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Eksamensspørgsmål matematik B 2.b
2014


1. Trigonometri
Gør rede for definitionen af sinus, cosinus og tangens.

Enhedscirklen:

Som I kan se på enhedscirklen har vi en radius på 1 og som er et centrum I et koordinatsystems begyndelsessystem. Vi har sat en vinkel v med det ene ben ud af x-aksen. Punktet R (tan(v)) hvor vinklens andet ben skærer cirklen, kalder vi vinklens retningspunkt. Dette første punkts førstekoordinat kaldes cos (v) og andenkoordinaten kaldes sin (v). Det betyder altså at R= (cos v, sin v).
Der hvor punktet sin (v) står, skrives der også 0,6 og hvor punktet cos (v) står, skriver vi også 0,8. Altså man kan ved hjælp af enhedscirklen aflæse cosinus og sinus til en vinkel og der hvor vi har punktet R, kalder vi også tan (v).

Bevis sinusrelationen og formlen for arealet af en vilkårlig trekant:

Formlen for arealet af en vilkårlig trekant 3.1:
Jeg beviser nu arealet af en vilkårlig trekant 3.1:
Generelt: Arealet T af en vilkårlig trekant er:
T=12absinC
-------------------------------------------------
Fordi at a og b er de hosliggende sider til vinkel C. Og tilsvarende gælder det at
-------------------------------------------------
T=12bc sinA og T=12ac sinB
Beviset:

På disse to figurer har jeg tegnet højden ha fra vinkel spidsen A. Højden falder inden for trekanten, hvis den er spidsvinklet. Hvis vinklen til B er stump falder den udenfor. Vi kalder altså højdens fodpunkt for D.
Da vi ved at trekantens areal er givet ved formlen:
T=12ha a
Vi finder nu altså højden ha ved at regne på ⊿ADC. Trekanten er retvinklet og derfor gælder
Sin C=hab
Jeg har gangen med b på begge sider og den er derfor gået ud på den ene side og derfor har vi fået: ha=b*sinC Vi sætter det ind i T=12haa, og derfor
T=12acsinC
Jeg har nu bevist det og de to andre formler bevises på tilsvarende måde.
Sinusrelationen bruger vi til at beregne sider og vinkler i vilkårlige trekanter og nu vil jeg bevise sinusrelationen:
Sinusrelationerne sætning 3.3:
Helt general gælder det I en vilkårlig trekant ABC at: asinA=bsinB=csinC Forholdet mellem længden af en side og sinus til dens modstående vinkel er det samme for alle sider I trekanter.

Man kan beregne trekantens areal på to forskellige måder. Hvis man tager udgangspunkt I ∠A, får man arealet T=12 bcsinA. Hvis man tager udgangspunkt I vinklen B, altså ∠B, får man T=12 acsinB. En trekant har kun et areal:
Vi starter med at sætte dem op imod hinanden,
12 bcsinA=12 acsinB.
Derefter går 12 og 12 ud med hinanden og vi får nu, bc sin A = ac sin B
Derefter går c, ud med hinanden og vi får derfor, b sin A = a sin B
Vi dividerer nu med sin B på begge sider for at a, skal stå alene og vi får, derfor bsinAsinB=a Vi vil gerne have at sin A, skal stå på den anden side, så vi dividere med sin A på begge sider dvs: bsinB=asinA Jeg har nu bevist den første af de tre ligninger I sinusrelationerne. Tilsvarende gør man det samme ud fra T= 12 acsinB og T=12 absinC.

2. Trigonometri
Gør rede for definitionen af sinus, cosinus og tangens. Bevis cosinusrelationen.
Enhedscirklen:

Som I kan se på enhedscirklen har vi en radius på 1 og som er et centrum I et koordinatsystems begyndelsessystem. Vi har sat en vinkel v med det ene ben ud af x-aksen. Punktet R (tan(v)) hvor vinklens andet ben skærer cirklen, kalder vi vinklens retningspunkt. Dette første punkts førstekoordinat kaldes cos (v) og andenkoordinaten kaldes sin (v). Det betyder altså at R= (cos v, sin v).
Der hvor punktet sin (v) står, skrives der også 0,6 og hvor punktet cos (v) står, skriver vi også 0,8. Altså man kan ved hjælp af enhedscirklen aflæse cosinus og sinus til en vinkel og der hvor vi har punktet R, kalder vi også tan (v).

