...higher after a meal but should be lower than 140 mg/dL. For a diabetic, 126 mg/dL or above and confirmed twice means that the individual has diabetes. There are many tests that are used to diagnose diabetes. The A1C test measures the average blood glucose over a period of two to three months and is a good indicator of how well it is being managed. This test should be done four times a year for insulin- treated patients. It can be done twice a year for stable patients. It measures the percentage of glucose that is attached to blood and the more that is attached, the higher...
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...London School of Engineering and Materials Science Laboratory report writing instructions DEN101 - Fluid Mechanics 1 Flow Rate Measurement Experiment A. Student Student Number: 1234567 Version 2.0, 27 November 2010 Template for Word 97-2003 Abstract This document explains what is expected in your Fluids 1 lab report. The sections that should be covered are outlined and a structure you could follow is proposed. Detailed advice on how to edit the report is given. The document concludes with the marking criteria for this lab report. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Writing 3 1.2. Editing and formatting 3 1.3. Content of the introduction 4 2. Background and theory 4 3. Apparatus 4 4. Test 4 5. Experimental procedure 4 6. Results 5 7. Discussion 5 8. Conclusions 5 9. References 5 10. Appendix A: Marking criteria 6 Introduction Before starting to write a report, you should think about what is your audience. Am I writing for colleagues who want a lot of detail how it is done, or am I writing for my boss who just wants an executive summary as he has no time for details? In general, there is not a single type of audience and we have to make our writing suitable for the detailed read, as well as the fast perusal. To understand what is required from you in this report, please have a look at the marking criteria in the Appendix. 1 Writing To limit...
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...Gestational Diabetes Gestational Diabetes Gestational Diabetes 3/8/11 Gestational Diabetes Pathophysiology Gestational diabetes occurs because there is an increase in hormones such as estrogen and that leads to lower levels of glucose as well as many other things that lead to side effects of pregnancy. As the women progresses through her pregnancy, the glucose levels increase steadily and increase as the sensitivity of insulin is decreasing. As the placenta grows, more insulin is needed for the body to control blood glucose levels. Gestational diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce more insulin to control the glucose levels and the placenta is resistant to the insulin the body has. Cause Hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy cause pregnant women’s blood glucose levels to be higher. The placenta becomes insulin resistant and as the placenta grows, the body needs to produce more insulin in order to get glucose in the cells to be used effectively. In gestational diabetes, the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to control the glucose levels. Incidence Gestational diabetes is reported in 2-10 percent of pregnancies and 5 to 10 percent of women who have gestational diabetes are found to have type 2 diabetes. Women who have gestational diabetes are 35 to 60 percent more likely to develop type 2 diabetes in the 10-20 years following their pregnancy. Prognosis Most women with gestational diabetes are successful in controlling...
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...Name: Andrea Urbina Exercise 4: Endocrine System Physiology: Activity 1: Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly. 1. Which of the following statements about metabolism is false? You correctly answered: d. All of the energy from metabolism is ultimately stored in the chemical bonds of ATP. 2. Thyroxine is You correctly answered: c. the most important hormone for maintaining the metabolic rate and body temperature. 3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is You correctly answered: b. produced in the pituitary gland. 4. An injection of TSH to an otherwise normal animal will cause which of the following? You correctly answered: d. goiter development 5. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is You correctly answered: a. secreted by the hypothalamus. 6. Which of the following statements is true? You correctly answered: b. The hypothalamus primarily secretes tropic hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones. 10/11/14 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: Make a prediction about the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the remaining rats compared with the BMR of the normal rat you just measured. Your answer : c. The BMR of both remaining rats will be lower than the normal rat's BMR. Predict Question 2: What do you think will happen after you inject thyroxine into the three rats? Your answer : b. The thyroidectomized rat will become hyperthryoidic and develop a goiter...
