...was the basis for Kodak’s success in analog or film photography, and why was it able to maintain its leadership position for so long? In 1884, Kodak roll of film was launched. This was the future innovative product in film business in that era. The first Kodak camera was introduced in 1888. The company distinguished itself and advertised products with the slogan “You press the button, we do the rest.” Kodak focused on customer needs by developing convenient-to-use products. For mass production strategy, the company sold its products by using a razor-blade strategy: low-price camera, but high-profit of film repurchase and having the strong relationship with retailers for selling products and printing photos with Kodak paper. This meant that the company offered customers with complete range of service from photo capturing to photo finishing, resulting in customers’ preference for Kodak rather than higher-quality products from competitors. In order to increase the growth, Kodak also continuously did the research. The company invested in R&D for color film and new cameras to medical imaging and graphic arts. As the result, this technological strength prevented the entry of competitors in the market. Kodak had the largest market share in film market and camera sales by 1976 before the digital era. 2. What are the key ways in which the structure of digital imaging is different from analog or film photography? In photography industry, I would like to divide into 3 processes: image...
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...Module 1: Digital Photography Critical Analysis Digital Photography 1. Introduction A sailor planting a wet one on a nurse, Man walking on the moon, a student standing up to a line of tanks, and the horrifying moment a plane crashed into a skyscraper. Figure 1 –"V-J Day, Times Square, 1945", a.k.a. "The Kiss" “Man on the Moon, Apollo 11, 1969” "Tiananmen Square, China, 1989" “9/11 Attacks, New York City, 2001” All of these iconic images from history would be nothing but memories without the invention of photography. The power of photography has allowed us to see distant places, events before our lifetime, people from foreign lands and tragedies including war; all through the view of a lens. In just under 200 years, photography has transformed the world we live in enabling us to see not only beyond the boundaries of time and location but also beyond the range of human vision through macro, infrared and high-speed photography. Figure 2 – High Speed Photography, Bullet shot through an apple 1 Module 1: Digital Photography Critical Analysis Photography has changed a lot since its inception, what once was a painstakingly slow process involving specialized equipment and chemicals has become a revolutionary digital medium accessible by virtually anyone. 2. A Brief History of Cameras While the founding ideas behind what would become photography date back as far as the ancient Romans, the real history of cameras starts in the 17th century. Photography’s...
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...Abstract Eastman Kodak Company and Fujifilm are competing corporations in the photography supply and equipment industry. When the industry changed both companies were impacted, but due to very unique management styles and ability to adapt to change one Fujifilm excelled while Kodak faltered and eventually declared Chapter 11 Bankruptcy in 2012. History of Kodak George Eastman founded Kodak, in 1888. The company’s early success was based on the new technology for cameras. The camera simplified the photo taking process (Williams, C. 2013) Kodak’s main focus was photography and imaging. They had an array of products that ranged from photography equipment, film, paper and color chemicals. In the1980’s, Kodak’s market share reached 90%. This was a very special moment in the company’s history. Kodak developed the first concept of the digital camera in 1975. Their executives could not imagine the world without traditional film; unfortunately, the idea was dropped because they feared it would threaten the company’s film business (Snyder, 2013). Digital cameras would become common; the technology started to spread and film sales dropped considerably at the late 1990’s. Kodak made a slow transition to digital technology. Unfortunately, their competitors adapted to change. This lead to Kodak’s loss of market shares both in the United States and worldwide. The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. After one year of continuous battle to keep the company “alive”, the...
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...Kodak and the Digital Revolution [pic] [pic][pic]Brief Overview: Kodak is a multinational American corporation which has become a household name most known for its film products. The company has come face to face with many changes due to the digital revolution which has created a rapid changing photography industry. George Eastman began Kodak in 1880 and introduced the first Kodak camera in 1888 coining the slogan “you press the button, we do the rest.” Eastman held a high standard for the company when it came to competition however with many managerial and product line changes, Kodak has slowly fallen behind in the industry. The company has experienced many shortcomings with the most recent trend of digital photography. According to Exhibit 7, from 1998-2002 Kodak was 2nd to Sony in the U.S. for the percent of units sold. The company is now considering layoffs as market share, film sales, and company revenues are down. Problems: § The company is faced with multiple managerial problems. First, the company lacked fresh blood in its management team. All of its CEO’s primarily came from the manufacturing jobs within its own company. This hurt the company overall and put a damper on keeping up with technological changes and competition as “Kodak avoided anything risky or innovative.” Second, when the company finally did add new blood to its management team things still didn’t look up. CEO Kay Whitmore was added in 1990 and changed the focus to “film based technology” such...