Bevis for cosinusrelationen (sætning 3.5):
Generelt: I en vilkårlig trekant gælder der at: c2=a2+b2-2ab cos C

Normalt kaldes sætningen for ”Den udvidede pythagoræiske lærersætning”, da den minder om pythagoras sætningen ”a2+b2=c2" fordi at den har fået et ekstra led, da vinkel C ikke er ret . Sætningen ovenfor handler og siden c og den modstående vinkel C, de to andre sider indgår også i formlen, altså side a og b.
Tilsvarende har vi også
-------------------------------------------------
b2=a2+c2-2ac cos B og a2=b2+c2-2bc cos A. Hvor man altså snakker om siden b og den modstående vinkel b og siden a og vinklen A for at finde de forskellige sider.
Selve beviset:

I (trekanten) ⊿ABC regner vi højden ha fra A og kalder dens fodpunkt for D. Vi kalder stykket DC for x. Stykke BD, kaldes for a-x. På ΔABD bruger vi Pythagoras:

Pythagoras' sætning anvendt på ABD:
(a-x)2+ha 2=c2
Vi ganger parantesen ind dvs: a2+x2-2ax+ha 2=c2
Da ha 2 ikke indgår I cosinusrelationen vil vi gerne af med den. Når Pythagoras bliver anvendt på ΔADC får vi, x2+ha 2=b2
Vi omformulerer den ved at rykke x2på den anden side og får derfor, ha 2 =b2-x2
Vi sætter nu b2-x2 ind i formlen i stedet for ha 2:

a2-2ax+x2+b2-x2=c2

x2 går ud med hinanden og vi får derfor:

a2+b2-2ax=c2
Størrelsen x indgår heller ikke i cosinusrelationerne, derfor får vi den væk ved at bruge cosinus til ∠C i den retvinklede trekant ∆ADC:
Cos C=xb
Vi isolere x ved at gange med b på begge sider og får derfor x=b*cosC. Vi indsætter det ind i a2+b2-2ax=c2 og får derfor: a2+b2-2abcosC=c2 Derfor er sætningen bevist, når ∠C er en spidsvinkel.

3. Polynomier
Gør rede for andengradspolynomiets rødder og graf.
Bevis at antallet af rødder i et andengradspolynomium er bestemt af fortegnet for diskriminanten.
En andengradspolynomie er en funktion af typen: ax2+bx+c=0, a≠0

Grafen for en andengradspolynomien er en parabel. Det generelle udtryk er ax2+bx+c. Alt efter hvordan grafen er placeret ved vi om der er 0 - 1 eller 2 rødder. En andengradspolynomie har højst 2 rødder. Konstanterne a, b og c er bestemte tal, der kaldes ligningens koefficienter og x er ligningens ubekendte størrelse. Hvis konstanten a er nul, giver første led . ax2 nul, og i så fald er der ikke tale om en anden gradsligning, men en førstegradsligning.
Ved at løse ligningen x2+bx+c=0 finder man andengradspolynomiens rødder og nulpunkter. Det vil sige x-værdierne for parablens skæringspunkter med x-aksen. Antallet af rødder afhænger af diskriminanten, formlen d=b2-4ac. a-konstanten fortæller om hældningen, jo større a værdien, desto stejlere ville parabelen være. Hvis a er positiv vender grafen nedad(Sur), hvis a er negativ, vender grafen opad(glad) b-konstanten er tangent hældingen, dette vil sige om grafen er voksende eller aftagende når den skære y-aksen, Hvis grafen vender opad, der hvor parablen skære y-aksen er b-værdien positiv. (b0=voksende, b0 = aftagende, b=0 = toppunkt der hvor den skærer y-aksen.)
Hvis grafen vender nedad der hvor parablen skærer y-aksen er b-værdien negativ c-konstanten c er en parabels skæring med y-aksen d-konstanten = diskriminanten.
Diskriminanten kan deles op i tre dele:
Den kan enten være større end 0:

Mindre end 0:

