSCI) 3. 賴禎秀、吳志仁，2002，高速公路實施匝道電子收費下最佳費率與經濟效益評估之研究，運輸計劃季刊，三十一卷，第一期，頁 37-58。 (TSSCI) 4. 賴禎秀、楊培俊、曾俊琳、白俊英，2003，開車通勤者時間價值之模式研究，運輸計劃季刊，三十二卷，第三期，頁...
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...Causes of Traffic Congestion: Time wastage lead to inefficiency of public transport and negative impacts on economy In a congested traffic condition, the first thought of people is that time is wasted when they are caught in a traffic jam. According to Rozmi Ismail, et. al (2012), traffic congestion causes unpredictable time which causes the bus service system in Malaysia to be inefficient. Other than that, Morgan (2014) also claimed that, drivers will also face the same problem as they could not predict an actual time to certain destination causing their working performance to decline. As a result, economic growth is affected as time is wasted in a traffic jam which causes every individual to be late for their work and appointments, leading to loss in productivity for businesses (Hartman 2014). In Malaysia, heavily congested highways in Klang Valley causes lost in manpower hours that will lead to a loss more than RM12million per year (Gomez 2014). Fuel consumption and pollution In a congested traffic condition, fuel consumption is much more higher than a smooth rate traffic as the fuel consumption rate is strongly associated to the driving pattern such as stop and go, acceleration on-deceleration and so on (Robinson 1984). The consumption rate of a motor vehicle increase in traffic congestion will increase the fuel consumption costs of commuters thus daily expenditure of commuters will be burdened (Morgan 2014). Other than that, emission of greenhouse gases which leads to...
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...Frame Relay Congestion Control CIS532004016-201003: Network Architecture and Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1- Introduction …………………………………………………………. 3 Chapter 2- Background …………………………………………………………. 4 Chapter 3- Review and Findings ………………………………………………. 11 Chapter 4- Conclusion …………………………………………………………. 12 References ……………………………………………………………………... 13 Frame Relay Congestion Control This document is a study of the principles of congestion control within the frame relay protocol. From examining existing congestion management efforts to up and coming possible solutions there are a multiplicity of efforts intent on solving network congestion issues. These efforts include work by independent research groups as well standards groups like the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and IEEE (802.1Qau - Congestion Notification). Congestion is defined as the condition in which demand exceeds available network resources (i.e., bandwidth or buffer space) for a sustained period of time. Congestion control deals with the resource allocation and traffic management mechanisms that avoid or recover from conditions causing congestive situations. (McDysan, Spohn (1999). The methods for congestion control in frame relay involve congestion management and avoidance. Congestion management attempts to make sure the network never experiences congestion. One method of management attempts to avoid congestion entirely. This involves network designers allocating proper resource...
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...TRIP, a national transportation research group, suggests that the condition of Texas roads could be costing Texas drivers as much as $2,000 a year. The study also states that issues including traffic congestion, damage to vehicles from roads needing repair, and costs incurred in accidents caused by insufficient safety features on roadways cost drivers in Texas $23 billion annually.” If the city were to fix up the roads, it would actually go both ways with the congestion. I had the pleasure of interviewing a concerned driver of our community and here is what is he said, “At the time at actually fixing the roads, more than likely not, because we would have more road workers and city workers on the roads, and that in itself would take out an entire lane for them to be working on and actually fixing it correctly rather than patchwork. That would cause more congestion at that time. However, afterwards driving on nice roads could cause less congestion.” I agree with this person how it could be a disadvantage, and also an advantage. We need to focus on the most important roads in our city and those are where we should start. If we do little by little, the congestion of traffic can be...
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...TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 1 Combating Congestion Utilizing Adaptive Traffic Signal Systems Gregory Blazina University of St Francis MBAD 656 – Transportation Management & Economics Donald Maier PH.D. August 10, 2007 TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 2 Abstract Traffic congestion is an inescapable problem in large and growing metropolitan areas across the country. With 88% of America’s daily commuters using private vehicles, eliminating traffic congestion is practically impossible. The challenge then becomes finding the best methods to manage congestion as to minimize its impact on commuters, the environment, and the economy. The field of transportation engineering continues to grow and expand with an increasing use of advanced technologies to reduce congestion within our nation’s roadways. One set of technologies, which has evolved over the past 30 years and shows excellent potential for improving traffic conditions in urban areas is advanced traffic signal systems. These systems are the focus of this paper. TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 3 Congestion has traditionally been labeled as a problem to be solved. Between 1980 and 1999, vehicle miles of travel on U.S. roadways grew by 76 percent, while lane miles increased by only 3 percent. Average daily vehicle volumes in urban areas rose by 43...
