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DEFINICIJA UPRAVLJANJA PROIZVODNJOM P1- menadžeri proizvodnje odgovorni su za proizvodnju potrebnih dobara ili usluga u organizacijama. Menadžeri proizvodnje donose odluke koje se odnose na funkciju proizvodnje i korištenje transformacijskih sustava.
FUNKCIJA- u kompanijama s tvorničkom proizvodnjom proizvodna se funkcija može nazvati tvorničkim,proizvodnim ili pogonskim odjelima. U uslužnim organizacijama, proizvodna se funkcija može nazvati radnim,poslovnim ili proizvodnim odjelom. Općenito termin proizvodnja se odnosi na funkciju koja proizvodi robe ili usluge u bilo kojoj organizaciji.
SUSTAV- sustavni pregled ne daje samo zajednički temelj za definiranje uslužnih i tvorničkih proizvodnji kao transformacijskih sustava, već i snažnu osnovu za oblikovanje i analiziranje proizvodnje.
ODLUKE- kako svi menadžeri odlučuju, prirodno je usredotočiti se na donošenje odluka kao središnju temu u proizvodnji.

POVIJEST UPRAVLJANJA PROIZVODNJOM- upravljanje proizvodnjom postoji dugo,otkad ljudi proizvode dobra i usluge.
PODJELA RADA-zasniva se na vrlo jednostavnom konceptu. Specijalizacija rada za pojedini zadatak može rezultirati većom proizvodnošću i efikasnošću od one koja se postiže dodjeljivanjem puno zadataka jednom radniku.
STANDARNIZACIJA DIJELOVA-dijelovi se standardiziraju kako bi se mogli zamjenjivati. Ideja se o standardizaciji do danas ukorijenila u našem društvu da rijetko kad ne mislimo o njoj. NPR. teško je zamisliti žarulje, koje se ne mogu alternativno zamijeniti.
INDUSTRIJSKA REVOLUCIJA-je u biti zamjena ljudske snage snagom stroja. Veliki je impuls ovoj revoluciji dao 1764. g. parni stroj Jamesa Watta , koji je bio glavni izvor snage pokretnih strojeva za poljoprivredu i tvornice.
ZNANSTVENI STUDIJ RADA-zasniva se na stajalištu da se znanstvene metode mogu koristiti za studij rada,kao i fizičkih i prirodnih sustava.
MEĐULJUDSKI ODNOSI-pokret za ljudske odnose je istaknuo središnje značenje motivacije i ljudskog elementa u oblikovanju rada.
MODELI ODLUČIVANJA-mogu se koristiti za predstavljanje proizvodnog sustava pomoću matematičkih izraza. Model odlučivanja se izražava u uvjetima mjerila performansi,ograničenja i varijabli odlučivanja.Svrha ovih modela je pronaći optimalne i zadovoljavajuće vrijednosti varijabli odlučivanja,koja će poboljšati performanse sustava unutar relevantnog ograničenja.
RAČUNALA P2- otkad su 1955. racunala usla u polovanje,njihovo koristenje je dramaticno promijenilo podrucje upravljanja proizvodnjom. Većina u tvorničkoj proizvodnji danas koristi računala za upravljanje zalihama,terminiranje proizvodnje, kontrolu kvalitete, racunalom podržavanu proizvodnju te za sustave pracenja troskova. Danas je efektivna uporaba racunala bitan dio podrucja upravljanja proizvodnje.

