The

DO s

Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, 1828 –1917

THE

DOS
OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE IN AMERICA
Second Edition

NORMAN GEVITZ

The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore & London

© 1982, 2004 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2004 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 246897531 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gevitz, Norman. The DOs : osteopathic medicine in America / Norman Gevitz.–2nd ed. p. ; cm. Rev ed. of: The D.O.’s. c1982 Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8018-7833-0 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8018-7834-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Osteopathic medicine—United States—History. [DNLM: 1. Osteopathic Medicine—history—United States. WB 940 G396d 2004] I. Gevitz, Norman. D.O.’s. II. Title. RZ325.U6G48 2004 615.5′33′0973—dc21 2003012874 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Frontispiece courtesy of the Still National Osteopathic Museum, Kirksville, Missouri.

For Kathryn Gevitz

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CONTENTS

Preface & Acknowledgments ix
Chapter 1

Andrew Taylor Still THE MISSOURI MECCA IN THE FIELD 39

1 22

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

STRUCTURE & FUNCTION EXPANDING THE SCOPE

54 69 85

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

THE PUSH FOR HIGHER STANDARDS A QUESTION OF IDENTITY The California Merger 101 115 135

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

REAFFIRMATION & EXPANSION In a Sea of Change 155

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

THE CHALLENGE OF DISTINCTIVENESS

171

Notes 193 Index 237

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PREFACE & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I

first became aware of the existence of the osteopathic medical profession during the summer of 1974. I was meeting my friend David,