...The medieval system used authority figures to show their full power to potential criminals throughout history. Justice and hell is directly related to heaven and is heavily influenced by the church doctrine of sin and punishment. In Dante’s epic work, he takes us through a journey of hell to show what that experience was like. The overall experience, sin, and punishment offers the stories detail in many diverse ways allowing stories to be compared to the medieval code in the middle ages to how Dante describes it. There are differences and similarities when using Cantos V, XI, and XII. Roman traditions accounted further to the application of the doctrine, however brutality and punishment in regards to the medieval code was effectively portrayed in Dante’s stories. The crime should equally fit the punishment when using the punishment system since “each sin has a debt” that had to be paid back (Shuger 567). Myers also mentioned “organs or parts involved were treated as being responsible” (Myers 42). The...
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...Crime and Its Relationship to Law Mitch Jones CJA/204 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE 6/3/2014 James Smith Crime and Its Relationship to Law Crime is conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a federal government, state regulation, or local jurisdiction for which there is no legal justification or excuse. Crime has been around since the beginning of human civilization, from when one caveman bashed another caveman for any reason, originally crime was any action deemed immoral or against the decisions of a collection of people, which usually included the elders. Since then laws have been written to define criminal activity, as well as, the attempt to keep said crimes and criminal activity away from the good citizens of any given civilization. Many theories have been born from the attempt to combat crime before it occurs, and one such theory explains people commit crimes when they consciously decide the benefits of committing the crime outweigh the risks of punishment. The structure to combat crime has been evolving as much as the definition and ways crime can be committed, from the middle ages and the conduct of ordeals to heretical laws from the church and the punishments that were included to modern times of specific written laws, their interpretation, and the attempted rehabilitation of criminals to be functioning members of society. Modern structure of the criminal justice system include the police, courts, and corrections to provide a continuity to the system...
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...Introduction In India, administration has always been the most important element for any ruler to rule. The better the administration was of the king the longer he was in power. One of the most relevant examples is of the Mughal dynasty in the medieval period. They ruled from 1526 to 1857 which is more than three centuries. Their administration system was and still is considered one of the best one. Even when the British East India Company came to India they also analyzed and studied the accounts and documents on the way of administration in India under the Mughals. They had to read and inculcate things from that because the people were very happy with the way the Mughals were running the state and to overthrow them and adjust in the Indian society would have been very difficult by their own way. In ancient India too, Ashoka was considered a very good ruler because of his administration system. The praja (people of the state) was very happy by his functioning. They started to call Ashoka by the name of Priyadasi which literally means ‘the loved one’. All the great rulers we know of today are famous and considered great because of their great administration system which was also acceptable by the people. Thus, we know how important the administration system was. Judicial administration in early India Administration of justice is no doubt one of the most important functions of the state according to the modern notion. An average citizen does not understand the concept of...
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...Criminal Justice. More specifically the history of punishment and the criminal justice system. Over the years it has changed majorly in many different countries. In the medieval times a thief could often get his hand chopped off as a punishment for thieving and in the very beginning of our country if someone was suspected of witchcraft then they could be burned at the stake or drowned in the river as a punishment. Luckily we have adapted and recognize the rights everyone deserves as a human being. We have gone from unsanitary dungeons to tightly kept prison cells. As society changes so does the view on what is an acceptable punishment and what...
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...an eye and tooth for tooth justice of medieval times and uncivilized. France and Germany have completely done away with death penalty and reported lesser crime rates. Many studys' conducted in US and some other countries where death penalty is still in force have proved that, it doesn';t have a deterrent effect on crime rate and more than death penalty, it's rigorous imprisonment for life that has more deterrent effect than death penalty. Incarceration for life proved to be more effective in preventing repetition of the same or other crimes by the same convicts than that of death penalty. In countries, where death penalty has been abolished less crime rates have been reported. Apart from incarceration for life, solitary confinement and shaming the person through social boycott etc are other options. For crimes of rape and acid attacks also, incarceration for life and the above two suggested alternatives could be considered as viable alternatives to death penalty in addition to confiscating the entire property of the criminal and paying it as compensation to their victims. Educating the guilty regarding the barbaric and heinous nature of their crimes and making them feel ashamed for their crimes and their crimes' lethal and traumatic impact on the minds, limbs and lives of their victims through reformist approach and making them truly repentant for the heinous crimes...
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...Corrections June 16, 2013 John Feltgen The goal of the prisoner's rehabilitation programs is to reform the prisoners from committing crimes and assisting them in starting normal lives without any criminal activities. Rehabilitation of criminals helps greatly in reducing the number of repeat offenders who return to jail after not being able to settle into a normal life outside the jail. Criminal rehab also helps in solving the issue of overcrowding in many prisons. The best rehabilitation programs for prisoner will not only be helpful for the criminal but also the society at great. Many people say that prisoners can’t be reformed and whatever punishment they get for their crimes, irrespective of that they always return to their old habits. After surveying it has been seen that after undergoing rehabilitation programs, many prisoners are reforming and returning to normal life. Despite its barbaric origins in the medieval dungeon and torture chamber, since the late 18th century prisons have combined elements of punishment with elements of rehabilitation. In 1779 the British Government passed the Penitentiary Act, which made the rehabilitation of criminals a function of all prisons. Since then, while imprisonment has remained the central form of punishment in the criminal justice system, the emphasis on correction rather than punishment has steadily increased. Rehabilitation techniques vary according to the nature of the offender, the type of offence committed, and the institution...