Lig med 0:
Bevis for sætning 4.2. Andengradsligning: ax2+bx+c=0 Her ganger vi med 4a på begge sider
4a2x2+4abx+4ac=0
Jeg lægger b2-4ac til på begge sidder
4a2x2+4abx+b2=b2-4ac
derefter sætter jeg b2-4ac=d
4a2x2+4abx+b2=d
Her har vi brugt kvadratsætning 1
2ax+b2=d
Dette vil sige at 2ax+b2 er det samme som 4a2x2+4abx+b2
Vi nåede frem til at ligningen 2ax+b2=d som er typen y2=d, altså en kvadratisk ligning. Da diskriminanten kan være forskellige værdier, afhænger det af hvad a,b og c er. Derfor må vi dele det op i tre dele efter d’s fortegn: d0
1 tilfælde, d0:
En kvadratisk ligning y2=d har altid to løsninger y=±√d når d>0, derfor får vi 2ax+b=±√d
Ved at flytte b over på den anden side og dividere med 2a får vi
-b±d2a
Andengradsligningen har derfor to løsninger i dette tilfæde.

4. Polynomier
Gør rede for andengradspolynomiets graf og rødder.
Gennemfør beviset for andengradspolynomiets toppunkt. Omtal polynomier af flere grader.
Gør rede for andengradspolynomiets graf og rødder.

5. Funktioner
Gør rede for den eksponentielle vækstmodel = ∙ !.
Gennemfør beviset for bestemmelse af konstanterne a og b ud fra to punkter. Du skal komme ind på begrebet ”eksponentiel regression”

6. Funktioner
Gør rede for den eksponentielle vækstmodel = ∙ !. Du skal komme ind på fordoblings- og halveringskonstant. Bevis formlen for fordoblingskonstanten.

7. Funktioner
Gør rede for den lineære vækstmodel ( = + .
Gennemfør beviset for bestemmelse af konstanten a ud fra to punkter. Forklar hvordan b bestemmes ud fra to punkter.
Forskriften for lineær sammenhæng der knytter variabler sammen er ofte x og y. X er uafhængig imens y er afhængig. Regneforskriften bruges til behandling af vækstsammenhæng, for en x-værdi skal der være en y-værdi.
Forskriften: Y=ax+b. Ved en lineær sammenhæng forstås, det at en sammenhæng hvor grafen er en ret linje. a er grafens hældning, a kaldes hældnings koefficient, imens b kaldes for konstantled som også er skæringen i y aksen. a forstås som at y vokser, hver gang x vokser med 1 altså y vokser med a, når x vokser med 1.
Her gælder følgende:

0,b a > 0 er voksende a < 0 er aftagende a = 0 er konstant b ≠ monotont voksende b = 0

10. Differentialregning
Gør rede for begrebet differentialkvotient.
Udled differentialkvotienten for ( = ^2.
Kom ind på nogle regneregler for differentialregning.

11. Differentialregning
Gør rede for begrebet differentiabel funktion.
Gør rede for tangenten til grafen for en differentiabel funktion. Udled differentialkvotienten for ( = og ( = .
11.

13. Differentialregning
Gør rede for sammenhængen mellem '() og monotoniforholdende for f. Giv et konkret eksempel på optimering, gerne fra dit projekt om bryggeriet.
Sammenhængen mellem monotoniforhold og ekstrema og '().

Vores mål er at finde en sammenhæng mellem funktionens monotoniforhold og den afledede funktion f´(x).
Monotoniforholdene for en funktion beskriver, i hvilke intervaller funktionen er voksende, aftagende eller konstant. Når formuleringen 'bestem monotoniforhold for f(x)' anvendes, er det underforstået, at der kræves bestemmelse af f '(x), løsning af ligningen f '(x) = 0 samt enten fortegn for f '(x) eller en begrundelse af monotoniforhold med en henvisning til grafen for f(x). Bestemmelse af en funktions monotoniforhold skal afsluttes med en angivelse af funktionens monotoniintervaller.

Når du finder f '(x) finder du altså tangent hældningen, ved at du har differentieret funktionen. Med monotoniforhold kan du dermed se monotoniintervallerne for de forskellige punkter.
I de to intervaller, hvor f er voksende er f '(x) > 0, og i intervallet, hvor f er aftagene er f '(x)

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