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...16 - 2007 at 12:59 (GMT+4) Marketing Myopia – The Converging World You may be familiar with Theodore Levitt's classic paper - 'Marketing Myopia'. It called on marketers to redefine their competition and alerted them not to have a narrow short term view of their market. It spoke about how firms lost hold of markets because they were product-focused rather than customer-focused. The paper can be found at the Harvard Business Online site if readers want to download the original article. To quote: 'The railroads did not stop growing because the need for passenger and freight transportation declined. That grew. The railroads are in trouble today not so much because that need was filled by others (cars, trucks, airplanes, and even telephones), but because it was not filled by the railroads themselves. They let others take customers away from them because they assumed themselves to be in the railroad business rather than in the transportation business. The reason they defined their industry incorrectly was that they were railroad oriented instead of transportation oriented; they were product oriented instead of customer oriented.' Levitt's paper and the same principles still hold great relevance for present day businesses. From a client and market research consultancy perspective these are still amongst the key questions we are asking today. In market research if we define the competitive framework too narrowly our clients miss the big picture. Consumers are led by how their needs...
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...invented and started producing his next evolution of dry plates by evolving his design from using a gelatin coating, to using an emulsion coating. The business evolved from a partnership to a $200,000 corporation with 14 shareholders in 1884. At that same time, the company name was changed to EASTMAN Negative Paper. The next evolutionary step for the company was one year later in 1885. This is when the first transparent photographic film came to market. With this groundbreaking and revolutionary product, EASTMAN Negative Paper opened a wholesale office in London England. The next few years were so good at EASTMAN Negative Paper that they were able to employ a full-time research scientist to help the company in the commercialization of a flexible, transparent film. A few years later in 1888 the name Kodak was born and they adopted and marketed the slogan “You press the button – we do the rest”. The next years for Kodak were filled with the growth of their film product and the cameras that used the film, while they developed many new products for the photography industry they always stayed true to their core business of producing film and cameras. That is until the digital camera killed the film industry. The History and Core Business of Fujifilm In 1934, Fuji Photo Film Co. LTD was established because of a Japanese government plan to create a domestic film manufacturing industry. The...
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...their current market positions. Kodak Eastman Kodak was started in 1888 when the first Kodak camera introduced and was available for sale to the public. The company was started by George Eastman in Rochester, NY, when Eastman was in his mid-twenties. George Eastman grew up poor and was a high school dropout, but that did not stop him from making money and supporting his widowed mother and two sisters by the time he was 14 years old (History of, 2013). When Eastman was 24 years old, he had planned a trip to Santo Domingo, and had an idea to record the trip. Eastman purchased a large, heavy camera that was as big as a microwave (History of, 2013). Eastman never made the trip to Santo Domingo, but he did become obsessed with photography, and how he could make it simpler to understand. Before Eastman Kodak was formed, George Eastman had started a company, making dry photographic plates, which later lead to the idea of a convenient, simple to use camera that would become known as the Kodak. After the Kodak camera was introduced in 1888, the young company quickly grew. Eastman was big on advertising in newspapers, and periodicals, and he even made up his own phrase for the company, “You press the button, we do the rest” (History of, 2013). By 1897, Eastman Kodak was being advertised all over the world and would eventually become a major corporation. In 2012, Eastman Kodak filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy,...
