...Control Pill: Providing Surprises In Life Allison Wang California Polytechnic University Pomona Professor Lord ANT 350 Research Paper Abstract The pharmaceutical field has overcome countless medical feats since the early times. While “the pill” itself was considered a brand new invention, the idea of creating a birth control pill was not. Since the old times primitive condoms were made from animal intestines and fish bladders. However, it wasn’t until after Margaret Sanger’s multiple convictions and persistent attitude, that a judge ended the Comstock era, providing Sanger with the opportunity to stress the importance of having birth control in th for of a pill to the public. In less than a decade after Sanger persuaded Pincus to begin working on the contraceptive, Pincus created a pill that tested to be 100 percent effective. However, in 1957, while the Food and Drug Adminsitration approved the pill, it was not approved as a contraceptive but rather as a treatment for women that experienced sever menstrual disorders. It was not until 1960 that the drug was actually approved as a contraceptive. Despite this, many controversies arose from the contraceptive leading to its many transformations. Because the original pill had many side effects that were largely ignored, a newer pill with a smaller dosage was created, coming with a decreased risk of developing ovarian cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, and deficiency anemia in the users. Later on, the pill was...
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...this paper, I will be writing a personal journal entry in response to the textbook, “Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity (9th ed.)” written by Spencer Rathus, Jeffery Nevid, and Lois Fichner-Rathus (2014). They write about a very interesting topic, relating smell to sexual desire. They discuss that research has shown that people can detect different odors and millions of them. This type of research has been used by companies such as perfume manufactures to stimulate the sense of smell and make fragrances that claim to be sexually provoking. From my own personal experience, I am often attracted to the smell of men’s cologne. If I walk by a man and get a sniff of his cologne, it will typically cause me to take a second glance, to get a...
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...A MINI-RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE KNOWLEDGE AND USE OF CONTRACEPTIVES AMONG NIGERIAN UNDERGRADUATES: A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR WRITTEN BY BASSEY, RACHEAL EFFIONG MATRIC NO.: 10/55011 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR CALABAR SUBMITTED TO PROF. (MRS.) E. N. NWAGBARA (COURSE LECTURER) DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR CALABAR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENT: (SOC 3102) METHODS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH II APRIL, 2014 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this mini-research project was carried out by Bassey, Racheal Effiong with Matric No.: 10/55011 of the Department Of Sociology, University of Calabar, Calabar. Under the supervision of Prof. Nwagbara E. N. DEDICATION This project is dedicated to the Almighty God who has been my strength and guide throughout this research study. DECLARATION I, Bassey, Racheal Effiong with Matric Number: 10/55011 hereby declare that this research on “The knowledge and use of contraceptives among Nigeria undergraduate” is an original work written by me under the supervision of Prof. (Mrs.) Nwagbara, E. N. in the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to tender my unreserved appreciation to my heavenly father who has kept me and helped me through this endeavours. My sincere appreciation to my wonderful Lecturer Dr. (Mrs.) Nwagbara who has made it possible for this research...
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...Teenage Pregnancy Unit Teenage pregnancy: an overview of the research evidence Introduction In 1999 the government’s ten-year national Teenage Pregnancy Strategy was launched. The main aims of the strategy are to: • Reduce the rate of teenage conceptions with the specific aim of halving the rate of conceptions among under-18s, and to set a firmly established downward trend in the rate of conceptions among under-16s, by 2010 • Increase the participation of teenage parents in education, training and employment to 60% by 2010, to reduce their risk of long-term social exclusion. This briefing presents headline findings from key research relating to teenage pregnancy and parenthood which has emerged (mainly) since the launch of the strategy. The topics covered include research on young people’s sexual behaviour; sources of sex and relationships information; what works in preventing teenage pregnancy; who is at risk of becoming a teenage parent; how to support teenage parents, and many more. It draws on a range of sources including systematic reviews of the effectiveness of prevention and support interventions, national surveys and primary research studies. The emphasis is on the UK and specifically English research. It was compiled by Catherine Dennison, Research Manager supporting the Teenage Pregnancy Unit. Although not representing a systematic or exhaustive search of the published literature, the briefing is intended to be of use to those engaged in implementing the Teenage...
