...Civil Rights Essay The main purpose of the civil rights movement was for everyone to have equal rights regardless of skin color, gender, nationality, religion, disability or age. Dred Scott was told that he was not a citizen of the United States because he was a negro. Well that was until he took it to court. Browns case was made for "separate but equal" public schools for blacks and whites were unconstitutional. The case of Shelley vs Kreamer helped change the outlook today on African Americans owning property. There are three court cases that changed the path of the civil rights which include: The Dred Scott vs Standford case , Brown vs the Board of Education case, and Shelly vs Kreamer case. Dred Scott is a man that went to court to sue against Standford for the right to be considered a citizen and not a piece of property. From 1833- 1843 Dred Scott stayed in Illinois because of the Louisiana territory was forbidden by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. After moving back to Missouri Scott sued for his freedom but was unsuccessful. Then that's when he brought a new case to court. Scotts master says that " no pure-blooded Negro of African descent and the descendant of slaves could be a citizen in the sense of Article III of the Constitution." Dred Scott sued for his freedom and when that didn't work he didn't let it stop him. He...
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...Habeas Corpus: Then and Now. Chasing Freedom Down the Rabbit Hole Robert W. Echols AIU Online ENGL106-1201B-226 English Composition Abstract Habeas Corpus is one of the fundamental protections guaranteed to Americans by the Constitution of the United States of America. This essay will describe the original intent of the writ, the transformations the writ has undergone, and the modern-day implementation of The Great Writ of Habeas Corpus. The essay will also explore how dangerous the practice of denial of this right can be to the freedom against unlawful detainment of people subject to United States civil and criminal law. Habeas Corpus: Then and Now. Chasing Freedom Down the Rabbit Hole Freedom. What an indescribable term. Is it merely a feeling or is it something more tangible? False Imprisonment. Now that is something more noticeable. The Great Writ of Habeus Corpus has been part of the judicial system since the Magna Carta! It is this writer's intent to show the reader how Habeas Corpus has been incorporated into the United States of America's Constitution and how it has changed since being written into law by the implementation of the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679; Interesting usage of Habeas Corpus will be explored throughout the reader's journey down the rabbit hole. The phrase “Habeas Corpus” is an ancient common law prerogative instrument dating back to the Magna Carta. Though not specifically written in this great charter, Habeas Corpus is implied by...
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...Historical Timeline and Essay Michael Meisenheimer AAGN10AA62 December 11, 2011 Kelly Cantrell Historical Timeline and Essay Timeline 1793 Eli Whitney Invents the Modern Cotton Gin Slavery was becoming less and less profitable in the South prior to 1793. One reason was because cotton was not a profitable crop for farmers because preparing it for sale was so labor intensive. Eli Whitney's cotton gin turned cotton into a profitable crop and raised the demand of slaves in the South to grow it. This coincided with the North becoming a more industrialized region that didn't need to depend on slaves. 1819 Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise was brokered by Senator Henry Clay to settle the dispute between the North and the South about if the Western territories would be slave or free. Under the terms of the Compromise, slavery would only be allowed in Missouri and south of the 36th parallel. The need for the Missouri Compromise illustrates how the North and the South were beginning to hold very different views on how allowable slavery was to the nation. Bitter feelings about the compromise persisted in both the North and the South. 1828 The Nullification Crisis The Nullification Crisis grew out of a protective tariff of 1828. The tariff was popular with the Northern states, because it provided protection for American made goods. Southern states traded heavily with Great Britain during this time, and felt it would damage their economies. With the support...
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...In an essay that incorporates the textbook, lecture and power-point notes compare and contrast the compromises of 1820 and 1850. Slavery came about in America in 1619 (RN). It lasted through the American Revolution, even after Thomas Jefferson scripted his famous lines in the Declaration of Independence, "All men are created equal. They are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights. That among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Clearly, slaves were not part of this included in Jefferson's words. When it came time to write the Constitution, the word "slavery" was never used. Instead, the framers chose to use the term "other people." These other people were counted as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of representation in Congress according to the Three-Fifths Compromise (RN). This compromise kept slavery in the United States unharmed. The framers also decided not to do anything about the issue of slavery for twenty years. Prior to the American Civil War, many different compromises were made in an attempt to hinder the growing disagreements. However, this only extended the unavoidable events that would occur. The differences between North and South were far to great and compromise did not stand a chance at preventing the imminent conflict. This was most clearly shown in the ways in which the two main compromises: the Compromise of 1820, also known as the Missouri Compromise, and the Compromise of 1850 failed. In 1820 Missouri wanted...