ODLUKE O PROIZVODNJI- KVALITETA- funkcija proizvodnje je tipicno odg. Za kvalitetu proizvedenih roba i usluga. Kvaliteta predstavlja vaznu odgovornost proizvodnje koja zahtjeva potporu cjelokupne organizacije. Odluke u kvaliteti moraju osiguravati da ona bude ugrađivana u proizvod u svim fazama proizvodnje .
PROCES-tu odluke odreduju koji ce fizicki proces ili oprema biti koristeni da bi se proizveli robe i usluge. Odluke ukljucuju vrste opreme i tehnologije, tokove procesa, prostorni raspored postrojenja .
KAPACITET-tu su odluke usmjerene na osiguravanje potrebne velicine kapaciteta na pravom mjestu u pravo vrijeme, Kapacitet je dugorocno odreden velicinom zgradene fizicke opreme. Kapacite se nekad moze povecati podugovaranjem,dodatnim smjenama ili unajmljivanjem prostora.
ZALIHE-odluke o zalihama odreduju sto treba nauciti,koliko te kada naruciti. Sustavi se kontrole zaliha koriste za upravljanje materijalima od kupovine,kroz sirovine, zalihe u procesu rada i zalihe gotovih proizvodima. Menadžeri zaliha odlucuju o tome koliko uloziti u zalihe i gdje locirati materijale,a donose i druge s tim povezane odluke.
RADNA SNAGA P3- Upravljanje ljudima je najvaznije podrucje odlucivanja u proizvodnji , zato sto se nista ne moze uciniti bez ljudi,koji proizvode robe i usluge. Odluke o radnoj snazi ukljucuju odabir ,zaposljavanje,otpustanje,obuku, nadzor i naknade. Te odluke donose linijski menadžeri uz pomoc kadrovske sluzbe ili ureda za u.lj.p. Upravljanje radnom snagom na proizvodan i human nacin danas je kljucni zadatak proizvodnje.

POSLOVI MENADŽMENTA U PROIZVODNJI
MENADŽER PROIZVODNJE-ukljucuje menadžera tvornice, direktora proizvodnje te dopredsjednika proizvodnje u proizvodnim organizacijama. U usluznim djelatnostima ukljucuje menadžera trgovine, ureda i dopredsjednika proizvodnje. Ovi se poslovi bave sveukupnom koordinacijom i usmjeravanjem funkcije proizvodnje.
MENADŽER MATERIJALA- zadatak je upravljanje i integracija protoka materijala od sirovina do gotovih proizvoda. Ima poslove nabave,kontrole zaliha i kontrole proizvodnje.
MENADŽER NABAVE-duznost je osiguranje adekvatnog protoka sirovina. Oni djeluju u bliskoj vezi s dobavljacima. Pregovaraju o cijenama,odabiru dobavljace i ocjenjuju njihove karakteristike.
MENADŽER ZALIHA- narucuje odg.kolicine materijala u pravo vrijeme.
MEADŽER KONTROLE I TERMINIRANJA PROIZVODNJE-odgovoran je za ostvarivanje plana proizvodnje, te da se pri tome resursi koriste na najbolji način.
MENADŽER KVALITETE- bavi se planiranjem i kontrolom kvalitete robe ili usluge. Odgovornost uključuje razvoj sustava za kontrolu kvalitete,pomaganje radnicima u ostvarivanju kvalitete.
MENADŽER POSTROJENJA-zaduzen je za oblikovanje i kontrolu proizvodnih postrojenja i procesa.
LINIJSKI MENADŽER-zaduzen je za rukovođenje radnom snagom u proizvodnim jedinicama. Posao ukljucuje nadzornika prve linije, nadzornika proizvodnje te menadzera proizvodne jedinice.
ANALITIČAR PLANIRANJA PROIZVODNJE P4- radi na sveukupnom planiranju, buđetiranju te kontroli proizvodnje. Analitičar planiranja je sluzbenik koji pomaže menadžeru proizvodnje i moze razvijati modele i inf.sustave kao potporu planiranju i donosenju odluka.

PROIZVOĐAČI USLUGA I ROBE
KAPACITET I ZALIHE- na uslugu se moze gledati kao na iznimno pokvarljiv proizvod, on ne moze biti uskladisten za buducu uporabu.
KVALITETA- buduci da je usluga neopipljiva,kvaliteta se ne moze lagano ocijeniti prema potencijalnim potrosacima,prije nego je ona pruzena.
RASPRŠENOST- usluzne su organizacije cesto zamljopisno raspršene. Kako se usluga ne moze uskladistiti,ona mora biti proizvedena na mjestu potrosnje ili potrosac mora biti doveden do usluge. To uzrokuje rasprsenost davatelja usluge.
MARKETING I PROIZVODNJA P5- U organizacijama koje pruzaju usluge,proizvodna i prodajna funkcija teže bliskoj povezanosti zato jer se usluge koriste u isto vrijeme i na istom mjestu na kojem su proizvedene.