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...NUTRITION 121 HUMAN NUTRITION LABORATORY BACKGROUND AND METHODS MODULE #1 BODY COMPOSITION Late Labs: 10 point deduction! A report submitted >1 week late, will receive 0 points for the lab!! Written and edited by: Karon Felten and Nutrition 121 TA’s With Special Thanks to: Chris Pritsos Ph.D. Nutrition Department Chairman ABSTRACT: In nutrition, there are many factors that influence an individual’s health and body weight, such as heredity, food selection, eating behaviors, and physical activity. Scale weight is not always a good indicator of body fat, lean mass, body water or overall health (1). This laboratory experience will give students the opportunity to conduct physical assessments by evaluating body weight and body composition. To determine body weight and body composition, techniques such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, wrist circumference for determining frame size, and a scale will be utilized. Students will also evaluate their own risk for cardiovascular disease and assess cardiovascular health in volunteers by measuring heart rate, filling out a heart disease risk score form, and estimating oxygen consumption and energy expenditure through a technique known as the Queens College Three-Minute Step Test. BACKGROUND: Your body is made up of the six essential nutrients: water, fat, protein, carbohydrates and various vitamins and minerals. Many factors can influence an individual’s...
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...NURSING CARE PLAN COURSE: Basic Adult Health CLIENT INITIALS: DATE OF ADMISSION: AGE: GENDER: JL June 13, 2011 85 M HT: WT: ALLERGIES: 140 lbs. NKA CODE STATUS: FULL RACE/ETHNICITY: CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS: Caucasian None RELIGION/SPIRITUAL CONSIDERATIONS: Unknown OCCUPATION/HOBBIES/RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES: Retired LIVING SITUATION/WITH WHOM: (home, assisted living, LTC, etc) Lives with daughter. SOCIAL HISTORY: (tobacco, ETOH, illicit drugs, family dynamics) Quit smoking many years ago, no history of ETOH or drug use. NURSING CARE PLAN ADMITTING MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS: Client's principal admitting diagnosis was leukocytosis. Definition: (from Taber’s) “An increase in the number of leukocytes (usually above 10,000/mm3) in the blood. It occurs most commonly in disease processes involving infection, inflammation, trauma, or stress, but it also can result from the use of some medications” (Venes, 2009, p. 1327). Etiology/pathophysiology: ( NOT from Taber’s or Wikipedia) Etiology: Causes of leukocytosis are infection, inflammation, tissue damage, immune reaction, bone marrow problems, medications, and stress (Drug Information Online, 2011). Pathophysiology: “Leukocytosis can be a reaction to various infectious, inflammatory, and, in certain instances, physiologic processes (eg, stress, exercise). This reaction is mediated by several molecules, which are released or regulated in response to stimulatory events that include growth or survival factors (eg, granulocyte...
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...Sweet Poison- Epidemic of the 21st Century! TEAM RISKY BUSINESS DEEPAK JOSHY JOBIN RAJ NEERAJA S RAVI TEJA POLINENI VIGNESH SANKAR J CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................1 2.0 OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................2 2.1 Decision Maker’s Problem: ....................................................................................................2 2.2 Market Research Problem: ....................................................................................................2 3.0 DESK RESEARCH .............................................................................................................................3 3.1 Purpose.....................................................................................................................................3 3.2 Procedure ................................................................................................................................5 3.3 Summary .................................................................................................................................5 4.0 RESEARCH DESIGN: ......................................................................................................................6 4.1 Exploratory Research ...............................................
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...In no more than 1-2 paragraphs discuss the major differences (controversies) between the new ACC/AHA’s Guidelines on the treatment of cholesterol and the “old” lipid guidelines known as ATP III (Adult treatment plan III). What are your thoughs on these changes? Lipid management over the last decade has been utilizing guidelines from the 3rd report of the National Cholesterol Education Program. In November 2013 new guidelines were established with controversy regarding some of the changes that were to be made. The 2013 AHA/ACC lipid guidelines provide a new method to the management of hyperlipidemia, which differs from the ATP-III guidelines. The new guidelines created differ in that it includes the change from treating target levels or lab tests to treatment based on risk level and intensity of statin therapy. They identified 4 groups that would likely benefit from statin therapy: * History of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) * LDL- cholesterol >190 mg/dl * Between 40-75 years of age with history of diabetes * Between 40-75 year of age and a 10-year ASVD Risk > 7.5% A second key difference is lack of LDL goals in order to monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol lowering medications. There were no recommendations made on follow up LDL testing, which differs from previous guidelines. The best way to accomplish the AHA/ACC recommended goals is to focus on decreasing cardiovascular disease events or ASCVD. Another major change to the guidelines...