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...Maima D. Beer English 24 Prof. Thompson Date: 7/26/12 Final Research Paper Birth Control and Its importance for Women Rights Women for centuries have been subjugated to men, and it’s hard to believe but there was a time in history in this country when women didn’t have any rights. Women couldn’t speak in public without the permission of men and were only looked to for bearing children, while taking care of the home. Throughout history women have fought for their rights with movements like the suffrage and birth control movements. The birth control unlike the suffrage movement is still an ongoing battle, even though women have the right to contraception, but many women don’t have access to because of certain state’s government have laws limiting that access to birth control. By the government controlling women’s access to birth control they are controlling the liberty for women. Birth control has been a very controversial topic and taboo since the classical period. Before one can grasp why and how birth control and the use of birth control can be controversial, one will need to understand what birth control is and the history. First, birth control should be viewed as a woman’s basic right that goes hand in hand with her first amendment right, and without any interference from the government. The all encompassing question is what is birth control? Birth control is a practice, material, or device by which sexual intercourse can be rendered...
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...Teenage Pregnancy Unit Teenage pregnancy: an overview of the research evidence Introduction In 1999 the government’s ten-year national Teenage Pregnancy Strategy was launched. The main aims of the strategy are to: • Reduce the rate of teenage conceptions with the specific aim of halving the rate of conceptions among under-18s, and to set a firmly established downward trend in the rate of conceptions among under-16s, by 2010 • Increase the participation of teenage parents in education, training and employment to 60% by 2010, to reduce their risk of long-term social exclusion. This briefing presents headline findings from key research relating to teenage pregnancy and parenthood which has emerged (mainly) since the launch of the strategy. The topics covered include research on young people’s sexual behaviour; sources of sex and relationships information; what works in preventing teenage pregnancy; who is at risk of becoming a teenage parent; how to support teenage parents, and many more. It draws on a range of sources including systematic reviews of the effectiveness of prevention and support interventions, national surveys and primary research studies. The emphasis is on the UK and specifically English research. It was compiled by Catherine Dennison, Research Manager supporting the Teenage Pregnancy Unit. Although not representing a systematic or exhaustive search of the published literature, the briefing is intended to be of use to those engaged in implementing the Teenage...
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...right or wrong. The research conducting in this paper will take a look at should abortion be legal or illegal, the Roe v. Wade case that has legalized abortion, the negative effects on woman who have an abortion, and the protest from those in the Christian religious community. Abortion is a medical procedure that is performed to end a pregnancy. Also known as induced abortion, because there are two types of abortion the other being spontaneous abortion, which is a miscarriage; “that occurs when a fetus or embryo dies in the mother's uterus and is expelled by the body” (Alters, Sandra M, 2008). Since pregnancy is lengthen by 9 months and is broken into 3 trimester each having 3 months, according to Sandra M. Alters in her 2008 published book entitled “Abortion—An Eternal Social And Moral Issue”, in 2003 88% of all induced abortions were performed during the first twelve weeks, or first trimester, of the pregnancy. There are two types of ways to have an induced abortion, one being the medial procedure, two the new found medication intake that allows one to take two pills few hours apart in one day. The result of the pill method is one day the pills are taken, the next day you deliver the dead fetus. According to an article written about Jennie Linn McCormack, who took pills to end her pregnancy and hid the fetus under her bed, she took the pills to terminate her pregnancy while 14 weeks pregnant, she received the “following the instructions, she took the first pill right away and...
