...officially end the war) that created the atmosphere for a Second World War to occur. The treaty had many weaknesses such as the war guilt clause, the required demilitarization of Germany, the loss of colonies for Germany, unrealistic reparations amounts for Germany and the overall desire by some allied nations to punish Germany all contributed to an unstable situation in Europe. The war guilt clause required Germany to accept sole responsibility for the war. In other words, all the lives lost, all the damages, and all the grief that resulted from World War I was Germany’s fault. The Treaty of Versailles states that no countries were responsible for the Great War, except Germany. The document is not true, because the ideas of imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and the Alliance System started the war. The war...
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...down. They blamed them for all the problems of Germany, like economic problems and the lost of World War II. They made Jewish people look like bad people and that it would be a good thing to get rid of them. A last reason that people supported the persecution of the Jews is the political and social conditions in Germany at the time. They didn't have a steady government at all and their economy was going down the drain. So when Hitler said exterminating Jews would help this, people agreed because they were desperate. The German people thought they had no other solution because of how bad everything in Germany was at this time. Homework#6 2. Aftermath of World War II in Europe and Japan Europe Only: -Nazi reign fell and lost power. -There was no power, no food, no shelter, no water. -There was a famine because there was no way for the food to get to the Germans since the transportation system was damaged. Both: -Hundreds of thousands of civilians were killed. -Major cities were destroyed. -Land was taken away. Japan Only: -Demilitarization which is the disbanding of the Japanese Army. -Allies stripped away Japan from it's colonial empire. Homework#7 Two tactics that Hitler used to rid Germany of Jews before creating his “Final Solution” was propaganda and putting in the Jews in the ghettos. During the Final Solution, Hitler used the tactic of genocide, he sent S.S officers all over Germany, and...
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...euro debt, 100million per year for 66 years”. Demilitarization limited the German army to 100,000 men , loss of overseas colonies and parts of Germany that favoured industrial activities. All of these points utterly destroyed Germany. The demilitarization meant a huge increase in unemployment, the loss of land and colonies meant less goods, less people, and the gargantuan debt which could not be payed, this all lead to hyperinflation. Germany was unable to pay the enormous debt, and Germany already had a large amount of debt thanks to Kaiser Wilhelm 2 (war bonds) Because of this Germany began printing money, this decreased the value and caused a massive inflation. Before the war July 1914 Germanys currency was 4 marks to the us dollar after 1918 July it was 40, the next year double, the year after that 500, the year after 350,000 by November 1923 it was 4,000,000,000,000 marks to the dollar. Money was all but worthless, people no longer wanted or used it, instead using possessions such as baskets which worked as a sort of trade or exchange. Many people who had money in the bank became broke almost instantly. People were starving they had no money to cloth themselves. The world of Germany had become a living hell for the people and those who suffer seek leaders. A man by the name of Robert Lansing said “ the terms of peace appear immeasurably harsh and humiliating, while many of them seem to be impossible of performance” Germany suffered and...
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...Browder, in “Neighbor America: Americans in Rhineland Palatinate, 1945-95.” Ed. Winfried Herget, Werner Kemp and Walter G. Roedel. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlaf, 1995. The US post-war plan for the administration of Germany was muddled, full of contradictions and retreats. Nevertheless, despite the inauspicious beginnings, the US quickly developed a workable administration that was surprisingly efficient; ultimately, the US army’s efforts were crucial in the reconstruction of post-war Germany. Browder’s work is concentrated upon the US Military’s efforts in establishing order and beginning the reconstruction of Germany. His work is similar in vein to his other publications in that he concentrated upon the efforts of the US Military. The chapter First Encounters: Conquest and Initial Occupation, By Dewey A. Browder, in “Neighbor America: Americans in Rhineland Palatinate, 1945-95, examined the initial US entry into Germany and their efforts to administer the conquered territory. His thesis is apparent from the books’s title; ‘Neighbor’ has connotations of a benevolent partner and this is exactly what Browder argued in his chapter. Furthermore, the author’s thesis is consistent with his other works. The title of Browder’s book, Americans In Post-World War II Germany: Teachers, Tinkers, Neighbors and Nuisances is suggestive of his view that on the whole, the US army’s post-war handling of the Germans was a success; the minor criticism of ‘nuisances’ was handled only in one chapter...
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...Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Japan under Occupation An essential story of the Occupation concerns how the United States and Japan could change their unimaginable political and social rivalry to one important ally. Amid the Pacific War (1941–45), the propaganda machines of both countries decried and dehumanized the enemy to a great and dangerous level (Gordon and Andrew 14). Every side was characterized by different atrocities, yet engaged just on those conferred by the other, and the citizens on both sides of the Pacific were on alert to expect the worse from each other. The Japanese had seen sixty-six of their significant urban areas and major cities demolished by the fierce fire of bombs and reduced to ashes. The twin bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 cannot escape many people's mind. At their occurrences, the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings brought an unexpected end to what has been known as a 'war without mercy', yet the choice to surrender was contradicted by military leaders until the Emperor interceded and broke a gridlock that existed among his senior advisors. Japan's almost 15 year frenzy through Asia (1931–45) was done, at last killing an expected 3 million Japanese and more than 15 million Asians, for the most part in China. Japanese mercilessness actions in war, including abuse of prisoners-of-war (POWs), created assumptions favoring retaliation and punishment. It was in this unfriendly atmosphere that US troops arrived in Japan...