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...ENGL101 6 May 2015 Type 2 Diabetes We are surrounded by bad health choices every day; sugar, fried foods, fast food, and carbohydrates in addition to overeating and sedentary lifestyles. As consumers we need to be more aware of the harm the foods we eat and the lifestyles we lead do to our bodies and health of our families. These choices can lead to a number of health complications, one of which being diabetes, one of the ten leading causes of death in America ("Leading Causes of Death."). Unfortunately the risk of diabetes is estimated to continue to rise, as of 2014 it was estimated that, at least, one out of three people will develop Type 2 diabetes in their lifetime ("2014 National Diabetes...
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...Desiree Foster WAM 7/18/2012 Today I will discuss a patient’s urinalysis report. She is a 43 year old African American woman. She was diagnosed and is being treated for depression. She also has a case of bilirubin and urobilinogen. To do a proper urinalysis we would have to conduct a clean catch sample. A clean catch sample is a urine-specimen that is a free of bacterial contamination as possible without the use of a catheter. The main purpose of this urine sample is to test the abnormities that may be present, such as bacteria, ketones or drugs. When this test is conducted we are looking for different things like color distortion, texture (cloudy, clear, and pale), smell and etc. When there is color distortion it can come from different foods eaten, drugs that were taken or even health problems. The types of colors can be a clear or helpful indictor of what is going on with you. I will give you some examples of color and the meaning of them and also give detail of our patient. Red urine indicates blood by hematuria and this is usually dark from the normal light color. Yellow can be caused by dehydration or also foods that are being taken. Orange can be caused by dehydration or jaundice which can make the bile show up in urine. Some fruits can cause this orange like color also; such as blackberries, beets, rhubarb and senna herbs. The best kind of urine a person wants to have is clear kind of pale color. This is a good indicator that a person is healthy. The clearer...
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...CLIA matter to patient? It matters to a patient because Laboratory tests have to be done properly and they have to be certified by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services. The accuracy of the Lab tests that are done could be life or death for the person they are doing them for. If the test is done wrong or the measurements off then it could affect the person for whom is being treated. These tests are being done for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Laboratory tests like blood sugar and H1C if done wrong can result in the patient getting a wrong dose of insulin or counting them as not being diabetic if they are and then if they go back to the lifestyle they had before the diabetes then they could possibly die. The CLIA also allows certain tests to be waived. These tests are waived by the CDC or the FDA are they are considered so simple that there is very little margin and risk for errors. There are some methods of testing for cholesterol and blood glucose that are waived at the same time as pregnancy tests, some urine tests and fecal occult blood tests. There have been about 40 tests approved for the certificate of waiver also known as a COW. Patients as well as person representatives of the patient, can request their lab results and reports...
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...is over the limits, fasting should be no more 126. HgbA1c is over limits and should be less than 6.5 or 7 the most. Her cholesterol demonstrates hyperlipidemia with low HDL. UA demonstrates glycosuria which represents a degree of damage in the kidneys. The lab result presented is not within normal range and patient is also at risk for heart disease. Methods for diagnosis First one can do a spot test using a fasting plasma glucose test and is found to be positive if it is greater than 126. Secondly, an order of two-hour glucose test known as oral glucose tolerance test greater than 200 is positive for diabetes. Lastly if the random glucose plasma level is tested and found to be greater than 200, with demonstrated symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, or polyphagia diabetes can be diagnosed. Functions of insulin Insulin is responsible for assisting the body in the storage of fat by taking lipids from blood into the cells. Additionally, it is responsible for the regulation of glucose by transporting glucose from the blood into the muscles, and liver. Insulin also aids in gluconeogenesis Type1 vs Type 2 DM Type 1 is known to be caused by the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells within the pancreas leading to diabetes. Type 2 is a progressive destruction of the beta cells due to increased glucose levels, leading to a decreased production of insulin over time. Type 1 diabetics require exogenous insulin. However, type 2 have some endogenous supply of insulin but may require...