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...what they have done and have remorse of what they did and maybe feel compassing for what they have done in return maybe turn them into better citizens if they were to be released back in to the civil life. It also was supposed to be more of a humane punishment and not so much a physical punishment; it should have been a more of a certain punishment and common punishment for all the serious criminals. In my option the principal goal for the penitentiaries was in hope to maybe rehabilitate a criminal from committing crimes into becoming a more productive citizen, to help these criminals to try to turn their life around and stop committing crimes and have some remorse for their actions and become better citizens. This should be the time for them to turn their life around and find their new spiritual begging, and take a better path in life. The penitentiary is a place for the criminals that have proven that they do not want to follow any of the rules in society; they have chosen to life our side any rules and have to live with the choices they have made in life. The principal goal of the penitentiary was to achieve the kind of spiritual transformation in a criminal being that was associated with the religious beings of the medieval monastery There was a big difference in the two models in the American prisons, the Eastern State: Pennsylvania model was a more organized prison that housed the prisoners all in separated individual sells. Because of having all the prisoners a part...
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...Can Financial Crimes be Punished? Throughout the course of the “Great Recession,” there have been numerous calls for more transparency and accountability for financial institutions. The question that has arisen in the past, and must be seriously considered, is how to make financial crimes less enticing to potential white-collar criminals. Whether through more severe punishments or stricter regulations, the country must understand that there is no clear solution in the short-term. Recent calls for stricter punishments of white-collar crimes may not result in less financial crimes. Throughout history, financial crimes have been punished with severity, at times including capital punishment. The Code of Hammurabi, utilized 3700 years ago, called for anyone who violated a financial contract “shall be put to death as a thief” whereas in Medieval Catalonia, a failed banker was required to live on bread and water until they paid back their depositors. Despite this, financial crimes of varying degrees still occurred. In today’s financial world, it is increasingly difficult to prosecute financial crimes. The issue that routinely arises is whether or not the suspect’s conduct was illegal as opposed to simply greedy. Federal prosecutors have consistently explained that they need to prove intent in order to convict financial crimes. In order to facilitate a more consistent prosecution rate of financial criminals, it is essential that federal attorneys utilize creative thinking in reference...
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...Reynard The Fox Analysis and Comparison Reynard the Fox tells a story of a medieval kingdom in which several barons have conflict with lord Reynard. They come to Nobel the lion king to suggest the execution of Reynard for his villainous acts. The fist part of the story summarizes various “crimes” Reynard has committed. One such example involves puss the hair being abused by Reynard.1 The final decision is made that in order to properly punish Reynard, he must be summoned to court in order to tell his side of the story and defend himself. Several barons are sent to deliver the summons to Reynard. The first two are tricked into harmful traps that send them back to court empty handed. Finally Grey the badger convinces Reynard to come in and use his sly to win over Nobel and wipe clean his offenses. During their trip Reynard confesses all of the wrongs that he had committed. Grey told him that as long as he is truly sorry and abandoned his old ways, that he would be forgiven and trusted once more. For the remainder of the trip to court, Grey notices Reynard slipping into his ways and either reminds him of the oath he made or questions his true intent. They eventually make it to court where Reynard attempts to flatter Nobel by saying that his is his most loyal servant and has always been there when Nobel needed him. Nobel was not pleased with this and challenged Reynard to discount his accusers for his freedom. Upon failing to prove his complete innocence, Loyal...
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...Shame punishments are a nightmare that live on forever in the memories of people who witnessed the medieval sanction. The real penance comes after, in the form of ignominy. Shame punishments are a cruel way to demean the accused into submission. They say punishment fits the crime but what if the punishment is just as bad? Alternative penalties such as shame punishments are an unjust way to correct undesired behavior. They are an abuse of power that is entrusted in the judges hands. This abuse of power is striking up all over the nation. Authority in the wrong hands is the reason these absurd penalties even exist. It's a selfish way for the judge gets an adrenaline rush from the control they have over degrading the convicted person. There are more humane ways to correct illegal behavior than humiliating people. Community service is a great way to get the offender on the right path and making connections with others. Giving back to your community not only feels good but has a change that lasts longer. Jail...
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...the death penalty, not including Washington D.C. where the death penalty is also not allowed. The death penalty can be drawn back to the tenth century; however, in America the main reason why it is here is because of Britain’s influence. Laws regarding the death penalty traveled quickly into America and soon they were legal in every colony. The death penalty has been a part of history for a long period of time. The effectiveness of the death penalty in states where it is legal should encourage the sixteen states that do not have the death penalty re-instate it as a punishment. Innocent until proven guilty, as many people now realize that is the motto of the court systems in the United States. However, for those families that have family members being put through the process of death...An issue that has continually created tension in today’s society is whether the death penalty serves as a justified and valid form of punishment (House, R. 2009). In several parts of the world, the death penalty has been apportioned to those who have committed a variety of offenses from the time of ancient Babylon to present-day America. An instance of this can be seen in the Roman Empire made use of the death penalty liberally, as did the Church of the Middle Ages. Therefore as history tells us,...