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...York City in February in 1790 to its current address in 1 First St NE in Washington DC. With this essay I will simply lay out the role and the pathway of the Court to become the arbiter of the existence and scope of individual rights. I will do my best to simply lay out the facts of the evolution of the court and to not put my political ideals into this paper. I will navigate specific cases, and adopted positions that enhanced or undermined its legitimacy as well as its authority. To give a layout of the Court in the Constitution is in Article III section 1. which “ The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from...
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...individuals from illegal detention. Modern day, habeas corpus is mainly used as a solution prior to conviction for state and federal prisoners who challenge the legality of the application of federal laws that were used in judicial proceedings that resulted in the detainment of the individual ( Kavarsky,2014). This essay will examine the evolution of habeas corpus in the United States, how it affects civil liberties, and its effects on the war on terror. The most famous habeas corpus case was that of slave Dred Scott, who attempted to sue for his freedom. Earlier another slave by the name of James Somersett ran away from his master while in England. He was later captured but supporters obtained a writ of habeas corpus that required his captors to produce Sommersett in court where he sued for his freedom. Almost a century later, Dred Scott petitioned the U.S Federal Courts for a writ of habeas corpus. It was granted and later upheld in a court of appeals in 1857, in one of the most controversial cases in American history. The Supreme Court ruled Scott Seven to Two. The court found that no slave or descendent of a slave could be an American citizen, and so Scott was not considered a “person” within the purview of the constitution. Therefore he did not possess the rights of habeas corpus (McElroy.2009). Habeas Corpus or translated as “you should have the body” first appeared in the Magna Carta of 1215 and is the oldest human right in the history of English-Speaking civilization...
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...Business Ethics: A Discourse on Rights: Moral, Legal, and Human Myriad optimistic forecasts, of what comprises the core of business ethics, have permeated numerous discussions on management and commerce practices in the marketplace today. Global economics and trading across borders nearly demands it. In fact, ‘ethics’ in business has come to represent one of the key buzzwords of our decade, along with ‘sustainability’ and the ideological concept of global warming – seemingly shoved down the throats of people. But what is business ethics anyway, and why does it matter? The discourse herein hopefully highlights a cogent and logically based compilation of answers as required from the rubric of Assignments Four. While this paper is written in essay format, for the sake of clarity and precision for the reader, each section shall appropriately and clearly display the topical area or question being addressed. (1) – Define a right, a legal right, a moral right, and a human right explaining how they are related. The philosophical idea of what constitutes a ‘right’ is an age-old concept that many men of God and theorists have confronted from ancient times. One things seems clear. A ‘right’ cannot be discussed without dividing the premise from a ‘privilege.’ According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a right is simply defined as “being in accordance with what is just, good, or proper” as in conduct (“Right,” 2015). Judge Napolitano defined a right as “a gift from God that extends from...
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...Chapter Three Federalism: Forging a Nation Chapter Outline I. Federalism: National and State Sovereignty A. The Argument for Federalism 1. Protecting Liberty 2. Moderating the Power of Government 3. Strengthening the Union B. The Powers of the Nation 1. Enumerated Powers 2. Implied Powers C. The Powers of the States II. Federalism in Historical Perspective A. An Indestructible Union (1789–1865) 1. The Nationalist View: McCulloch v. Maryland 2. The States’ Rights View: The Dred Scott Decision B. Dual Federalism and Laissez-Faire Capitalism (1865–1937) 1. The Fourteenth Amendment and State Discretion 2. Judicial Protection of Business 3. National Authority Prevails C. Toward National Citizenship III. Federalism Today A. Interdependency and Intergovernmental Relations B. Government Revenues and Intergovernmental Relations 1. Fiscal Federalism 2. Categorical and Block Grants C. Devolution 1. The Republican Revolution 2. Devolution, Judicial Style IV. The Public’s...
