...behavioral changes. Shipman argues that toolmaking, language development, and domestication provides evidence that a connection existed between animals and our early ancestors (2011:15). Evidence for her hypothesis is staggering, and yet sometimes it includes a bit of guesswork. The best evidence one can witness for the validity of her hypothesis is in the modern era. In the United States alone, there are 69 million pet owners and in 2007 owners spent $41 billion on their pets (2011: 271). Clearly humans are connected with animals, and this connection must have developed through a long evolutionary process. As Shipman points out, “no other animal species regularly initiates long-term nurturing relationships with individuals of another species” (2011: 12). Clearly Homo sapiens are unique. But I would argue that this uniqueness is limited. Our early ancestors have given us a long lasting connection with animals, but this connection is selective. In other words we are emotionally or economically connected with only the few species of animals that our ancestors deemed necessary enough to get along with. Today animals that are deemed to have no intrinsic face value to our modern society are being neglected. Shipman paints a pretty picture about our modern day connection with animals, saying how a number of people choose to live in daily association with animals, and how pet owners receive companionship, health benefits, and unconditional love from these animals (2011: 270-273). Granted, she...
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...Guns, Germs and Steel Page 1 GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL: The Fates of Human Societies By Jared Diamond, 1997 About the Author: Jared Diamond is a professor of physiology at UCLA School of Medicine. He is a recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship and was awarded a 1999 National Medal of Science. He is also the author of The Third Chimpanzee. SUMMARY The book asks and attempts to answer the question, once humankind spread throughout the world, why did different populations in different locations have such different histories? The modern world has been shaped by conquest, epidemics, and genocide, the ingredients of which arose first in Eurasia. The book’s premise is that those ingredients required the development of agriculture. Agriculture also arose first in Eurasia, not because Eurasians were superior in any way to people of other continents, but because of a unique combination of naturally occurring advantages, including more and more suitable wild crops and animals to domesticate, a larger land mass with fewer barriers to the spread of people, crops, and technology, and an east-west axis which meant that climate was similar across the region. The book is well written and contains not only information about the history of cultures around the world, but excellent descriptions of the scientific methodologies used to study them, from how archeologists study the origin of agriculture to how writing evolved to how linguistics can trace the movements of peoples across huge geographic...
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...Name: __________________________ World History Unit Two: Global Inequality [pic] An Overview of Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Steel Why do some nations have so much material wealth while so many others have so little? This was the question Jared Diamond posed in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel. After identifying a point in time when all societies were roughly equal (over 13,000 years ago), Diamond identified the key variables that allowed some societies to develop highly complex, material-rich societies, while others developed at much slower rates. Guns, Germs, and Steel uncovers how Europeans came to dominate every other group on the planet by virtue of their access to what Diamond terms the “Agents of Conquest”: Guns, Germs, and Steel. Jared Diamond’s journey of discovery began on the island of Papua, New Guinea. There, in 1974, a local named Yali asked Diamond a deceptively simple question: "Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo (material goods), but we black people had little cargo (material goods) of our own?" Diamond realized that Yali's question penetrated the heart of a great mystery of human history -- the roots of global inequality. Why were Europeans the ones with all the cargo? Why had they taken over so much of the world, instead of the native people of New Guinea? How did Europeans end up with what Diamond terms the Agents of Conquest: Guns, Germs and Steel...
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...That affected the development in that animals produce graze, milk, hide and meat, and without all that, it's hard for a civilization to develop. The requirements for domestication are, the animal must be at least, one hundred pounds, they must produce milk, hide, and meat. Not all animals could be domesticated by the reason of, some didn’t one hundred pounds, and not all animals produce milk, hide, and meat. Domesticated animals benefit a civilization in view of, they produce graze, which helps crops grow. When someone is a hunter-gatherer, they’re less likely to get what the food they need from the animal when it kills it to eat it, sometimes the hunter-gatherer didn’t even get food. When there were domesticated animals, the civilization used them to get milk, meat, hide and graze from them so they can survive. In Papua New Guinea, they don't have domesticated animals because of their climate there, the only animal they have to help them farm their crops is the pig. In the Fertile Crescent they have thirteen domesticated animals, making...
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...It is suggested that dog domestication occurred in Eastern China, south of the Yangtze river around 16,00 years ago (Derr). Throughout history dogs have played an important and =beneficial role in accompanying humans in various forms of practical utilities such as, sheep dogs, hunting dogs, and even serving as livestock. Most of these jobs for dogs are still used to this day even after thousands of years, however in the modern day many new doors have opened for our canine companions, giving them new opportunities to play a bigger and more significant part in society. Some of these circumstances include help in science and research technology, military and security, as well as some therapeutic aspects such as service and comfort dogs. Although...