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...medical risks. The second part will offer several feasible solutions to the traffic congestion issue, which are carpooling, establishing an intelligent traffic control system and raise taxes. In the first place, it can be argued that a series of problems can be incurred by high traffic congestion levels. To begin with, traffic jams, arguably, will give rise to increased travel time. Taking China for example, Yang et al. (2011) indicated that traffic congestion, in China, was a serious “urban illness” problem, which had resulted in delays in travel time. Accordingly, the economic efficiency of the whole city is understood to be affected to some extent. Secondly, traffic congestion is responsible for bringing about a large number of economic losses for individuals as well as the waste of oil resources. Generally speaking, the continuous stop and start driving in traffic jams will burn more fuel than smooth driving on an open highway. As a result, extra money will be spent on fuels. Just as Du and Zheng (2012) pointed out that traffic jams could result in tremendous economic losses and waste of fuel resources. In addition, another issue is that high traffic congestion levels may cause significant medical risks. Encountering traffic jams will probably be a severe problem during transferring or picking up a patient to an emergency medical procedure. Carnall (1996) argued that traffic congestion, around the hospital sites, would delay...
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...Topic: “The effects of road traffic congestion on residential decision- making of inhabitants of the city of Accra- A case study of communities along three congested routes” Transportation is essentially a response to the mobility needs of people, and this must be done in a timely fashion in order for people to realize its full benefits. Consequently, transportation plays a crucial role in the socio-economic and politico-cultural development of people and their communities. However, there are some related problems (such as congestion, mobility gaps, urban sprawl, and emissions amongst others) that come with it. In Ghana, transportation is almost synonymous with road transport as it is the major means by which peoples’ mobility needs are answered on daily basis. Road traffic congestion in the city of Accra has almost become an’ acceptable norm’ since residents have to live with this phenomenon every passing day of their lives. The factors responsible for this trend are as follows: growth in the population of Accra over the last 15 years (and this has been estimated to double in the next 20 years) associated with a continuing trend of reduction in population density; expansion in built-up area; growth in per capital income (which has also been estimated to have increased five folds over the last 15 years) with a concomitant increase in car ownership. Currently over 70% of major roads in Accra and Kumasi-the two biggest cities in the country- are said to be congested and should the...
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...Traffic congestion: This essay deals with the sources, effects and steps taken by The Government, Public Amities and The Greens organization to cover the traffic congestion and keep it stable. Increasing bicycle, train and trams. Maintaining the less roadway usage by people and shortening to build new roads. Investment in public transports like trains and trams are the only ways to control road transports, also the facilities and features which attracts people for using public transport and their safety purposes. Australia is facing a vast problems due to traffic congestion, The sources for traffic congestion is there are more cars and vehicles increasing day to day, not only because of Australian citizens but also outsiders, travelers, overseas students and by many ways Melbourne is is facing traffic congestion. Although Melbourne is well planned and arranged city yet it faces traffic congestion because of population and all kind of works I T companies, businesses and industries are held in the city so there is a need for everyone to go city for their needs. Australian urban freeways are averaging around 1,600 to 1,700 vehicles per hour per single lane during the peak hours which goes about 2,100 vehicles per hour per lane are being used as overseas in urban freeways. According to a survey taken in last year by government says that 8,200 motorists in 20 cities and its still increasing day to day and over 70% of the job holders and self business people and 90% of workers...
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...Fixing Traffic Congestion By Fixing traffic congestion is no small task. With the number of people growing, in this country and globally, the demand to reduce traffic is growing with it. There have been many proposed ideas to diminish the shear amount of traffic, such as busses, subways, and other means of public transportation. Some believe we need to add more highways or extend lanes on current highways. I have read many ideas and plans to alleviate the flow and have found some that I believe would work. One relatively inexpensive fix is using current technology to help with traffic systems. IBM is working with a few cities across the globe to add data collection and data analysis systems. The data collection systems would use camera, sensors, and possibly phone tracking to send real time information to the analysis systems. These systems would then analyze the data and use it to predict traffic flow. The traffic lights and other roadway control signal would then be able to act according to the load of traffic heading that way. Traffic lights, for example, would stay green longer if no vehicles are at the adjoining intersections. Though this would minimalize traffic congestion due to the flow of traffic, it wouldn’t be a permanent fix due to the growing amount of vehicles on the roads. Better road material and maintenance procedures would help reduce the amount of time vehicles are slowing down due to road and bridge conditions. Proper maintenance lengthens the life...