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...products a single brillant idea blossomed; pictures. George Eastman, an American inventor and philanthropist in the 1880‘s with a passion for photography had a dream.1 At the time photography was a very rare past time that only professionals had the knowledge and equipment to partake in. Eastman’s vision was to provide photography for the everyday consumer at low cost. Eastman accomplished this by starting the Eastman Dry Plate Company, which was a global leader in mass producing dry plates for many years. Within four years of of the commencement of research, negative paper was introduced and would be used for the next century. Film became so efficient and cheap, Eastman invented the first commercial camera called the “Kodak” which revolutionized the “point and shoot” concept as the world know its today. 1 The Kodak camera was so popular that Eastman decided to integrated Kodak into the company name. The newly founded and named Eastman Kodak Company in 1892 became so big they had to expand their facilities to New Jersey for access to new trade routes. This was the beginning of Kodak and the start of photography. Kodak’s history is mainly responsible for making the Kodak name what it is today. The initial products invented by Kodak like the camera and film opened doors and provided a foundation for innovation and success in the photography and developing industry. Furthermore, Kodak’s business model, although a failure, taught the world of business how to run a business. In today’s...
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...photographic film market with a 90% share in the United States. However, the company failed to compete effectively with the advent of digital photography in the 90's and its finances started deteriorating. In January 2012, Kodak filed for bankruptcy and is the process of winding down its assets. Organizational Birth Kodak was setup by George Eastman in 1889 and followed the strategy of selling photographic equipment at affordable prices while making margins of photograph development equipment, the film, chemical and photo paper. In the initial lifecycle, it was the leader in developing innovative line-up of cameras. In the run-up till the end of the 2oth Century, Kodak became a name synonymous with innovation, and in general, photography. The phrase 'Kodak Moment' became widely used in the public domain and became associated with capturing the precious moments that the era of photography had come to innovate. Mission Statement Kodak stood for innovation in digital cameras making them affordable to buy for the common public. It innovated its equipment and made its profit from selling photograph developing materials. Survival strategies Initially Kodak manufactured everything in-house. However, in the light on new realities, the firm shut down its factories and 27000 jobs as it outsourced manufacturing The firm started investing heavily in digital technologies and innovations to boost the profit margins. It tried to protect itself by getting involved heavily in patent litigation...
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...Digital Camera Market Overview Kevin Tillmann Senior Research Analyst Chris Ely Manager, Industry Analysis Overall U.S. CE Industry Growth Total U.S. CE Shipments Factory to U.S. Dealer Shipment Revenues (millions) Revenue in $ Billions $169.1 $181.5 $169.8 $181.0 $195.2 $202.4 Growth: 7.3% -6.4% 6.6% 7.9% 3.7% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011e 2012p 2 Source: CEA, U.S. CE Sales and Forecasts, January 2012 Copyright © 2012 Consumer Electronics Association Personal Spending on Consumer Electronics Average Annual Consumer Spend All Adults Male Female $552 $693 $410 $513 $722 $765 $613 $351 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ Early Adopters Mid Adopters Late Adopters $914 $784 $402 Source: CEA, CE Ownership and Market Potential study (2012) Base: U.S. adults Annual Household Spending on CE Nothing/Don't know $1,000 or less $1,001-$2,000 $2,001-$5,000 $5,000 + 4% 5% 20% 20% 53% 46% 13% 15% 10% 15% Average Annual Household Spend: 2011: $1,179 2012: $961 Source: CEA, CE Ownership and Market Potential study (2012) Base: U.S. adults 4 Top CE Purchases Planned for 2012 Rank 1 2 Overall Households Smartphone HDTV 22% 17% Small Spenders ($2,000/year) Smartphone Tablet computer Notebook or laptop computer Speakers for MP3 player or iPod© Hands free car kit HDTV Digital camera iPod© car connect kit TV with a screen 40+ in External hard drive 38% 34% 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Digital...
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...9-705-448 REV: NOVEMBER 2, 2005 GIOVANNI GAVETTI REBECCA HENDERSON SIMONA GIORGI Kodak and the Digital Revolution (A) In February 2003, Daniel A. Carp, Kodak’s CEO and chairman, reviewed 2002 sales data with Kodak’s senior executives. Film sales had dropped 5% from 2001 and revenues were down 3%. 2003 did not look any brighter: Carp expected revenues to grow only slightly and net income to remain flat or decrease (see exhibit 1 for information on Kodak’s financial performance and exhibits 2 and 3 for information on sales of cameras and film rolls in the United States). The film industry was “under pressure unlike ever before.” Carp predicted a “fairly long downturn”1 for traditional photography sales as consumers turned to digital cameras, which did not require film. Kodak was moving more of its manufacturing to China, where it could boost film sales, and was planning to slash 2,200 jobs, or 3% of its work force, especially in the photo-finishing business. Carp had received a master’s in business from MIT. He had begun his career at Kodak in 1970 as a statistical analyst. Since then, he had held a variety of positions at Kodak. In 1997, he became president and COO, and was appointed CEO on January 1, 2000. He believed Kodak’s current struggle was one of the toughest it had faced. How could he use digital imaging to revitalize Kodak? Kodak, 1880-1983: A brief history In 1880, George Eastman invented and patented a dry-plate formula and a machine for preparing large...