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...less careful to protect the fetus from harmful substances. An individual’s or a couple’s choice of contraceptive method should be made carefully, with complete knowledge about advantages, disadvantages, and side effects of the various options. Important things to consider include the following: * Personal values * Ability to use a method correctly * How the method will affect sexual enjoyment * Financial factors * Status of a couple’s relationship * Prior experiences * Future plans The widespread use of contraceptives points to both an increased awareness of responsibility for contraception and options available. Understanding this concept, its work and how they compare in terms of benefits and disadvantages is necessary for successful counseling. Legal and ethical issues must also be considered when counseling clients. The arguments about contraception fall into several groups: * philosophical arguments such as the "natural law" argument * arguments based on different ideas of marriage, sex and the family * human rights arguments such as * 'procreative liberty' * a woman's right to control her own body * human rights arguments about mass birth control programs * arguments based on the good or bad consequences of birth control (consequentialism) * arguments about the environmental and resource problems caused by over-population * religious arguments Background of the Study The Reproductive Health Bill, popularly...
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...Phil 140 Research Paper 18 December 2011 Population Control On October 31, 2011, the world acknowledged its 7th billion inhabitant. This number has doubled in just forty years (Worldometer). Some think it is clear that overpopulation is a major problem for today’s society. There are countries that enforce public population control and others yet who still have no official action plan to counteract the issue. Perhaps this is because not everyone sees overpopulation as a large issue. Is it the duty of the state to determine a woman’s right to bear children, or to force unwanted contraceptives in an effort to control population levels? For some, this is how their government rules. The imbalance of births over deaths around the world may show a potential problem with overpopulation; however population control is not moral. The world has a natural cycle; birth, life, then finally death. This process is repeated over and over again every minute of the day. When the number of births exceeds that of deaths, the circumstance is referred to as overpopulation. There are approximately 190 countries in the world, and according to the Overpopulation Index published in 2010, only 77 of those are considered overpopulated, many only by a fraction (World Atlas). Singapore is ranked number one, China is ranked number twenty nine, followed by the United States ranked as number thirty five. In the United States, the Constitution and Bill of Rights grants citizens many privileges such as...
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...Abstract Abortion is the intentional termination of pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. The purpose of this research is to inform the readers about the pros and cons of abortion. The three pros that were explored were that the baby should not come into this world unwanted, reproductive choice protects women from financial disadvantage and professionally-performed abortions reduces maternal injury and death caused by unsafe, illegal abortions. The three cons that were examined were that abortion is murder, life begins at conception and abortion can cause physical and emotional damage. This paper examines both sides in an objective manner and contains my own opinion (based on research) at the ending. [Title...
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...Product Liability Research Paper Michelle Wright Professor Ellen Kapalko Law Ethics & Corporate Governance Yaz The Product Liability of Bayer Pharmaceuticals The Bayer Pharmaceuticals Company was founded in 1893 by Friedrich Bayer and Johann Wescott in Barmen, Germany. Bayer is known for their trademarked Bayer Aspirin which was created in 1899. Bayer spent decades marketing heroin worldwide as a cough medicine for children. The side effects of selling heroin to children were not a concern for them. Although they originated as a pharmaceutical company they turned their attention to manufacturing chemical weapons. Bayer formed a close relationship with German firms during the World War which formed the conglomerate called IG Farben. They became the largest donor to Hitler’s army. In the post-war years Bayer grew to become the third largest pharmaceutical company in the world. In the mid-1980s Bayer was one of the companies which sold a product called Factor VIII concentrate to treat haemophilia. Factor VIII turned out to be infected with HIV and in the U.S. alone; it infected thousands of haemophiliacs, many of whom died in one of the worst drug-related medical disasters ever. But it was only in 2003 that the New York Times revealed that Bayer had continued producing and selling this infected product to Asia and Latin America after February 1984 when a safe product had become available, in order to save money. Dr. Sidney M. Wolfe, who investigated...