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...that his father and paternal grandmother had developed diabetes. The other risk factor is obesity because B.Z. is 5’8” and 210lbs, which is very much over weight for his height. The pathophysiology of NIDDM, which is a non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and the body stops producing enough insulin for the body. The body does not have any ketones and occurs more frequently in people over the age of 30. The signs and symptoms of NIDDM are a delay in the secretion of insulin, it gets worse with age, Muscle and adipose tissue are most resistant, you will have high blood sugar levels, and the liver will initiate gluconeogenesis. The basic defect in this type of diabetes is genetics and obesity. 2. The significance of B.Z.’s report of Polydipsia and Polyuria are that the signs and symptoms are very similar to the signs and symptoms of diabetes. The 3 P’s in diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia. Polyuria is increased urine output. Polydipsia is increased thirst. Polyphagia is increased eating or hunger. The water is pulled intracellular causing dehydration. - The recent weight loss of B.Z. is due to the fluid in the osmolarity levels and the loss of body tissue. - Orthostatic Hypotention is an abnormal decrease in blood pressure when a person stands up. B.Z. has orthostatic hypotension because he is not getting enough blood flow to the brain. 3. Hyperosmotic hyperglycemic nonketotic coma is diabetes characterized by high blood levels of glucose but without...
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...Associate Level Material Medical Report This assignment is for you to create a screening tool for potential hires in your health care facility. As the health care administrator, you would want to ensure that your future employees have a strong understanding of medical reports and medical terminology. You are writing these reports for the applicants to read, interpret, and answer a set of questions you have developed. Refer to the samples of medical records reports on pages (142-144, 196, & 261-263) of the textbook. Each medical record should be completed and contain two questions you would ask of the potential hires. The following suggestions will help you get started: • Sometimes it is easier to start at the end. Think of the diagnosis the patient will receive. If you know what the end diagnosis will be, it makes it easy to know what symptoms, signs, and diagnostic methods would be used to achieve that diagnosis. • For the History of Present Illness, consider what questions the physician might ask the patient about his or her chief complaint and symptoms and then chart that in this section. This section serves as an account of what the patient would report, based on their symptoms. Remember, symptoms are subjective, in that they are conditions experienced by the patient, and are therefore included in the patient history. • For Past Medical History, document anything the patient may indicate in terms of past medical conditions that would be relevant...
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...Name Your Nursing Class # Instructor’s Name November 18, 2011 R.C. is a 42 year old Native-American male that presents to the ER today generally looking ill and, appears to be 10 years older than his stated age. He is dehydrated, and has had Type 1 diabetes, which was diagnosed ten years ago. He has been sick for the last 2 days; as stated by his wife, “I brought him in today (ER) because he is just not getting any better.” Mrs. C. also said that her husband has vomited, over the last 2 days. R.’s chief complaint (c/c) is abdominal pain, voiding frequently, and hasn’t been taking insulin due to nausea. Vital signs (RR) 32, and oxygen saturation (SAO2) 95%. He is alert & orientated (A&O) A&O x 1 (oriented only to person), and his mouth and mucous membranes are very dry. Doctor’s Orders: After seeing Mr. C. the doctor orders: CBC, Chem Panel, Electrolytes, UA with ketones, ABG, 12 lead EKG, and sliding scale insulin to be given IVP, oxygen at 2L/min per nasal cannula, and IV bolus of 500 cc/NS. After initiating a peripheral IV catheter, blood samples are drawn for labs and the nurse administers the 500 cc/NS and rechecked VS: Temperature (T) 100.3, P-106, BP-92/56, and RR-28. Labs The labs return with blood glucose of 625, K+5.3, bicarb (HCO3) 8 mEq/l, large amounts of ketones in urine and serum. ABG of pH-7.19, PO2-89, CO2-25, and HCO3-15. EKG The EKG is noted for tented T waves. Based off above initial findings, R. has hallmark signs...
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