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...Treadwell History B1 Spring 2013 Civilization is defined as; an advanced state of cultural and material development in human society, marked by political and social complexity and progress in the arts and sciences. This wasn’t achieved easily, nor was it an ever-progressing movement. More so it was the product of several trial and error advancements in various fields of human endeavor. The starting point for all this advancement is known as the Neolithic Revolution, also referred to as the agricultural revolution. This was the shift from a nomadic hunter-gatherer culture to a more settled agricultural lifestyle. The domestication of plants and animals was a major turning point in mankind’s evolution, but it took more than a millennia to transform from nomads to agrarians. Archeological data indicates that several different forms of plant and animal domestication evolved in separate locations worldwide. “The earliest Neolithic societies appeared in the Middle East about 8000 B.C.E., in China about 4000 B.C.E., and in India about 3600 B.C.E.” The first farming was largely grain based in fertile river-valleys with adequate climate and natural resources to sustain farming. Over time man began developing the where-with-all to change his surrounding environment to suit his needs even further. Certain crops were grown in areas according to availability geographically and ease of production rather than chosen by preference. Not all attempts were successes; some crops were abandoned...
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...The Tamer’s Tactics Some people are wild, some people are calmed, some people are extroverted, and some are shy. Others believe some people have control, while others need to be tamed. In Shakespeare’s play The Taming of the Shrew, a man named Petrucchio, is determined to tame a young lady named Katherine. He believes she is like a wild cat that needs to be tamed and it is because of this that he comes up with a series of tactics. Now at this moment, the audience is thinking: “will the tactics be effective” and if they are how effective will they be? Will Katherine be tamed and will she become a good wife? Well in Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew, the tactics used by Petrucchio to tame Katherine are truly effective, making an important change in Katherine’s behavior. In The Taming of the Shrew, Petrucchio is presented with the challenge of taming lady Kate, daughter of Baptista and sister of Bianca. Kate’s father does not let her sister marry until she marries, but the problem is everybody sees Kate as the ogre of the city. Petrucchio only accepts the challenge because he procures her money and his interest is so big that he is not intimidated by the challenge and as soon as he meets her he starts playing the game as well. He approaches her in a friendly way, with such volubility, trying to make her feel comfortable as if they knew each other from a long time in the past. During the conversation things start to get heated up and Petrucchio starts getting intense....
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...Fox domestication began in the beginning of the year 1959. The goal of this study was to identify genes influencing foxes tame or aggressive behaviour phenotypes and to provide insight into the social behaviors in the species to a broader phenomenon of domestication as a whole study. The foxes for these studies were selected from two groups, aggressive and passive behaviour. The foxes for the tame study were found in Russia. The scientists were looking for characteristics where farm-bred foxed has the least avoidance to interactions with humans. To keep the study to be as pure as possible, they avoided the process of inbreeding. These tame foxes had extremely similar behaviour to those of domesticated dogs. Once human contact was established,...
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...With the domestication of animals, the Europeans relied on them as a source of food, transportation, and for agriculture. Because of this, Europeans were always coming into close contact with animals and this caused the Europeans to contract many diseases from animals. “Hence when we domesticated social animals such as cows and pigs, they were already afflicted by epidemic diseases just waiting to be transferred to us” (AOD p.70). This clearly shows how coming into contact with domesticated animals caused many Europeans to develop life-threatening diseases. While the contact with animals was the primary source of disease, large populations in Western Europe due to agriculture also introduced crowd diseases. Overtime however, Europeans became...
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...Test Review Chapter 7 Domestic Scale culture: 50,000 BCE Refer to table on page 215 Government: when an issue arised all members had a discussion and decision- making process to resolve problems. Status based on: age, ability, position in kin group, and gender. Pop: 500 or less people in tribe or village. Animism- worshiped celestial bodies, nature, animals, and ancestors. Shamans: mediators between human and spirit world and healers. Family/ kin based. Nomads: Traveled with the seasons in small groups called bands and they would hunt and forage for food. Or Subsistent Economy: lived in settlements gardening small plots or herding domesticated animals. Had simple manual tools and knowledge of natural environment in order to produce enough food, clothing, and shelter for basic survival. Dress did not communicate individual identity because everyone knew each other as unique individuals because of how small the population was. For protection or to show kin group or rite of passage. Dress was minimal because they needed to be able to carry it on their backs. Body supplements include feathers lightweight transportable item. Amulets “ Modifications: body paints tattooing and scarification Subsisitent economies wore wrapped of preshaped items that could be folded easily and stored away. Anoraks or loincloths Between 20,000 and 15,000 bce the needle and thread were developed and tools such as fishing line, handles, nets, carriers, and dress materials textiles made...
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...Presentation to inform outline Title: Savannah Cats Purpose: This presentations will inform my audience about the background of Savannah Cats, its key characteristic, and where and for how much the cats may be purchased. Opening: Couple of months ago my friend in California bought a kitten, which was nothing like a regular kitten I got a year ago. That little kitten was of a very interesting breed: Savannah F3. Have any of you ever heard of Savannah cats? Savannah cat is a cross between an African Serval and a domesticated house cat, which became so popular in the last several years due to its long-legged grace and unique coat of African Serval. Preview: Today, I would like to tell you a little bit more about Savannah cats. First, I will give you a brief history on how and when Savannah breed was introduced. Then I will tell you about the key characteristics of Savannah cat, and, lastly, I will give you some details on where and for how much you can buy a Savannah cat. Main Points: Transition 1: So now I will start with the brief history of Savannah cats. According to Steve Clark, the author of “The owners guide to proper care and training of Savannah Cats”, Judy Frank is recognized as the individual who introduced the first Savannah kittens to the world. * April 7, 1986 – The first litter of hybrid kittens born. * Patrick Kelly bought one of the kittens in 1989. * Partnership with Joyce Sroufe to get TICA recognition * Joyce Sroufe – first person to...