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...Policies in Relation to Abortion Before and After the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court Case New Mexico State University Jennifer Walker Abstract The Roe versus Wade Supreme Court Case has had a huge impact on abortion laws in the United States. Before 1973, abortions were illegal and criminal, with few exceptions. Overnight, the decision in the case legalized first trimester abortions while leaving the specifications of the other trimesters up to the states. This case has led to many debates over the value of life and when life begins whether at conception, independence from mother, or first breath. All of these can be defined by religion, law, or individual beliefs. Unfortunately, none of the policies before or after Roe versus Wade have addressed the issue of unintended pregnancies, which is the underlying cause of abortion. Until this is addressed, policies will continue to be created, implemented, and challenged. Policies in Relation to Abortion Before and After the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court Case Introduction In 1973, a case was selected to be heard by the Supreme Court that would substantially impact women’s rights then and continue to impact them today. The case was over Texas policy article 1911 that stated, “If any person shall designedly administer to a pregnant woman or knowingly procure to be administered with her consent… and thereby procure an abortion, he shall be confined in the penitentiary not less than two nor more than five years…” (Law Library, 2014)...
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...Pre-Marital Sex During the twentieth century, premarital sex has become an important issue. Sexual abstinence was the normal society lifestyle until the late 1950 s. Most men and women would not have ever slept with another person out of wedlock. While this sexual abstinence lifestyle was in effect, a mentality of independence struck the adolescence of the United States. They felt as though they must engage in sexual activity, just to defy society s view of Premarital Sex Premarital sex, an act that is practiced excessively in the world today, is not all that it is caught up to be. It definitely has more side effects than benefits. ... what was morally right. The reason sexual abstinence is an issue today is because many people claim premarital sex is wrong. People base their opinions on what the Bible has said. When the Bible is used to justify any means of behavior, it usually becomes a moral issue. The main issue at hand is whether premarital sex is classified as morally right or wrong. The Catholic Church claims that premarital sex is wrong and immoral. Premarital Sex Pre-Marital Sex During the twentieth century, premarital sex has become an important issue. Sexual abstinence was the normal society lifestyle until the late 1950 s. Most men and ... Not only does the Catholic Church believe this, so does nearly every other Christian faith. In many other countries, premarital sex is not as huge of an issue as it is here in the US. The basis for this is unsure, but religion...
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...Abstract The main purpose of this extended project dissertation is as following: to explore the causes of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, in particular the biological, psychological and societal causes. Eating disorders are becoming increasingly common in today’s society and the causes of theses disorders are not completely known. This essay explores the symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, the risks and consequences of suffering from such disorders. The essay also concentrates upon how eating disorders are gradually affecting more and more men and children – something that was not often seen before. The main focus of this project is to discover whether the causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa stem from pre-dispositions which are linked with the body and mind or rather stemmed from society. The main biological reasons which the essay focuses on are; damaged hypothalamuses and genetic hereditariness. The main environmental causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa that I have studied are media influences and undesirable conditions for raising children. In writing this project I believe that I have developed valuable skills that I will need in my subjects which include; being able to extract key information from large pieces of text, researching, speedy note taking and the ability to weigh up two sides of an argument fairly and without bias. I am also aware that the skills I am developing while writing this dissertation...
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...The Fifth Commandment: Violations of the Dignity of Human life The fifth commandment, "You Shall Not Kill", directly forbids us from making any direct attack on human life as well as on the integrity of the human body By prohibiting violence and murderer. As a "people of life and for life", we are called to understand reasonable apply what our Church teaches about different life-related issues. We are called to listen to the church in the same way we are called to listen to our parents-- always with an openness of mind heart, grounded on the truth that it is our happiness and joy that our parent and the church desire. This new life of grace is Christ's gift of his Spirit who inspires and empowers us to live life to the fullest. God gives us life more abundantly by sending the Holy Spirit who strengthens us individually, but specially as members of the mystical Body of Christ, the Church thus becoming a "people of life" But we are a people not only of life but also for life. Human Life is sacred because it is a gift given by God without any return. Some people forget about it by aborting an innocent life. Abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by the death of the fetus. But more than merely ending pregnancy, abortion is the "the deliberate and direct killing, by whatever means it is carried out, of a human being in the initial phase of his or her...
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