DEFINICIJA PROIZVODNE STRATEGIJE P6- je vizija proizvodne funkcije koja odreduje opci smjer ili daje potisnu snagu za donosenje odluka. Vizija treba bitiintegrirana s poslovnom strategijom.Trebala bi rezultirati u konzistentnom modelu za donosenje odluka u proizvodnji i u konkurentskoj prednosti kompanije.

MODELI PROIZVODNE STRATEGIJE
KORPORATIVNA I POSLOVNA STRATEGIJA- Korporativna strategija definira poslovanje kompanije. Poslovna strategija definira kako ce pojedini posao konkurirati na trzistu. Najveci broj korporacija sastoji se od grupe povezanih poslova kod cega je svaki od njih identificiran kao strateska poslovna jedinica ili odjel.
VANJSKA/UNUTARNJA ANALIZA- kod formiranja proizvodne strategije kao i poslovne strategije potrebno je izraditi analizu vanjske i unutarnje analize.
MISIJA PROIZVODNJE-definira svrhu proizvodne funkcije u odnosu prema poslovnoj i korporativnoj strategiji.
SPECIFICNE SPOSOBNOSTI- odnosno konkurentske prednosti proizvodnje predstavljaju ono cime se proizvodnja mora isticati u odnosu na konkurenciju. Trebaju podrzavati misiju proizvodnje.
PROIZVODNI CILJEVI- 4 Su proizvodna cilja: troskovi,kvaliteta,isporuka i fleksibilnost. Ciljevi u proizvodnji trebaju biti utvrdeni u specificnim kvantitativnim i mjerljivim izrazima.
PROIZVODNE POLITIKE P7- definiraju kako ce ciljevi proizvodnje biti ostvareni. Proizvodne politike trebaju biti razvijene za svaku od 5 kategorija donosenja odluka i to : kvalitetu,procesu, kapacitete, zalihe i radnu snagu.

STUPNJEVI EFEKTIVNOSTI PROIZVODNJE
1. STUPANJ INTERNO NEUTRALNA PROIZVODNJA- ima za cilj minimaliziranje bilo kojeg negativnog utjecaja sto proizvodnja moze imati na poslovanje. Glavni menadžment zeli imati proizvodnju sto ce odrzavati sttvari pod kontrolom i koja nece stetiti zajednickim interesima.
2 STUPANJ EKSTERNO NEUTRALNA PROIZVODNJA- predstavlja oblik neutralnosti ali u ovom slucaju proizvodnja je neutralna s obzirom na vanjske cimbenike.Proizvodnja nastoji biti tako dobra kao bilo koji od konkurenata u vlastitoj industriji.
3 STUPANJ INTERNO PODRZAVAJUCA PROIZVODNJA- to je proizvodnja koja iznutra pruza potporu poslovnoj strategiji. U tom se slucaju proiz. Odluke donose u suglasnosti s poslovnom strategijom i od proizvodnje se trazi da aktivno podupire i pojacava konkurentsku snagu kompanije.
4 STUPANJ EKSTERNO PODRZAVAJUCA PROIZVODNJA P8- najprogresivnija se razina proizvodne ucinkovitosti temelji na ideji da bi proizvodnja trebala biti konkurentska snaga u poslovanju. To ne znači da proizvodnja nuzno preuzima glavnu ulogu u poslovanju jer i ostale funkcije takoder pridonose stvaranju koordinirane i integrirane cjeline. Proizvodnja predvida nove postupke i razvija jedinstvene nacine upravljanja proizvodnjom.

STRATEGIJA UVODENJA NOVOG PROIZVODA
TRŽIŠNO POVLAČENJE-prema ovom nacinu trebali bi ste proizvoditi ono sto mozete prodati. Novi su proizvodi odredeni trzistem, s vrlo malo obzira prema postojecoj tehnologiji i proizvodnim procesima.
TEHNOLOSKO GURANJE trebali biste prodavati ono sto mozete proizvesti. Novi bi proizvodi proizasli iz proizvodne tehnologije s malo obzira prema trzistu.
MEĐUFUNKCIONALNOST P 9- kod ovog nacina je uvodenje novog proizvoda u svojoj prirodi medufunkcionalno i zahtijeva suradnju izmedu marketinga,proizvodnje,inzenjeringa i ostalih funkcija. Proces razvoja novog proizvoda nije ni trzisno povlacenje ni tehnolosko guranj, vec je odreden koordiniranim naporom izmedu funkcija. Rezultat bi bilo zadovoljenje potreba kupaca.