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...Constitution was written that contradicted promises of liberties and rights preventing slavery until the Civil War. During the seventeenth century in North America, at the same time that slavery and racism were being engraved in society for Africans, colonies were creating charters to promote and protect the rights of Englishmen. These rights included life, liberty, and property, which were very important to Englishmen as they were denied these basic rights in the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta provided certain important rights such as the ones mentioned before only to nobles. This contradiction saw to the U.S. adopting a Constitution that protected institutionalized slavery. Slaves wanted to know where they fit into all these protections. This essay aims to highlight the protection of rights for Englishmen at a time when African slaves were being denied those same rights. The Portuguese were the first people to go along the coast of Africa from Europe where they encountered more people of darker skin. However, these were Muslims who were literate and numerate. The English on the other hand were horrified when they saw the color black. To them, the ideal woman had blonde hair, blue eyes and fair skin, hence pure and good. To be black on the other hand meant to be evil, vile, disgusting and satanic. Winthrop Jordan, the author of the book “White Over Black”, introduced the coming together of the two civilizations – the English and the Africans and described English Racism. In his book...
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...born into slavery with the parents James and Elizabeth Baumfree. She was born in Swartekill, New York. The Baumfree’s got captured from modern day Ghana for slavery, and could speak fluent Dutch because they lived in a former Dutch colony. Truth at the time, had two sons and a daughter. In 1826, Truth escaped her plantation with her daughter, leaving her 2 sons behind. She later learned that one of her sons was illegally sold to another man. She took the case to court and won. This was one of the first times an African American woman took a White male to court and won. In 1829, Sojourner moved to New York and was a house maid maidde for Elijah Pierson. She moved with her son Peter and converted to Christianity. She then moved into the home of prophet Matthews. Matthews was a suspected cult leader, so when Elijah Pierson was poisoned and killed, Matthews was suspected. A couple in Matthews cult tried to frame Truth for the crime. Since there was no evidence to show otherwise, Matthews was convicted. Truth then brought a slander case against the couple that accused her and she won. In 1843, she changed her name to Sojourner Truth, a tribute to her dedication to Methodism. Truth is mostly known for her “Am I a Woman?” speech and her women rights movement, but she also did a lot for the abolishment of slavery. After fighting civil causes for years, she passed away on November 26, 1883. Even though slavery has been abolished for quite a while, White vs. Black is still a pressing issue...
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...rules in return. The social contract is defined as “an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection.” (Oxford). Socrates was a prominent Greek philosopher in 300 BC. He described his version of the social contract in the dialogue, Crito, while debating whether or not he should accept his death sentence. Socrates’ version of the social contract states that one should abide by the laws of the state without exception. If one feels that the state is immoral or unjust, it is his or her duty to persuade the state to act differently. Henry David Thoreau was a philosopher and a transcendentalist in the mid 1800s. He is well known for his essay, “Civil Disobedience,” which he wrote in response to his one-day prison sentence for committing tax evasion. “Civil Disobedience” covers Thoreau’s definition of the social contract. Thoreau claims it is necessary for one to violate the social contract if complying with it defies his or her own moral codes. The social contract can be seen throughout government systems today. The United States government provides for its citizens; examples include equal treatment, free education, and public safety. In return, its citizens must sacrifice some of their freedoms. They must, for example, pay taxes and follow laws, regardless of whether or not they agree with them. However, at times it may be necessary to follow Thoreau’s beliefs and defy the state’s...
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...legalize same-sex marriage across the land, its long-term impact could extend far beyond this context. To see this point, consider how much more narrowly the opinion could have been written. It could have invoked the equal protection and due process guarantees without specifying a formal level of review, and then observed that none of the state justifications survived even a deferential form of scrutiny. The Court had adopted this strategy in prior gay rights cases.4 Instead, the Court issued a sweeping statement that could be compared to Loving v. Virginia,5 the 1967 case that invalidated bans on in––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Chief Justice Earl Warren Professor of Constitutional Law, New York University School of Law. I gratefully acknowledge receiving financial support from the Filomen D’Agostino and Max E. Greenberg Research Fund. I thank Perri Ravon and Annmarie Zell for their research assistance and Professor Reva Siegel for her comments. 1 135 S. Ct. 2584 (2015). 2 The case presented two questions: (1) “Does the Fourteenth Amendment require a state to license marriage between two people of the same sex?” and (2) “Does the Fourteenth Amendment require a...