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...Death Penalty In today’s times crime is ever increasing and as it does so should the penalties. A lot of people tend to be against the death penalty until they have a loved one taken from them. I look at the death penalty as what fits the crimes that have been committed and when you have adults that have killed another human being or have done such a hennas crime that would warrant this kind of punishment then I am all for it. I look at it as if you take a life then you have given up your life. So because of this I have taken the Moral Pluralism point of view. The death penalty is a term used to describe the act of putting a person to death, after judgment by a legal system. Either as an act of retribution, or to ensure they cannot commit future crimes. The early use of the death penalty was often for penal purposes, and as a result the methods used to put people to death were horrific. Drawing and subdividing people, for example, or flaying them alive or burning them, were not uncommon in Medieval Europe or in much of the world. There has consistently been a movement towards abolishing the death penalty, as well, although different cultures have arrived there in different times. China, for example, banned the death penalty in the mid-8th century, only to restore it after 12 years. In 96% of the states where there have been reviews of race and the death penalty, there was a pattern of either race of victim or race-of-defendant discrimination...
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...concrete to others yet. According to chapter 2 of the textbook; The Penitentiary and the 1800’s, “The penitentiary was more of an idea or set of principles than a physical institution with shape or form.” (Burk Foster, 2006). The only strange questions asked throughout is, what should a penitentiary be? A penitentiary had purposes to be both secular and spiritual. Instead of a penitentiary being all about physical punishment, it was supposed to be a place of humane punishment for wrong doers. Instead of prisoners being bunched together, the true penitentiary was meant to have them separated from each other to avoid contamination of the body and spirit. I personally think that a penitentiary should be more like a place to make an inmate know that they did wrong by breaking the law. Today in the 20th century, many prisons are giving inmates too many privileges. It seems as if they are trying to make their sentence spent in a penitentiary more like spending it at home. For example, inmates are allowed to watch television, have visitation form their families on the weekends, yard time, work out, work different kinds of jobs for a certain amount of money a month, and receive packages from families that contain new clothing, jewelry, and hotpots to make tea with. I think that a prison should make an inmate’s like behind bars torment, so that they are unlikely to become repeat offenders and land themselves a sentence back in prison. According to chapter 2 of the textbook; The Penitentiary...
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...women’s rights in the medieval society B. Thesis: Arrangement of marriages, abuse and adultery, divorce and desertion II. Arrangement of Marriages A. Age requirements 1. Muslim 2. Christianity B. Betrothals 1. Elite 2. Peasants III. Adultery A. Upper elite nobility 1. Priests and sex a. Peasants b. Concubines 2. Kings a. Servants IV. Abuse to wives A. Physical violence 1. Lower class 2. Nobility a. Abduction/imprisonment of wives B. Repercussions for husbands versus wives V. Divorce A. Religion 1. Christianity 2. Muslim 3. Judaism B. Desertion 1. Repercussions a. Wife b. Family VI. Conclusion A. Catholic marriages versus other religions 1. Middle ages 2. Today B. Divorces 1. Less in Catholic marriages a. Why b. Requirements today Marriage can be defined as a union between a man and a woman to become as one in the eyes of the church and most importantly, God. For a woman, this is one of the happiest days of her life. During the Middle Ages, women were born solely to marry and to rear children; most importantly, to produce a son for their husbands. Most arranged marriages, or betrothals, were arranged by the parents of the bride and groom. This type of arrangement was often the cause of abuse and adultery which would lead to the ending of the union by either divorce or desertion. Unfortunately for women, they had little or no rights in their marriages, “medieval people thought of conjugality...
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...Crime (Sex) and Punishment (Stoning) By ROBERT F. WORTH Published: August 21, 2010, The New York Times It may be the oldest form of execution in the world, and it is certainly among the most barbaric. In the West, death by stoning is so remote from experience that it is best known through Monty Python skits and lurid fiction like Shirley Jackson’s short story “The Lottery.” Yet two recent real world cases have struck a nerve: a young couple were stoned to death last week in northern Afghanistan for trying to elope, in a grim sign of the Taliban’s resurgence. And last month, an international campaign rose up in defense of an Iranian woman, Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani, who had been sentenced to death by stoning on adultery charges. Much of the outrage those cases generated — apart from the sheer anachronism of stoning in the 21st century — seems to stem from the gulf between sexual attitudes in the West and parts of the Islamic world, where some radical movements have turned to draconian punishments, and a vision of restoring a long-lost past, in their search for religious authenticity. The stoning of adulterers was once aimed at preventing illegitimate births that might muddy the male tribal bloodlines of medieval Arabia. But it is now taking place in a world where more and more women demand reproductive freedoms, equal pay and equal status with men — in parts of the Islamic world as well as throughout the West. Those clashing perspectives became apparent last month when...
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