PROCES RAZVOJA NOVOG PROIZVODA
STVARANJE IDEJA- ideje mogu dolaziti s tržišta ili iz tehnologije. Ideje s trzista se izvode iz potreba kupaca. S druge strane ideje mogu potjecati od raspolozive ili nove tehnologije.
IZBOR PROIZVODA-sve se ideje nece moci razviti u nove proizvode. Ideje o novom proizvodu moraju zadovoljiti barem tri testa provjere: 1) trzisni potencijal 2)financijsku izvodljivost 3) proizvodna kompaktibilnost.Prije nego je ideja o novom proizvodu ugradena u prethodni dizajn proizvoda, ona bi trebala biti predmet analize organizirane na osnovi ta tri testa.
PRETHODNO OBLIKOVANJE PROIZVODA- ova se faza procesa oblikovanja proizvoda odnosi na razvoj najboljeg dizajna na temelju ideje o novom proizvodu. Ako je prelimirani dizajn proizvoda odobren moguce je izraditi prototip ili prototipove za daljnje ispitivanje i analize.
IZRADA PROTOTIPA-moze imati mnogo razlicitih oblika. Nekoliko prototipova koji jako slice konacnom proizvodu,moze se uciniti rucno.
TESTIRANJE-ispitivanje prototipa ima za cilj provjeravanje marketinskih i tehnoloskih perfomanci. Jedan je nacin da se procijene marketinske perfomance da se izgradi dovoljan broj prototipova , za potporu trzisnom ispitivanju novog proizvoda.
KONACNI DIZAJN PROIZVODA P10- tijekom faze konacnog oblikovanja radi se na izradi crteza i specifikacije proizvoda. Kao rezultat testiranja prototipa,izvjesne se promjene mogu unijeti u zavrsni dizajn. Ako dode do promjena,tada proizvod treba dalje ispitivati,kako bi se osigurale konacne perfomance proizvoda. Nakon toga teziste treba staviti na komplementiranje proizvodnih specifikacija,kakon bi mogla krenuti proizvodnja.

RAZVOJ FUNKCIJA KVALITETE
ZNACAJKE VAZNE ZA KUPCA- izrada matrice kuce kvalitete pocinje s kupcem i utvrdivanjem za njega vaznih znacajki. Kupceve znacajke mogu biti grupirane u srodna obiljezja.
INŽENJERSKE KARAKTERISTIKE- dok kupceve znacajke sa strane matrice pokazuju ŠTO kupac zeli,gornja strana matrice pokazuje KAKO se ta obiljezja mogu ostvariti.
ODNOSI P11- jednom kad su inzenjerske karakteristike odredene, one se stavljaju u odnos prema kupcevim znacajkama koje su prije odredene. To se radi tako da se stavljaju znakovi unutar matrice.

KVALITETA- zadovoljavanje ili nadmašivanje potreba potrošača
ISO 9001- najraširenija međunarodna norma koja postavlja zahtjeve za uspostavu i održavanje sustava upravljanja kvalitetom, a primjenjiva je na organizacije svih vrsta.
KVALITETA SE ZASNIVA NA ZNAČAJKAMA: tehnološkim, psihološkim, vremenski orijentiranim, ugovornim,etičkim.
DIMENZIJE KVALITETE (prikladnost za korištenje): kvaliteta dizajna, kvaliteta usklađenosti, sposobnosti, terenska usluga(usluga kupca).
TERENSKA USLUGA- predstavlja garanciju i popravak ili zamjenu proizvoda nakon prodaje. Terenska je usluga neopipljiva, povezana s takvim varijablama kao što su točnost,brzina, sposobnost i poštenje.

8 DIMENZIJA KVALITETE DAVIDA GARVINA- performanse, značajke, pouzdanost, usklađenost, trajnost, sposobnost servisiranja, estetika, kvaliteta kako se uočava.
KVALITETA KAKO SE UOČAVA- potrošači nemaju uvijek potpune inf. o robi ili usluzi. Trajnost proizvoda se ne može lako uočiti, o njoj se mora zaključivati pomoću različitih opipljivih i neopipljivih aspekata proizvoda.