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...discussions of diplomacy. Germany’s war repercussions along with their demilitarization and all loss sense of trade helped spark totalitarianism in Germany. All totalitarianism is born out of hate, fear, and charismatic leaders using these factors to advance personal agendas. The rise of totalitarianism in Russia came with the loss of nationalism after losing both the Russo-Japanese war and World War One. The Russian Government began their climb to a totalitarian state with the loss of the Russo-Japanese war. Japan clean...
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...Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Japan under Occupation An essential story of the Occupation concerns how the United States and Japan could change their unimaginable political and social rivalry to one important ally. Amid the Pacific War (1941–45), the propaganda machines of both countries decried and dehumanized the enemy to a great and dangerous level (Gordon and Andrew 14). Every side was characterized by different atrocities, yet engaged just on those conferred by the other, and the citizens on both sides of the Pacific were on alert to expect the worse from each other. The Japanese had seen sixty-six of their significant urban areas and major cities demolished by the fierce fire of bombs and reduced to ashes. The twin bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 cannot escape many people's mind. At their occurrences, the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings brought an unexpected end to what has been known as a 'war without mercy', yet the choice to surrender was contradicted by military leaders until the Emperor interceded and broke a gridlock that existed among his senior advisors. Japan's almost 15 year frenzy through Asia (1931–45) was done, at last killing an expected 3 million Japanese and more than 15 million Asians, for the most part in China. Japanese mercilessness actions in war, including abuse of prisoners-of-war (POWs), created assumptions favoring retaliation and punishment. It was in this unfriendly atmosphere that US troops arrived in Japan and started...
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...The Versailles Treaty The Treaty of Versailles was the PEACE settlement signed after World War I ended in 1918 and in the shadow of the Russian Revolution and other events in Russia. The treaty was signed at the vast Versailles Palace near Paris between Germany and the Allies. The three most important politicians were there David Lloyd George of Britain Georges Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson of the United States. The Versailles Palace was considered the most appropriate venue because of its size many hundreds of people were involved in the process and the final signing ceremony in the Hall of Mirrors could accommodate hundreds of dignitaries. The Paris Peace Conference opened on 12th January 1919, meetings were held at various locations in and around Paris until 20th January, 1920. Leaders of 32 states representing about 75% of the world's population, attended. Negotiations were dominated by the five major powers responsible for defeating what was called the Central Power the United States, Britain, France Italy and Japan. Eventually five treaties emerged from the conference that dealt with the defeated powers. The five treaties were named after the Paris suburbs of Versailles of Germany, St Germain of Austria, Trianon of Hungary, Neuilly of Bulgaria and Serves of Turkey. The main terms of the Versailles Treaty were: (1) the surrender of all German colonies as League of Nations mandates. (2) the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France. (3) cession of Eupen-Malmedy to...
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...After World War II Germany was crushed economically and physically due to the reparations forced upon them by the Allied nations and the war. The allied forces divided the country up and gave parts to the Soviet Union, The United States of America, France, and Great Britain. On top of this Germany had to pay reparations to each country while trying to rebuild themselves. As published by EncyclopediaBritannica.com, “Its policies were dictated by the “five Ds” decided upon at Yalta: demilitarization, denazification, democratization, decentralization, and deindustrialization. Each Allied power was to seize reparations from its own occupation zones” (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). This is how the allied forces decided to deal with Germany in a way that would not create another World War....
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...such as using violence to prevent more violence which was not a tactic that American people supported (Doc A). People also believed that the League did not promote the healing of nations after the war but instead intensified the conflicts that originally caused the war, for instance punishing Germany to an extent to which would anger the Germans (Doc B). Another term of the Treaty of Versailles that the Senate strongly opposed was Article X. Article X was an addition to the treaty that stated the nations involved in the League would have to aid the other nations also involved if they were to experience external aggression. Americans did not agree with the article because they did not want to be drawn into war to protect another nation that they were not involved in (Doc C). In addition, some Senate members believed that joining the League of Nations would violate the constitutional rights of American citizens because it threatened their national security and risked European involvement in the Western hemisphere (Doc E). Opposing forces also questioned the morality of the Treaty of Versailles because they did not believe that Germany should suffer such harsh punishments as demilitarization and taking full blame for the war (Doc F). Those in opposition of the Treaty of Versailles had strong reasoning to support their argument, leading to them never passing the...