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...Traffic congestion on the freeway can turn it into a carpark at peak times. The increased number of traffic within Mitchell and Kwinana Freeways during specific times can adversely affect road safety, fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The term the third rush hour has been used to refer to a period of the midday in which roads in urban and suburban areas become congested due to a large number of people taking lunch breaks using their vehicles. These motorists often frequent restaurants and fast food locations, where vehicles crowding the entrances cause traffic congestion. Active senior citizens, who travel by automobile to engage in many midday activities, also contribute to the midday rush hour. At other times (such as evenings and weekends), additional periods of congestion can be the result of various special events, such as sports games, festivals, or religious services. Out-of-the-ordinary congestion can be the result of an accident, construction, long holiday weekends, or inclement weather. To ease traffic congestion Causes Population growth Working hours Jobs involve movement Solutions Building more train stations, purchasing more trains and buses, trains don’t have traffic jams Widening Mitchell freeway – was 2, now 3 lanes Mitchell freeway Extending- 6km 2014-15 The Traffic through The North -South Freeway at 10 a.m. was quite low seeing as this is the time most people are at work. At 12 a.m. however, the amount of vehicles passing the...
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...individuals income: both poor and rich are affected in the same way. However, if we speak about fixed amounts taxes then certain theoretical sum can take up to 50% of income of some families, while for more wealthy individuals this sum ay amount only to 1%: as the result their life chances are affected differently. The interaction between equity and efficiency will depend on the way we define utility in our model. The congestion charge assessment is built around value of time. We want to put monetary value on the time we lost in journey times: that way we can derive benefit from saved time due to car journey. The value we put on time is opportunity cost of that time: in case of work-related travel that will be money that could have earned over that time = Wage rate/ hour * time (in hours). In terms of people which are more likely to pay the congestion charge we can say that they will be people with higher earnings: people’s willingness pay is normally defined with their ability to pay. Those who receive benefits of saved time greater that the congestion charge are more likely to pay it: those with higher wage rates and incomes consequently....
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...TCP Congestion Control Abstract This paper is an exploratory survey of TCP congestion control principles and techniques. In addition to the standard algorithms used in common software implementations of TCP, this paper also describes some of the more common proposals developed by researchers over the years. By studying congestion control techniques used in TCP implementation software and network hardware we can better comprehend the performance issues of packet switched networks and in particular, the public Internet. 1 Introduction There has been some serious discussion given to the potential of a large-scale Internet collapse due to network overload or congestion [6], [17]. So far the Internet has survived, but there has been a number of incidents throughout the years where serious problems have disabled large parts of the network. Some of these incidents have been a result of algorithms used or not used in the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [19]. Others are a result of problems in areas such as security, or perhaps more accurately, the lack thereof [24]. The popularity of the Internet has heightened the need for more bandwidth throughout all tiers of the network. Home users need more bandwidth than the traditional 64Kb/s channel a telephone provider typically allows. Video, music, games, file sharing and browsing the web requires more and more bandwidth to avoid the “World Wide Wait” as it has come to be known by those with slower and often heavily...
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...Congestion control Today’s internet suffers from several problems that are driving computer experts to develop the architect of innovative computer networks in the upcoming future. Security issues are the major concern in today’s internet. Denial of service attack and spam are the most common threats which have leaned the balance of power in favour of attackers. Another most important issue to be considered is traffic control mechanism. NDN as a networking architecture need to define concise methods to control traffic when multiple users contend for access to the same resources like bandwidth, buffers and queues. It is proved that networks with infinite-buffer routers are as vulnerable to congestion as networks with normal buffer space switches. Because in normal buffer space there will be too much traffic load which leads to buffer overflow and packet drops, on the other hand large buffer space causes long queue and more delay and consequently when packets processing is performed majority of them have already been time out. Congestion is a dynamic problem and the static solutions cannot tackle the problem effectively. Thus a new control mechanism need to be designed to deal with the congestion issue in time of occurrence....
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...Background: Traffic congestion is not a new problem. The number of automobiles and trucks have been increased during the last few decades after the car boom period. So there was an urgent need for constructing more highways and bridges , improving traffic-signal controllers, making changeable highway signs, rerouting rush hour traffic, creating traffic-control centers that monitor and display the overall traffic conditions, using preplanned alternative traffic solutions based on repeated daily traffic patterns, etc. However, some strict financial sanctions or fines must be applied to eliminate the problem of traffic jam. For Jeddah city, the streets are overcrowded with cars and people. At the same time, the airports are welcoming a large number of newcomers all over the world every day. Moreover, the number of roads and bridges is not sufficient to the increasing number of vehicles. In addition, in Jeddah there are approximately four million people both Saudis and expatriates who use over one million vehicles to move around the city. We also expect more. Causes of traffic congestion inside the cities Saudi Arabia is a modern Country, but it also has a modern and serious problem. Every day in the morning and evening, the roads and streets are so crowded with cars, taxis, buses and trucks. In this part will mention the causes of traffic congestion in Saudi Arabia’s major cities. In the next lines, we will speak about the several reasons for traffic problems in...
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