CIKLUS KVALITETE- KUPAC-MARKETING-INŽENJERING-PROIZVODNJA-KONTROLA KVALITETE

DA BI SE PROVELO PLANIRANJE I KONTROLA KVALITETE KROZ CIKLUS KVALITETE POTREBNE SU SLJEDEĆE FAZE:
1. definirati značajke kvalitete
2. odlučiti na koji način izvršiti mjerenje svake od značajki
3. uspostaviti standarde kvalitete
4. uspostaviti program nadzora poslovođe, uključivanjem radnika
5. pronaći i odstraniti uzroke loše kvalitete
6. nastaviti s provođenjem kvalitete

TROŠKOVI KVALITETE- 1.) TROŠKOVI PREVENTIVE (planiranje kvalitete, ispitivanje novog proizvoda, obuka, planiranje procesa, podaci o kvaliteti, projekti za unapređenje)
2.) TROŠKOVI OCJENE (pregled ulaznih materijala, nadzor procesa, kontrola gotovog proizvoda, laboratoriji za kvalitetu 3.) TROŠKOVI LOŠE KVALITETE-UNUTARNJI (otpaci, popravci, kvaliteta nižeg stupnja, vrijeme zastoja 4.) TROŠKOVI LOŠE KVALITETE-VANJSKI (jamstvo, povrat robe, reklamacije, odbici)

OBLIKOVANJE PROCESA- linijski tok, prekidani tok, projekt
PROJEKT- koristi se kod proizvodnje pojedinačnog proizvoda, kao što je umj.djelo, koncert, zgrada ili film. Svaka je jedinica tog proizvoda stvorena kao jedini primjerak. Kod projekta nema toka proizvoda, ali postoji slijed operacija.

ČIMBENICI KOJI UTJEČU NA IZBOR PROCESA- uvjeti tržišta, potrebe za kapitalom, radna snaga, menadžerske vještine, sirovine, tehnologija.

PROIZVOD PROCES MATRICA- opisuje faze u životnom ciklusu proizvoda i procesa. Pomaže opisati povezanost između strategije procesa i strategije proizvoda.

VERTIKALNA INTEGRACIJA- definira pitanje vlasništva kod izbora procesa. Integracija prema naprijed proširuje vlasništvo nad procesom prema tržištu. Integracija prema natrag proširuje vlasništvo nad procesom natrag dobavljačima.

USLUŽNI TROKUT- KUPAC ( strategija usluga, ljudi, sustav)

CIKLUS USLUGE ZA JEDNU HOTELSKU KUĆU- zahtjev gosta za inf. o hotelu-rezervacija-dolazak u hotel i check in-ulazak u sobu i konzumacija usluga-check out i odlazak iz hotela.

MODEL USLUGA- STRATEGIJA USLUGA- oblikovanje uslužnog proizvoda-oblikovanje sustava za pružanje usluga-mjerenja

MATRICA USLUGA- interakcija s kupcima/korištenje rada

SUSTAV PRUŽANJA USLUGA- 1.) TEHNOLOGIJA (stupanj amortizacije, oprema) 2.) TIJEK PROCESA (slijed događaja koji se koriste za proizvodnju usluge) 3.) VRSTA PROCESA (količina kontakata vezanih uz proces 4.) SJEDIŠTE I VELIČINA (mjesto gdje je lociran proces usluga, 5.) RADNA SNAGA (vještine, vrsta organizacije, sustavi nagrađivanja).

SUSTAV (sinergija)- skup međuzavisnih elemenata čija je cjelina veća od zbroja pojednih dijelova.

KORACI U ANALIZI PROCESA - sastaviti tim ili odrediti pojedinca za analizu i poboljšavanje sustava - odrediti ciljeve analize - utvrditi kupce - opisati proces putem dijagrama toka - razviti dizajn poboljšanog oblikovanja procesa - dobiti odobrenje od menadžmenta za promjene

KLJUČ ZA ANALIZU TOKA PROCESA SU PITANJA- što? Tko? Gdje? Kada? Kako?

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