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...The Decisions of Post - War As a war comes to an end, the main controversial issue is the peace treaty that is signed and the outcomes of the war. However, ending a war is significantly more complicated than the mere content publicized. There are many methods of approaching the aggressor of war; primarily retribution or rehabilitation. The concepts and effects of both models will be analyzed and applied to a debatable contemporary situation. Revenge and Retribution After war, the model of retribution assumes that “the good side” triumphs over “the aggressor” and punishes the “aggressor” accordingly and appropriately. With regards to its structure; first and foremost, a public peace treaty is signed between both sides. The basic details of the treaty are generally publicly announced so that everyone knows that the war is over and the basic consequences and results of the war. Afterwards, the winners and the losers both exchange all prisoners of war captured during the conflict. Once that has been handled, the aggressor must proceed to giving a public apology by admitting fault and guilt for causing the war. However small this task may be, it is generally very controversial because it is the most sincere (and probably only) thing a country can do for other countries that it has harmed. Next, war crime trials are held for soldiers and officers who may have violated various war agreements. For example, the murder of innocent citizens and torturing of POW’s are crimes that one...
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...and Soviet Union) established new spheres of influence. 11 February 1945 – Yalta Peace Conference – a meeting between the tree big countries (United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom) speaking about the future of Europe. The main concerns were: Polish questions, future of Germany and the condition of the entry of Soviet Union into war with Japan. Each president decide to arrive to Yalta for different reasons: Roosevelt decide to create United Nations, Churchill feared the growing of power of the Soviet Union in Europe and Stalin was intent on protecting Soviet Union against another German invasions. Roosevelt attained his goal and in addition Stalin accepted the American proposal on the use of the veto in the Security Council. All men agreed to move the Polish boundary western to the 1919 Curzon Line and to restore Western Byelorussia and the Western Ukraine to the Soviet Union. 2 August 1945 - Postdam Peace Conference - Trumann, Stalin and Churchill met to reach a new accord on postwar Germany and the Pacific war. They confirmed a decision to divide Germany into British, American, French and Russian occupation. Its policies were dictated by the “five Ds” decided upon at Yalta: demilitarization, denazification, democratization, decentralization, and deindustrialization. The conference was regarded also about the surrender of Japan, about the annexation of former Polish territory...
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...12. Bismarck’s response to the rise of the SPD and the Catholic Center Party in Germany was that originally he saw them as major threats to the central government’s power and he wanted to completely get rid of them. With the Kulturkampf he tried to limit the influence of the Catholic Center Party because it was too popular among the southern parts of Germany and he thought that Pope Pius IX’s papal infallibility declaration make the Germans put the church before the state. He tried to suppress them, but they moved underground and he was unsuccessful. He did, however, gain control of the Catholic Center when he revoked a free trade policy and enacted high tariffs on grain. Bismarck also wanted to limit the growth of the Social Democratic Party as they tried to push for reforms like demilitarization of the government. It was driven underground, but it was not suppressed completely either. However, to limit the threat, he worked on a series of socialist reforms that include a protective tariff on domestic produce, social security laws, and improved working conditions. In doing so, Bismarck was able to gain support of the workers which helped somewhat with the SPD since the workers were a part of it. However, this created tensions between Bismarck and Wilhelm I. 13. The...
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...Journals Student’s name Name of the Institute Contents Journal 1 3 Journal 2 5 Journal 3 7 Journal 4 8 References 10 Journal 1 Civil society organizations and NGOs have had a negligible influence on the governance of peace and security Civil society is the set of diverse groups and social organizations that are strong enough to provide protection and autonomy to individuals from the hegemonic and authoritarian tendencies of states. (Human Security Centre, 2005) Major dimensions in peace building process can be identified as: * Political and Institutional: respecting and strengthening state reform, good governance and democratization * Military and Security: Protection, demobilization, disarmament, demilitarization. * Social: basic needs and amenities, attention to the most vulnerable groups. * Economic: re-establish a stable macro-economic framework, reactivate the supply, demand & the local markets, and promote structural reforms. * Environmental: ensure a sustainable management and access of the natural resources Roles of civil society and NGOs in global governance for peace and security are: * Collect, disseminate and analyze information * Provide input to agenda-setting and policy development processes; * Perform operational functions * Assess social conditions and monitor compliance with peace and security agreements * Advocate social justice The Civil society and NGOs are crippled and...
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...The Potential Twilight of the European Union Charles A. Kupchan INTRODUCTION The European Union’s (EU) trillion-dollar loan package succeeded in quelling the financial maelstrom spawned by Greek debt. Nonetheless, the financial crisis has taken a painful toll on many EU members, and high national debts and the uncertain health of the continent’s banks may mean more trouble ahead. Although these economic woes have of late captured the headlines, they pale in comparison with a more serious malady: Europe’s historic experiment in political union is faltering. As the poisonous politics that delayed the EU’s rescue of the eurozone revealed, Europe is experiencing a renationalization of political life. The project of European integration, which has steadily advanced since the bitter years after World War II, has been thrown into reverse as its members claw back from the union the traditional powers of national sovereignty. And the causes run much deeper than the ongoing financial crisis, suggesting they are here to stay. Generational change, a backlash against globalization, and the absence of a compelling vision of Europe’s place in the world may well mean that the European Union is running out of steam. The EU’s uncertain future has enormous stakes for Americans as well as Europeans. Europe remains the United States’ go-to partner on every front—from stewardship of the global economy to curbing global warming to bringing stability to Afghanistan. With U.S. debt soaring...
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