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...U.S. History and Constitution HIS120 Student Learning Outcomes (SLO) At the end of the course, students will be able to: SLO1. Describe the cultural, geographic and climatic influences on Native American societies. SLO2. Compare and contrast religious, social and cultural differences among the major European settlers. SLO3. Describe the events that helped create American nationalism and lead to the American Revolution. SLO4. Explain the Constitutional Convention, the Articles of Confederation, and the emergence of a democratic nation. SLO5. Explain the U.S. Constitution as it related to the separation of powers, checks and balances, the Bill of Rights, and the major principles of democracy. SLO6. Evaluate the Jeffersonian dream of expansion and its effect on Native Americans SLO7. Describe Jacksonian democracy and the creation of a two party system SLO8. Explain slavery and associated issues that led to the Civil War and its aftermath. Module Titles Module 1—Early American exploration and colonization (SLO1) Module 2—British colonies (SLO2) Module 3—Road to the Revolution and the American Revolution (SLO3) Module 4—Early Republic (SLO4 and SLO5) Module 5—Jacksonian America (SLO 6 and SLO7) Module 6—Road to the Civil War (SLO8) Module 7—Civil War (SLO8) Module 8—Shaping American history: Signature Assignment (all SLOs) Module 1 Early Exploration and Contact with Native Americans Welcome to HIS 120: U.S....
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...of individuals or organizations who unite to actively support or defend an idea, usually to influence policies or resource allocations through media campaigns, public presentations, publicity, and legislative lobbying efforts; GROUP WHO TRY TO RAISE AWARENESS AND INFLUENCE POLITICS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION advocacy groups are broader. interest groups are more specific. for example an environmental group would be an advocacy group and a group to save the rainforest would be an interest group. Amicus Curiae - “Friend of the Court.” A brief filed in a lawsuit by an individual or group that is not party to the lawsuit but that has an interest in the outcome. SOMEONE, NOT BELONGING TO ANY PARTY, VOLUNTEERS TO OFFER INFORMATION TO ASSIST IN A CASE, WHICH IS WHY IT MEANS FRIEND OF THE COURT Astroturf - refers to political, advertising or public relations campaigns that are designed to mask the sponsors of the message to give the appearance of coming from a disinterested, grassroots participant (i.e. fake grassroots); FAKE GRASS/FAKE SUPPORT; OPPOSITE OF GRASSROOTS; Creating the impression of public support by paying people in the public to pretend to be supportive. Bundling - A tactic in which PACs collect contributions from like-minded individuals (each limited to $2000) and present them to a candidate or political party as a “bundle,” thus increasing the PAC’s influence. Checkbook Membership- send in money to be a member A checkbook member is when a person tends to join groups...
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...women during meetings and resisted military service. They believed that religious authority was found within each one’s soul and the clergy was unnecessary. Also, the Indians were in charged of the land. B: During the Great Awakening, there was a more emphasis on human sinfulness. Edwards called that God is angry with anyone who has committed sin and will suffer. However, they can be saved if they express penitence. B: The younger nation was less devoted to religious faith and was more interested in success. In order the Puritan church to remain strong, the covenant offered to those who claimed limited religious commitment. They could take part in church services without fully declaring their total beliefs in Christ. B: Pain argued in his essay that the colonies should become independent from Britain. He argued it was common sense to break away from Britain whose government was corrupt. Also, he said it did not make sense that a large continent rule a small country. A: Spain received West and East of Florida from Britain. Britain recognized independence for America and rights to the Mississippi River were given to the US. Also, US given the right to fish off of Canada. D: Purpose of the convention was to determine how to restore the poor relationship with Britain, who just passed the Coercive Acts. They created the Association, which called for boycott of British goods and were not calling for independence. They desired to repeal the offensive legislation which posed a threat to...
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