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... Kodak and Fujifilm are both well-known companies in the households of the United States and across the world. These two companies are each other’s main competition in the film market. They have been competing with each other for years. George Eastman, who was the founder of Kodak, was a lover of the photo taking procedure and wanted to simplify the photography process. Eastman established the Kodak Company in 1880. The Kodak Company was built on four basic principles: mass production at low cost, international distribution, widespread advertising, and customer focus. Years later, he was able to add the following policies: growth and development through continuing research, human resources, and a profit reinvestment program. Mr. Eastman knew that he had to make the photo process easy for amateur photographers. The Kodak camera debuted in 1888. The slogan “you press the button, we do the rest” was born. Kodak made the process of taking and developing pictures easy and accessible to nearly everyone. Kodak has led the way with a abundance of new products and processes that makes photography simpler, more useful and enjoyable. Kodak is not just known to be the film for amateurs, many professionals use Kodak film for commercial, leisure, and entertainment purposes. The Kodak Company is continually researching the needs of the consumer to improve their products. The Kodak Company brand is a premier global corporation and is recognized in virtually...
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...Digital imaging research paper Mackenzie omeara Digital imaging is the creation of photographic images such as of a physical scene or of the interior structure of an object. The term is often assumed to imply or include the processing, compression, storage, printing, and display of images. Digital imaging can be classified by the type of electromagnetic radiation or other waves whose variable attenuation, as they pass through or reflect off objects, conveys the information that constitutes the image. In all classes of digital imaging, the information is converted by image sensors into digital signals that are processed by a computer and made output as a visible-light image. For example, the medium of visible light allows digital photography with various...
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...George Eastman in 1888. The company’s early success was based on the launch of its revolutionary camera which simplified the photo taking process (Kodak, n.d.). Kodak’s main focus was photography and imaging, and its products ranged from photography equipment to film, paper and color chemicals. By the 1980’s, Kodak’s market share reached an amazing 90%. Although they developed the basic technology for digital cameras in 1975, the idea was dropped due to fear that it would threaten the company’s film business (Williams, 2013). Because Kodak executives could not imagine the world without traditional film, they failed to realize how fast digital cameras would become common; the technology started to spread and film sales dropped considerably at the late 1990’s. The slow transition to digital technology, denial of the declining film usage, and competition from other companies eventually lead to Kodak’s loss of market share both in the United States and worldwide, placing Kodak at a 7th position. In January 2012, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, and a year later the Court approved financing for them. Kodak sold many of its patents to a group of companies such as Apple, Google, Microsoft, and others. Fujifilm, a Japanese company, was founded in 1934. They also focused on photography and imaging. The company soon ruled the Japanese market, which was ranked second after the United States in film usage. Eventually, the company entered the global and American market...
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...Cost V. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT * Management Expertise / Technical Knowledge * Company Policy * Manpower * Position/Function * Salaries VI. FINANCIAL ASPECT * Total Project Cost / Financing Requirement * Form of Equity * Sources of Equity * Other Source of Income * Financial Projections VII. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT * Effect on the Community * Employment I. Executive Summary R.A Photo Graphics is a total solution provider for digital photography, graphic design and digital printing related services and products such as photo printing, tarpaulin banners printing, vinyl stickers, personalized gift items printing, business forms, school projects, documents marketing materials, Photography coverage, and photo booth rental for events such as Weddings, Birthdays, Corporate Events, Reunions, Trade Shows, School Proms, Graduations and Holiday Parties. The name R.A Photo Graphics represents "Roderick Austria Photography and...
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