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...Case Study #2 1. Abortion is murder, because murder is intentionally killing an innocent person. Therefore, abortion is wrong. Explicit premises: a. Abortion is Murder. b. Murder is intentionally killing an innocent person c. Abortion is wrong. Implicit premises: a. Abortion is a crime because it is murder b. Murder is wrong therefore abortion is wrong. 2. The rate of drowning increases with the rate of ice cream eating. Therefore, ice cream eating leads to drowning. Explicit premises: Rate of drowning increase with eating ice cream Eating ice leads to drowning Implicit premises: a. There is a causal connection between rate ice cream and drowning b. Drowning increases at the same rate as eating ice cream c. Therefore eating ice causes drowning 1. No cats are pleasant creatures. This is a mouse. Since it is not a cat, it is a pleasant creature. Determine whether the argument is sound or unsound. Then determine whether each argument is valid or invalid. The argument is invalid but unsound. The argument is invalid because the premise is not true and neither is the conclusion. Not all animals that aren’t cats are present, and not all cats are unpleasant creatures. 1. All cats are feral. Tabitha is a cat. Tabitha is feral. Show that the argument is invalid. Premise: All cats are feral Tabitha is a cat Therefore Tabitha must be feral The argument is invalid because it implies that Tabitha must be feral because she...
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...Samantha Harris April 4, 2014 The Columbian Exchange Columbus’s Voyage played a pivotal role in History because it lead to the exchange of goods, people and ideas, between the Old World and the World, which has been termed the Columbian Exchange or the Great Exchange, devised by historian Alfred Crosby, of the University of Texas. Many new and different goods were exchanged between parts of the Earth and transformed Europe and American ways of life. Everyone today knows that Florida is famous for our oranges, and as a matter of fact it is our official state fruit and is a major part of Florida’s economy. However, did you know that before Columbus and the Columbian Exchange, oranges did not exist in the Americas? The orange plant is believed to be native to Asia. I believe that It’s Important to understand the Columbian Exchange, because understanding the Columbian Exchange helps us understand the forces that shape the world , as we know it today. This essay will specifically focus on the impact the Columbian Exchange had on Europe in regards to newly introduced plants. New plants impacted Europe in a very positive way by increasing Europe’s population tremendously and also creating economic stimulation which make this country a very powerful country. Newly introduced plants also had some negative impacts, not on Europe but on slaves. New plants associated with the Columbian Exchange had a huge impact on the population of Europe. The Old World received bountiful...
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...The City in History: Reading Guide Chapter 1 Sanctuary, Village, and Stronghold 1. What does Mumford mean when he states, “human life swings between two poles: movement and settlement”? (5) 2. What role did cemeteries and shrines play here? How were they key elements in the establishment of settlements (cities)? 3. What was the third original aspect of temporary settlements? What role did it play in the formation of settlements (cities)? 4. What was lacking in paleolithic culture with regard to establishing permanent settlements? Why was this important? 5. What role did the domestication of animals play here? 6. What role did women play in early village life? 7. What tools/technologies were essential to early village life? 8. Describe the social organization, physical form, layout and features of the early village. 9. Why were containers so essential to the neolithic villager? 10. Describe the essential elements of the early village between 9000 and 4000 B.C.E. What are the essential characteristics identified by Mumford? Why were these so important? 11. What does Mumford mean when he sates, “conformity, repetition, patience were the keys to this [neolithic] culture once it had solidified”? (18) 12. Mumford states that, “the ancient Greeks thought that their own respect for custom and common law…was a unique product of their culture.” (20) Where does Mumford say the roots of such thinking...
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...Feral Children By: Austin Arndt The video I choose to watch about feral children was about a boy named Sujit that was raised by chickens. He was raised by chickens because as a young child his parents became annoyed and frustrated with him so they locked him in the chicken coop for a lot of his childhood, because of this Sujit never learned any of the basic skills that we all know how to do like read, write, speak and other daily tasks. I think what Sujit’s parents did to him was terrible. I think that Sujit’s parents are terrible people for doing what they did to him. In the video they show Sujit when they first meet him. He cannot do anything or he can't understand anything that anyone is trying to tell him. Since he was raised by chickens he ate like a chicken and acted like a chicken, he even tried to speak with people the way chickens talk to each other. After they found Sujit they put him in a nursing home where they chained him up to a wall where he could only lay on his bed. I felt terrible for Sujit. No one tried to help him learn new things or how to talk. After a couple of years people took Sujit out of the nursing home where he was treated terrible and some very nice people brought him in where they devote almost every day to help Sujit learn basic skills that we use everyday. They are trying to teach him how to speak and read and write. He is making progress but since he learned the way of the chickens basically developed his brain they are pretty sure that...
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